{"html": "<div class=\"lf-doc\"><p class=\"lf-p\">Ní féidir le páirtí eile sa chonradh imeachtaí a thabhairt i gcoinne tomhaltóra ach amháin i gcúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil sainchónaí ar an tomhaltóir.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní dhéanfaidh na forálacha sea difear don cheart chun frithéileamh a thabhairt sa chúirt ina bhfuil an t-éileamh bunaidh ar feitheamh, de réir na Roinne seo.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 15 Ní féidir imeacht ó fhorálacha na Roinne seo ach amháin trí chomhaontú:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>a dhéanfar tar éis díospóid a theacht ar barr, nó 2. a cheadóidh don tomhaltóir imeachtaí a thionscnamh i gcúirteanna seachas na cinn a luaitear sa Roinn seo, nó 3. a dhéanfaidh an tomhaltóir agus an páirtí eile sa chonradh, agus sainchónaí nó gnáthchónaí orthu araon sa Stát Conarthach céanna tráth an chonartha a chur i gcrích, agus a thabharfaidh dlínse do chúirteanna an Stáit sin, ar an gcoinníoll nach bhfuil an comhaontú sin contrártha le dlí an Stáit sin.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 5 Dlínse eisiach Airteagal 16 Beidh dlínse eisiach ag na cúirteanna seo a leanas, ar neamhchead do shainchónaí:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>(a) in imeachtaí arb é is cuspóir dóibh cearta in rem ar mhaoin dhochorraithe nó tionóntachtaí maoine dochorraithe, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil an mhaoin; (b) ach, in imeachtaí arb é is cuspóir dóibh tionóntachtaí maoine dochorraithe arna gcur i gcrích le haghaidh úsáide príobháidí sealadaí go ceann tréimhse nach faide ná sé mhí as a chéile, beidh dlínse freisin ag cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil sainchónaí ar an gcosantóir, ar an gcoinníoll gur daoine nádúrtha iad an tiarna talún agus an tionónta agus go bhfuil sainchónaí orthu sa Stát Conarthach céanna;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>in imeachtaí arb é is cuspóir dóibh bailíocht chomhdhéanamh, neamhniú nó díscaoileadh cuideachtaí nó daoine dlítheanacha eile nó comhlachas de dhaoine nádúrtha nó dlítheanacha, nó cinntí a thug orgáin dá gcuid, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil suíomh na cuideachta, an duine dhlítheanaigh nó an chomhlachais;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>in imeachtaí arb é is cuspóir dóibh bailíocht taifead i gcláir phoiblí, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil an clár á choimeád;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>in imeachtaí a bhaineann le clárú nó le bailíocht paitinní, trádmharcanna, dearthaí, nó le cearta eile dá leithéid sin is gá a thaisceadh nó a chlárú, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh inar iarradh an taisceadh nó an clárú, nó arb ann a rinneadh nó a mheastar faoi théarmaí coinbhinsiúin idirnáisiúnta go ndearnadh é;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>in imeachtaí a bhaineann le breithiúnais a fhorghníomhú, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina ndearnadh, nó ina ndéanfar, an breithiúnas a fhorghníomhú.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 6 Dlínse a iarchur Airteagal 17 Más rud é go ndearna na páirtithe, a bhfuil sainchónaí ar pháirtí nó páirtithe díobh i Stát Conarthach, combaontú chun dlínse a bheith ag cúirt nó cúirteanna de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh aon díospóidí a réiteach a tharla nó a tharlóidh i ndáil le comhbhaint dhlíthiúil áirithe, beidh dlínse eisiach ag an gcúirt nó ag na cúirteanna sin. Ní foláir comhaontú den sórt sin a thugann dlínse: (a) a bheith i scríbhinn nó arna fhianú i scríbhinn; nó (b) a bheith i bhfoirm atá de réir cleachtas a bhunaigh na páirtithe eatarthu féin; nó (c) i dtrádáil nó tráchtáil idirnáisiúnta, a bheith i bhfoirm atá de réir gnáthaimh ar a bhfuil eolas nó ar ar cheart go mbeadh eolas ag na páirtithe agus a bhfuil aithne fhorleathan air sa trádáil nó sa tráchtáil sin agus a leantar go rialta é i measc páirtithe i gconarthaí den saghas a bhaineann leis an trádáil nó an tráchtáil áirithe atá i gceist.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">I gcás comhaontú den sórt sin a bheith déanta ag páirtithe nach bhfuil sainchónaí ar aon pháirtí díobh i Stát Conarthach, ní bheidh aon dlínse ag cúirteanna Stát Conarthach eile ar a ndíospóidí mura rud é go mbeidh diúltaithe do dhlínse ag an gcúirt nó ag na cúirteanna a roghnaíodh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">An chúirt nó na cúirteanna de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh dá dtugann ionstraim iontaobhais dlínse, beidh dlínse eisiach aici nó acu in aon imeachtaí a thabharfar i gcoinne socraitheora, iontaobhaí nó tairbhí, má bhíonn comhbhaint i gceist idir na daoine sin nó a gcearta nó a n-oibleagáidí faoin iontaobhas.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní bheidh aon fheidhm dhlíthiúil ag comhaontuithe nó forálacha ionstraime iontaobhais a thugann dlínse má bhíonn siad contrártha le forálacha Airteagal 12 nó 15, nó má bhíonn dlínse eisiach de bhua Airteagal 16 ag na cúirteanna a bhfuil airbheartaithe acu a ndlínse a eisiamh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Más ar mhaithe le haon cheann amháin de na páirtithe a rinneadh an comhaontú chun dlínse a thabhairt, beidh ag an bpáirtí sin i gcónaí an ceart chun imeachtaí a thabhairt in aon chúirt eile a bhfuil dlínse aici de bhua an Choinbhinsiúin seo.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">In ábhair a bhaineann le conarthaí fostaíochta aonair ní bheidh feidhm dhlíthiúil ag comhaontú chun dlínse a thabhairt ach amháin má rinneadh é tar éis don díospóid tarlú nó má bhaineann an fostaí leas as chun an cás a thabhairt os comhair cúirteanna seachas na cúirteanna don áit ina bhfuil sainchónaí ar an gcosantóir nó na cúirteanna dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 5(1).</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 18 Amach ó na cásanna ina bhfuil dlínse aici de bhua forálacha eile den Choinbhinsiún seo, beidh dlínse ag cúirt Stáit Chonarthaigh a dtaifeadfaidh cosantóir láithreas os a comhair. Ní bheidh feidhm leis an riail seo más conspóid na dlínse ba chuspóir don láithreas a thaifeadadh, nó má bhíonn dlínse eisiach ag cúirt eile ann de bhua Airteagal 16.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 7 Fíorú ar dhlínse agus ar inghlacthacht Airteagal 19 Cúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh a dtabharfar os a comhair éileamh a bhaineann go príomha le hábhar a bhfuil dlínse eisiach ina leith ag cúirteanna Stáit Chonarthaigh eile de bhua Airteagal 16, dearbhóidh sí uaithi féin nach bhfuil aon dlínse aici.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 20 Má dhéntar cosantóir a bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach amháin a agairt i gcúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh eile agus nach dtaifeadfaidh sé láthreas, dearbhóidh an chúirt uaithi féin nach bhfuil aon dlínse aici atá bunaithe ar fhorálacha an Choinbhinsiúin seo.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Cuirfidh an chúirt bac ar na himeachtaí fad a bheifear gan a shuíomh go raibh caoi ag an gcosantóir doiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí nó doiciméad comhionann a fháil in am trátha chun socrú a dhéanamh é féin a chosaint, nó go nedearnadh gach dícheall chuige sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Cuirfear in ionad fhorálacha na míre roimhe seo forálacha Airteagal 15 de Choinbhinsiún na Háige dar dáta 15 Samhain 1965 ar sheirbheáil doiciméad dlíthiúil agus seachdhlíthiúil in ábhair shibhialta nó tráchtála ar an gcoigríoch, má ba ghá doiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí, nó fógra ina dtaobh, a sheoladh amach ar an gcoigríoch de réir an Choinbhinsiúin sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 8 Lis pendens — Caingne gaolmhara Airteagal 21 Má dhéantar imeachtaí leis an gcúis chéanna caingne agus idir na páirtithe céanna a thionscnamh i gcúirteanna Stát Conarthach éagsúil, dlífidh cúirt ar bith seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad bac a chur ar a himeachtaí, uaithi féin, go dtí go suífear dlínse na chéad chúirte ar tugadh os a comhair iad.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Má shuitear dlínse na chéad chúirte ar tugadh na himeachtaí os a comhair, dlífidh cúirt ar bith seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad dlínse a dhiúltú i bhfabhar na chéad chúirte sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 22 Má thionscnaítear caingne gaolmhara i gcúirteanna Stát Conarthach éagsúil, féadfaidh cúirt ar bith seachas an chéad chúirt artugadh os a comhair iad, le linn na caingne a bheith ar feitheamh ag an gcéad chéim, bac a chur ar a himeachtaí.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Féadfaidh cúirt seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh na caingne os a comhair dlínse a dhiúltú freisin, ar iarratas ó cheann de na páirtithe, má cheadaíonn dlí na cúirte sin caingne gaolmhara a dhlúthú agus go bhfuil dlínse i leith an dá chaingean ag an gcéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Chun críocha an Airteagail seo, meastar caingne a bheith gaolmhar má bhíonn baint chomh dlúth sin acu le chéile go bhfuil séfóirsteanach iad a éisteacht agus breith a thabhairt orthu i dteannta a chéile ionas go seachnófaí breithiúnais bunoscionn le chéile mar ab fhéidir a theacht d'imeachtaí ar leithligh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 23 Má thagann caingne faoi dhlínse eisiach chúirteanna éagsúla, dlífidh cúirt ar bith seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad dlínse a dhiúltú i bhfabhar na chéad chúirta sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 9 Bearta sealadacha lena n-áirítear bearta consantacha Airteagal 24 Féadfar cibé bearta sealadacha, lena n-áirítear bearta cosantacha, a bheidh ar fáil faoi dhlí Stáit Chonarthaigh a iarraidh ar chúirteanna an Stáit sin, fiú más rud é, faoin gCoinbhinsiún seo, go bhfuil dlínse ag cúirteanna Stáit Chonarthaigh eile maidir le substaint an ábhair.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TEIDEAL III AITHINT AGUS FORGHNíOMHÚ Airteagal 25 Chun críocha an Choinbhinsiúin seo, ciallaíonn ‘breithiúnas’ aon bhreithiúnas arna thabhairt ag cúirt nó binse de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh, cibé ainm a thugtar ar an mbreithiúnas, lena n-áirítear foraithne, ordú, breith, nó eascaire fhorghníomhaithe, mar aon le cinn-eadh ar chostais nó caiteachais ag oifigeach en chúirt.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 1 Aithint Airteagal 26 Gheobhaidh breithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach aithint sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile gan aon nós imeachta speisialta a bheith riachtanach chuige sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Aon pháirtí leasmhar a thabharfaidh aithint bhreithiúnais faoi thrácht mar phríomhshaincheist i gconspóid, féadfaidh sé, de réir an nós imeachta dá bhforáiltear i Ranna 2 agus 3 den Teideal seo, iarratas a dhéanamh ar bhreith go ndlitear an breithiúnas a aithint.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Má bhíonn toradh imeachtaí i gcúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh a brath ar cheist theagmhasach aithinte a chinneadh, beidh dlínse ag an gcúirt sin ar an gceist sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 27 Ní aithneofar breithiúnas:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>má bhíonn an aithint sin contrártha leis an ord poiblí sa Stát ina n-iarrtar an eithint;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>más d'éagmais láithris a tugadh an breithiúnas, mura ndearnadh doiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí nó doiciméad comhionann a sheirbheáil go cuí ar an gcosantóir in am trátha chun socrú a dhéanamh é féin a chosaint;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>má bhíonn an breithiúnas bunoscionn le breithiúnas a tugadh i ndíospóid idir na páirtithe céanna sa Stát ina n-iarrtar an aithint;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>má rinne cúirt an Stáit tionscnaimh, d'fhonn teacht ar a breithiúnas, réamhcheist maidir le stádas nó le hinniúlacht dhlíthiúil daoine nádúrtha, le maoin-chearta de thoradh cóngais phósta, le huachtanna nó le comharbas, a chinneadh ar dhóigh atá contrártha le riail de dhlí indirnáisiúnta príobháideach an Stáit ina n-iarrtar an aithint, mura rud é gurb é an toradh cénna a thioc-fadh de rialacha dlí idirnáisiúnta phríobháidigh an Stáit sin a chur chun feidhme;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>má bhíonn an breithiúnas bunoscionn le breithiúnas a tugadh roimhe sin i Stát neamhchonarthach agus é ag baint leis an gcúis chéanna caingne agus idir na páirtithe céanna, nuair a chomhlíonnann an breithiúnas deireanach seo na coinníollacha is gá chun é a aithint sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 28 Ina theannta sin, ní aithneofar breithiúnas má bhíonn sé contrártha le forálacha Roinn 3, 4 nó 5 de Theideal II, ná i gcas dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 59.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Nuair a bheidh na forais dlínse a luaitear sa mhír roimhe seo faoi bhreithniú aige nó aici, beidh an t-údarás nó an chúirt chun a ndearn-adh an t-iarratas faoi cheangal ag na cinntí fíorais a ndearna cúirt an Stáit tionscnaimh a dlínse a bhunú orthu.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Faoi réir fhorálacha na chéad mhíre, ní féidir dlínse chúirt an Stáit tionscnaimh a athbhreithniú; ní bheidh a fhoráil i dtaobh ord poiblí dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 27(1) inchurtha chun feidhme ar na riala-cha maidir le dlínse.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 29 Ní féidir i gcás ar bith breithiúnas coigríche a athbhreithiú ó thaobh a shubstainte.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 30 Féadfaidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach ar a n-iarrfar aithint bhreith-iúnais a tugadh i Stát Conarthach eile bac a chur ar na himeachtaí má taisceadh gnáthachomharc i gcoinne an bhreithiúnais sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Féadfaidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach ina n-iarrfar aithint do bhreith-iúnas a tugadh in éirinn nó sa Ríocht Aontaithe bac a chur ar na himeachtaí má bhíonn forghníomhú curtha ar fionraí, mar gheall ar achomharc, sa Stát tionscnaimh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 2 Forghníomhú Airteagal 31 Déanfar breithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach agus is infhorghní-omhaithe sa Stát sin a fhorghníomhú i Stát Conarthach eile nuair a bheidh sé dearbhaithe, ar iarratas ó aon pháirtí leasmhar, go bhfuil sé infhorghníomhaithe sa Stát eile sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, áfach, déanfar breithiúnas den sórt sin a fhorghníomhú i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, in Albain, nó i dTuaisceart éireann nuair a bheidh sé cláraithe, ar iarratas ó aon pháirtí leasmhar, lena fhorghníomhú sa chuid sin den Ríocht Aontaithe.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 32 Is chucu seo a bheidh an t-iarratas le déanamh: —sa Bheilg, an tribunal de première instance nó rechtbank van eerste aanleg, —sa Danmhairg, an byret, —i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, uachtarán dlísheomra den Landgericht, — sa Ghréig, an Movoμελέζ Πρωτoδικεío, —sa Spáinn, an Juzgado de Primera Instancia, —sa Fhrainc, uachtarán an tribunal de grande instance, —in Éirinn, an Ard-Chúirt, —san Iodáil, an corte d'appello, —i Lucsamburg, uachtarán an tribunal d'arrondissement, —san Ostair, an Bezirksgericht, —san ísiltír, uachtarán an arrondissementsrechtbank, —sa Phortaingéil, an Tribunal Judicial de Círculo, —san Fhionlainn, käräjäoikeus/tingsrätt, —sa tSualainn, an Svea hovrätt, —sa Ríocht Aontaithe, (a) i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, an Magistrates’ Court tríd an Secretary of State; (b) in Albain, an Court of Session nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, an Sheriff Court tríd an Secretary of State; (c) i dTuaisceart éireann, an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, an Magistrates’ Court tríd an Secretary of State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Cinnfear dlínse cúirteanna áitiúla de réir na háite a bhfuil sain-chónaí ar an bpáirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina choinne. Mura bhfuil sainchónaí air sa Stát a n-iarrtar an forghníomhú ann, cinnfear í de réir áit fhorghníomhaithe.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 33 Is de réir dhlí an Stáit a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann a rialófar an nós imeachta maidir leis an iarratas a thaisceadh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní foláir don iarratasóir seoladh a thabhairt le haghaidh seirbheála próise i limistéar dlínse na cúirte chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas. Ach más rud é nach bhforálann dlí an Stáit a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann seoladh mar sin a bheith le tabhairt, ceapfaidh an t-iarratasóir ion-adaí ad litem.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní foláir na doiciméid a luaitear in Airteagail 46 agus 47 a bheith i gceangal leis an iarratas.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 34 Tabharfaidh an chúirt chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas a breith ar an iarratas gan mhoill agus ní fhéadfaidh an páirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina choinne aon aighneachtaí a dhéanamh maidir leis an iarratas ag an gcéim seo de na himeachtaí.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní féidir diúltú don iarratas ach ar chúis dá bhforáiltear in Airteagail 27 agus 28.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní féidir i gcás ar bith an breithiúnas coigríche a athbhreithniú ó thaobh a shubstainte.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 35 Déanfaidh oifigeach iomchuí na cuírte, gan mhoill, an bhreith a tugadh ar an iarratas a chur in iúl don iarratasóir, de réir an nós imeachta a leagadh síos le dlí an Stáit a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 36 Má údaraítear forghníomhú, féadfaidh an páirtí ar iarradh forghníomhú ina choinne achomharc a dhéanamh i gcoinne na brei-the laistigh de mhí ó lá seirbheála.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Má tá sainchónaí ar an bpáirtí sin i Stát Conarthach seachas an ceann inar tugadh an bhreith a d'údaraigh forghníomhú, beidh tré-imhse dhá mhí ann le haghaidh achomhairc agus rithfidh sí ó lá na seirbheála air féin go pearsante nó ag a ionad cónaithe. Ní féidir cur leis an tréimhse sin mar gheall ar fhad slí ó bhaile.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 37 1. Déanfar achomharc i gcoinne na breithe a d'údaraigh forghníomhú a thaisceadh de réir rialacha an nós imeachta in ábhair chointinneacha: —sa Bheilg, sa tribunal de première instance nó rechtbank van eerste aanleg; —sa Danmhairg, sa landsret; —i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, san Oberlan-desgericht; —sa Ghréig, san Eϕετείo; —sa Spáinn, san Audiencia Provincial; —sa Fhrainc, sa cour d'appel; —in éirinn, san Ard-Chúirt; —san Iodáil, sa corte d'appello; —i Lucsamburg, sa Cour supérieure de justice ina suí di mar chúirt achomhairc shibhialta; —san Ostair, sa Bezirksgericht; —san ísiltír, san arrondissementsrechtbank; —sa Phortaingéil, sa Tribunal da Relação; —san Fhionlainn, i hovioikeus/hovrätt; —sa tSualainn, sa Svea hovrätt; —sa Ríocht Aontaithe: (a) i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, sa High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, sa Magistrates’ Court; (b) in Albain, sa Court of Session nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, sa Sheriff Court; (c) i dTuaisceart éireann, sa High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, sa Magistrates’ Court.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Ní féidir an breithiúnas a tugadh ar an achomharc a chonspóid ach amháin: —sa Bheilg, sa Ghréig, sa Spáinn, sa Fhrainc, san Iodáil, i Luc-samburg agus san Isiltír, trí achomharc en cassation; —sa Danmhairg, trí achomharc chuig an højesteret, le cead ón Aire Dlí agus Cirt; —i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, trí Rechtsbeschwerde; —san Ostair, i gcás achomhairc, trí Revisionsrekurs agus, i gcás imeachtaí freasúra, trí Berufung lena ngabhann deis athbhreithnithe; —in éirinn, trí achomharc ar phointe dlí chuig an gCúirt Uachtarach; —sa Phortaingéil, trí achomharc ar phointe dlí; —san Fhionlainn, trí achomharc chuig korkein oikeus/högsta domstolen; —sa tSualainn, trí achomharc chuig Högsta domstolen; —sa Ríocht Aontaithe, trí aon achomharc amháin eile ar phointe dlí.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 38 Féadfaidh an chúirt ar tugadh an t-achomharc faoin gcéad mhír d' Airteagal 37 os a comhair, má iarrann an t-achomharcóir é, bac a chur leis na himeachtaí i gcás gnáthachomharc i gcoinne an bhrei-thiúnais a bheith taiscthe sa Stát tionscnaimh nó mura bhfuil an tré-imhse le haghaidh achomhairc den sórt sin dulta in éag fós; sa chás deiridh sin, féadfaidh an chúirt a shonrú cad é an tréimhse le haghaidh achomharc den sórt sin a thaisceadh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Más in éirinn nó sa Ríocht Aontaithe a tugadh an breithiunas, measfar aon chineál achomhairc is indéanta sa Stát tionscnaimh a bheith ina ghnáthachomharc chun críocha na chéad mhíre.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Féadfaidh an chúirt freisin é a chur de choinníoll leis an bhforghní-omhú go dtabharfar don chúirt cibé urrús a chinnfidh sí.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 39 Le linn na tréimhse a shonraítear le haghaidh achomhairc de bhun Airteagal 36 agus go dtí go mbeidh breith tugtha ar aon achomharc den sórt sin, ní féidir a dhéanamh maidir leis an bhforghníomhú ach amháin bearta cosanta in aghaidh mhaoin an pháirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina choinne.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Gabhfaidh údarás chun aon bhearta cosanta den sórt sin a ghla-cadh leis an mbreith a údaróidh forghníomhú.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 40 1. Má dhiúltaítear don iarratas ar fhorghníomhú, féadfaidh an t-iarratasóir achomharc a dhéanamh: —sa Bheilg, chuig an cour d'appel nó hof van beroep; —sa Danmhairg, chuig an landsret; — i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, chuig an Oberlan-desgericht; —sa Ghréig, chuig an Eϕετείo; —sa Spáinn, chuig an Audiencia Provincial; —sa Fhrainc, chuig an cour d'appel; —in éirinn, chuig an Ard-Chúirt; —san Iodáil, chuig an corte d'appello; —i Lucsamburg, chuig an Cour supérieure de justice, ina suí di mar chúirt achomhairc shibhialta; —san Ostair, chuig an Bezirksgericht; —san ísiltír, chuig an gerechtshof; —sa Phortaingéil, chuig an Tribunal da Relação; —san Fhionlainn, chuig hovioikeus/hovrätten; —sa tSualainn, chuig an Svea hovrätt; —sa Ríocht Aontaithe: (a) i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, chuig an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, chuig an Magistrates’ Court; (b) in Albain, chuig an Court of Session nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, chuig an Sheriff Court; (c) i dTuaisceart éireann, chuig an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, chuig an Magistrates’s Court.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Cuirfear toghairm ar an bpáirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina cho-inne á cheangal air láithriú os comhair na cúirte achomhairc. Mura láithreoidh sé, beidh forálacha an dara agus an tríú mír d'Airteagal 20 infheidhme, fiú mura bhfuil sainchónaí air in aon cheann de na Stáit Chonarthacha.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 41 Ní féidir breithiúnas a tugadh ar achomharc dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 40 a chonspíid ach amháin: —sa Bheilg, sa Ghréig, sa Spáinn, sa Fhrainc, san Iodáil, i Lucsamburg agus san ísiltír, trí achomharc en cassation; —sa Danmhairg, trí achomharc chuig an højesteret, le cead ón Aire Dlí agus Cirt; —i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, trí Rechtsbeschwerde; —in éirinn, trí achomharc ar phointe dlí chuig an gCúirt Uachtarach; —san Ostair, trí Revisionsrekurs; —sa Phortaingéil, trí achomharc ar phointe dlí; —san Fhionlainn, trí achomharc chuig korkein oikeus/högsta domstolen; —sa tSualainn, trí achomharc chuig Högsta domstolen; — sa Ríocht Aontaithe, trí aon achomharc amháin eile ar phointe dlí.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 42 Má bhíonn breithiúnas coigríche tugtha i leith ábhar éagsúil agus nach féidir forghníomhú a údarú ina dtaobh go léir, déanfaidh an chúirt forghníomhú a údarú i gcás ábhair amháin nó níos mó díobh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Féadfaidh iarratasóir forghníomhú páirteach ar bhreithiúnas a iarraidh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 43 Ní fhéadfar breithiúnas coigríche a d'ordaigh íocaióocht phionósach thréimhsiúil a fhorghníomhú sa Stát a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann mura mbeidh méid na híocaíochta arna chinneadh go críochnai-theach ag cúirteanna an Stáit tionscnaimh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 44 Iarratasóir ar tugadh dó go hiomlán nó go páirteach, sa Stát tionscnaimh, cúnamh dlíthiúil nó díolúine ó chostais nó ó chaitea-chais, beidh teideal aige, sna nósanna imeachta dá bhforáiltear in Airteagail 32 go 35, chun tairbhiú den chúnamh dlíthiúil is fabhraí nó den dlíolúine is fairsinge ó chostais nó ó chaiteachais a fhoráiltear le dlí an Stáit chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ach féadfaidh iarratasóir a iarrfaidh forghniómhú ar bhreith a thug údarás riaracháin sa Danmhairg i leith ordú cothabhála éileamh a dhéanamh, sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas, ar na tairbhí dá dtagraítear sa chéad mhír má thugann sé ar aird ráiteas ó Aireacht Dlí agus Cirt na Danmhairge á rá go gcomhlíonann sé na ceanglais eacnamaíocha is gá chun bheith cáilithe le haghaidh cúnaimh dhlíth-iúil nó díoluúine ó chostais nó ó chaiteachais go hiomlán nó go páirteach.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 45 Ní féidir urrús, banna ná taisce, de chineál ar bith, a éileamh ar pháirtí a iarrfaidh forghníomhú i Stát Conarthach amháin ar bhreithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach eile ar an bhforas gur náisiúnach eachtrach é ná ar an bhforas nach bhfuil sainchónaí ná gnáthchónaí air sa Stát a n-iarrtar an forghniomhú ann.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">ROINN 3 Forálacha comhchoiteanna Airteagal 46 Dlifidh páirtí a iarrfaidh aithint nó forghníomhú ar bhreithiúnas na nithe seo a leanas a thabhairt ar aird:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>cóip den bhreithiúnas a shásódidh na coinníollacha is gá chun a barántúlacht a shuíomh;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>i gcás breithiúnais mhainneachtana, an chóip bhunaidh nó cóip dhílis dheimhnithe den doiciméad á shuíomh gur seirbheáladh doiciméd tionscanta na n-imeachtaí nó doiciméad comhionann ar an bpáirtí mainneachtnach.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 47 Dlífidh páirtí a iarrfaidh forghníomhú na nithe seo a leanas a thabhairt ar aird freisin:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>doiciméid á shuíomh go bhfuil an breithiúnas infhorghníomhaithe, agus gur sierbheáladh é, de réir dhlí an Stáit tionscnaimh;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>más cuí, doiciméad á thaispeáint go bhfuil cúnamh dlíthiúil á fháil ag an iarratasóir sa Stát tionscnaimh.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 48 Mura dtugtar ar aird na doiciméid a luaitear in Airteagal 46(2) agus in Airteagal 47(2), féadfaidh an chúirt tréimhse a shonrú chun iad a thabhairt ar aird, nó glacadh le doiciméid chomhionanna, nó déanamh d'éagmais na ndoiciméad má mheasann sí go bhfuil a sáith faisnéise os a comhair.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Déanfar aistriúchán ar na doiciméid a thabhairt ar aird má éilíonn an chúirt é; ní foláir an t-aistriúchán a bheith deimhnithe ag duine atá cáilithe chuige sin i gceann de na Stáit Chonarthacha.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 49 Ní gá aon dlíthiúilíocht ná aon fhoirmiúlacht dá samhail i leith na ndoiciméad a luaitear in Airteagal 46 nó 47 nó sa dara mír d'Airtea-gal 48, ná i leith doiciméad ag ceapadh ionadaí ad litem.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TEIDEAL IV IONSTRAIMÍ BARÁNTÚLA AGUS SOCRAÍOCHTAÍ CÚIRTE Airteagal 50 Doiciméad a tarraingíodh suas go foirmiúil nó a cláraíodh mar ionstraim bharántúil agus is infhorghníomhaithe i Stát Conarthach amháin, déanfar, arna iarraidh sin de réir an nos imeachta dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 31 et seq, a dhearbhú, i Stát Conarthach eile, go bhfuil sé infhorgníomhaithe ann. Ní féidir diúltú don iarratas ach amháin i gcás forghníomhú na hionstraime a bheith contrártha leis an ord poiblí sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní foláir an ionstraim a thabharfar ar aird a bheith de réir na gco-inníollacha is gá chun a barántúlacht sa Stáit tionscnaimh a shuíomh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Beidh feidhm le forálacha Roinn 3 de Theideal III de réir mar is cuí.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 51 Socraíocht ar tugadh formheas uirthi sa chúirt i gcúrsa imeachtaí agus is infhorghníomhaithe sa Stát inar tugadh i gcrích í féadfar í a fhorghníomhú sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas, faoi na coinníoll-acha céanna le hionstraimí barántúla.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TEIDEAL V FORÁLACHA GINEARÁLTA Airteagal 52 Chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sainchónaí ar pháirtí i Stát Conarthach ar tugadh ábhar os comhair a chúirtecanna, cuirfidh an chúirt a dlí inmheánach chun feidhme.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Mura bhfuil sainchónaí ar pháirtí sa Stát ar tugadh an t-ábhar os comhair a chúirteanna, déanfaidh an chúirt, chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sainchónaí i Stát Conarthach eile ar an bpáirtí, dlí an Stáit sin a chur chun feidhme.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 53 Chun críocha an Choinbhinsiúin seo, measfar sainchóaí a bheith ar chuideachta nó ar dhuine dlítheanach nó ar chomhlachas de dhao-ine nádúrtha nó dlítheanacha san áit a bhfuil a suíomh. Ach chun an suíomh sin a chinneadh cuirfidh an chúirt rialacha a dlí idirnáisiúnta phríobháidigh chun feidhme.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sainchónaí ar iontaobhas sa Stát Conarthach a bhfuil an t-ábhar os comhair a chúirteanna, cuirfidh an chúirt rialacha a dlí idirnáisiúnta phríobháidigh chun feidhme.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TEIDEAL VI FORÁLACHA IDIRTHRÉIMHSEACHA Airteagal 54 Ní bhainfidh forálacha an Choinbhinsiúin seo ach le himeachtaí dlíthiúla a thionscnófar agus le doiciméid a tharraingeofar suas go foirmiúil nó a chlárófar mar ionstraimí barántúla éis a theachta i bhfeidhm sa Stát tionscnaimh agus, má iarrtar aithint nó forghníomhú breithiúnais nó ionstraime barántúla, sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Déanfar, áfach, breithiúnais a thabharfar tar éis dáta an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm idir an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas, i gcás imeachtaí a tionscnaíodh roimh an dáta sin, a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú de réir fhorálacha Theideal III má bhí dlínse bunaithe ar rialacha i gcomhréir leis na rialacha dá bhforáiltear i dTeideal II den Choinbhinsiún seo nó i gcoinbhinsiún a cuireadh i gcrích idir an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas agus a raibh feidhm aige nuair a tionscnaíodh na himeachtaí.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Má bhí na páirtithe i ndíospóid i dtaobh conartha tar éis comh-aontú a dhéannamh i scríbhinn, roimh an 1 Meitheamh 1988 i gcás na héireann agus an 1 Eanáir 1987 i gcás na Ríochta Aontaithe, go mbeadh an conradh faoí rialú ag dlí na héireann nó ag dlí cuid den Ríocht Aontaithe, coinneoidh cúirteanna na héireann nó na coda sin den Ríocht Aontaithe an ceart chun dlínse a fheidhmiú sa díospóid.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 54a Go ceann tréimhse trí bliana ón 1 Samhain 1986 i gcás na Danmhairge agus ón 1 Meitheamh 1988 i gcás na héireann, déanfar dlínse in ábhair mhuirí a chinneadh sna Stáit sin de réir fhorálacha Theideal II, i dteannta fhorálacha phointí 1 go 6 anseo thíos. Ach nuair a thiocfaidh an Coinbhinsiún Idirnáisiúnta maidir le longa farr-aige a ghabháil, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil ar an 10 Bealtaine 1952, i bhfeidhm i gcás ceann de na Stáit sin, scoirfidh na forálacha seo d'éifeacht a bheith acu i gcás an Stáit sin.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>Féadfar duine ar a bhfuil sainchónaí i Stát Conarthach a agairt i gcúirteanna ceann de na Stáit thuasluaite maidir le héileamh muirí más rud é go ndearnadh an long lena mbaineann an t-éileamh, nó aon long eile leis an duine sin, a ghabháil trí phróis dlí i gcríoch an Stáit is déanaí atá luaite chun an t-éile amh a urrú, nó go bhféadfaí í a ghabháil ann amhlaidh ach gur tugadh banno nó urrús eile, sna cásanna seo a leanas: (a) má tá sainchónaí sa Stát deireanach sin ar an éilitheoir; nó (b) más sa Stát deireanach sin a d'éirigh an t-éileamh; nó (c) má bhaineann an t-éileamh leis an aistear ar lena linn a rinneadh an ghabháil nó a d'fhéadfaí í a dhéanamh; nó (d) má thig an t-éileamh as imbhualadh nó as damáiste a rinne long do long eile nó d'earraí nó do dhaoine ar bord ceach-tar long, trí chor inlíochta a dhéanamh nó gan é a dhéanamh nó trí neamhchomhlíonadh rialachán; nó (e) más éileamh ar tharrthálas atá ann; nó (f) más éileamh i leith mhorgáistiú na loinge a gabhadh nó i leith a curtha i ngeall atá ann.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Féadfaidh éilitheoir an long áirithe a mbaineann an t-éileamh muirí léi a ghabháil, nó aon long eile leis an duine arbh é úinéir na loinge áirithe é an tráth a d'éirigh an t-éileamh muirí. Ach i gcás na n-éileamh muirí atá leagtha amach in 5(o), (p) nó (q) den Airteagal seo, ní féidir a ghabháil ach an long áirithe a mbaineann an t-éileamh muirí léi.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>Measfar longa a bheith san úinéireacht chéanna nuair is leis an duine nó na daoine céanna na scaireanna go léir iontu.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>I gcás cairthostú loinge trína forléasadh, más é an cairtfhostóir amháin atá faoi dhliteanas i leith éilimh mhuirí a bhaineann leis an long sin, féadhaidh an t-éilitheoir an long sin nó aon long eile leis an gcairtfhostóir a ghabháil, ach ní fhéadfar aon long eile is lies an úinéir a ghabháil i leith an éilimh mhuirí sin. Is mar sin a bheidh freisin in aon chás ina mbeidh duine seachas úinéir loinge faoi dhliteanas i leith éilimh mhuirí a bhaineann leis an long sin.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>Ciallaíonn an abairt “éileamh muirí” éileamh a thig as ní nó nithe díobh seo a leanas: (a) damáiste ar bith a raibh long ina cúis leis, trí imbhualadh nó ar dhóigh eile; (b) bás duine nó díobháil do dhuine a raibh long ar bith ina cúis leis nó a tharla i ndáil le hoibriú loinge ar bith; (c) tarrthálas; (d) comhaontú maidir le húsáid nó le fruiliú loinge ar bith, cibé acu trí chonradh fostaithe nó ar dhóigh eile é; (e) comhaontú maidir le hiompar earraí in aon long cibé acu trí chonradh fostaithe nó ar dhóigh eile é; (f) cailleadh nó damáistiú earraí, lena n-áirítear bagáiste, a bhí á n-iompar i long ar bith; (g) caillroinnt ilpháirteach; (h) longmhorgáiste; (i) tuáil; (j) píolótaíocht; (k) earraí nó ábhair a soláthraíodh in áit ar bith do long chun í a oibriú nó a choimeáad i dtreo; (l) déanam, deisiú nó trealmhú loinge ar bith nó táillí agus dleachtanna duga; (m) pá máistrí, oifigeach nó foirne; (n) eisíocaíochtaí máistir, lena n-áirítear eisíocaíochaí a rinne seoladóirí, caitfhostóirí nó gníomhairí thar ceann loinge nó thar ceann a húinéara; (o) díospóid i dtaobh an teidil chun loinge ar bith nó i dtaobh a húinéireachta; (p) díospóidí idir comhúinéirí loinge ar bith i dtaobh úinéireacht, sheibh, úsáid nó thuilleamh na loinge sin; (q) morgáistiú loinge ar bith nó a cur i ngeall.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">6.</span>Sa Danmhairg, measfar, maidir leis na héilimh mhuirí dá dtagraítear in 5(o) agus (p) den Airteagal seo, go bhfolaíonn an focal “gabháil” (“forbud”) i gcás inarb é sin an t-aon nós imeachta amháin a cheadaítear i leith éilimh den sórt sin faoi Airteagail 646 go 653 den Acht i dtaobh an nós imeachta shibhialta (lov om rettens pleje).</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TEIDEAL VII GAOL LE COINBHINSIÚIN EILE Airteagal 55 Faoi réir fhorálacha an dara mír d'Airteagal 54, agus Airteagal 56, gabhfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo, i gcás na Stát is páirtithe ann, ionad na gCoinbhinsiún seo a leanas a tugadh i gcrích idir dhá cheann nó níos mó díobh: —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Bheilg agus an Fhrainc ar dhlínse agus bailíocht agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla, a síníodh i bPáras ar an 8 Iúil 1899, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Bheilg agus an ísiltír ar dhlínse, ar shéimheacht, agus ar bhailíocht agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil ar an 28 Márta 1925, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Fhrainc agus an Iodáil ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh ar an 3 Meitheamh 1930, — an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Poblacht na Fraince ag déanamh socrú d'fhorghníomhú cómhalartach breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, maille le Prótacal, a síníodh i bPáras ar an 18 Eanáir 1934, —an Coinbhiniún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Ríocht na Beilge ag déanamh socrú d'fhorghníomhú cómhalartach breithiúas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchála, maille le Prótacal, a siniodh sa Bhruiseil ar an 2 Bealtaine 1934, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ghearmáin agus an Iodáil ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh ar an 9 Márta 1936, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na Beilge agus an Ostair ar aithint agus forghníomhú cómhalartach breithiúnas agus ionstraimí barántúla maidir le hoibleagáidí cothabhála, a síníodh i Vín an 25 Deireadh Fómhair 1957, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine agus Ríocht na Beilge ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla go frithpáirteach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh in Bonn ar an 30 Meitheamh 1958, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na hísiltíre agus Poblacht na hlodáile ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh ar an 17 Aibreán 1959, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine agus an Ostair ar aithint agus forghníomhú cómhalartach breithiúnas, socraíochtaí agus ionstraimí barántúla in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i Vín ar an 6 Meitheamh 1959, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na Beilge agus an Ostair ar aithint agus forghníomhú cómhalartach breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i Vín an 16 Meitheamh 1959,</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas go cómhalartach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh in Bonn ar an 14 Iúil 1960, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus an Ostair le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú cómhalartach breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i Vín an 14 Iúil 1961, maille le Prótacal leasaitheach a síníodh i Londain an 6 Márta 1970, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na Gréige agus Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, socraíochtaí agus ionstraimí barántúla go cómhalartach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh san Aithin ar an 4 Samhain 1961, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na Beilge agus Poblacht na hlodáile ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas agus ionstraimí infhorghníomhaithe eile in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh ar an 6 Aibreán 1962, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na hísiltíre agus Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmaine ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas agus ionstraimí infhorghníomhaithe eile go frithpháirteach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Háig ar an 30 Lúnasa 1962, — an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na hísiltíre agus an Ostair le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú cómhalartach breithiúnas agus ionstraimí barántúla in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtala, a síníodh sa Háig ar an 6 Feabhra 1963, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Fhrainc agus an Ostair ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas agus ionstraimí barántúla in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i Vín ar an 15 Iúil 1966, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Ríocht na hísiltíre ag déanamh socrú d'aithint agus d'fhorghniomhú breithiúnas go cómhalartach in ábhair shibhialta, a síníodh sa Háig ar an 17 Samhain 1967, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Spáinn agus an Fhrainc ar aithint agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas agus dámhachtaintí eadrána in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i bPáras ar an 28 Bealtaine 1969, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Poblacht na hIodáile le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas go cómhalartach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh ar an 7 Feabhra 1964, maille le Protacal leasaitheach a síníodh sa Róimh ar an 14 Iiúl 1970, —an Coinbhinsiún idir Lucsamburg agus an Ostair ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas agus ionstraimí barántúla in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i Lucsamburg an 29 Iiúl 1971, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Iodáil agus an Ostair ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, socraíochtaí cúirte agus ionstraimí barántúla, a síníodh sa Róimh an 16 Samhain 1971,</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Spáinn agus an Iodáil ar chiinamh dlíthiúil agus ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i Maidrid ar an 22 Bealtaine 1973, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Fhionlainn, an íoslainn, an Iorua, an tSualainn agus an Danmhairg ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta, a síníodh i gCóbanhávan an 11 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ostair agus an tSualainn ar aithint agus forghniomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta, a síní ódh i Stó ó 1m an 16 Meán Fómhair 1982, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Spáinn agus Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas agus socraíochtaí cúirte agus ionstraimí barántúla infhorghníomhaithe in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh in Bonn ar an 14 Samhain 1983, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ostair agus an Spáinn ar aithint agus forghníomhí breithiúnas, socraíochtaí agus ionstraimí barántúla infhorghníomhaithe in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh i Vín an 17 Feabhra 1984, —an Coinbhinsiún idir an Fhionlainn agus an Ostair ar aithint agus forghniomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta, a síníodh i Vín an 17 Samhain 1986, agus, se mhéid go bhfuil sé i bhfeidhm, —an Conradh idir an Bheilg, an ísiltír agus Lucsamburg ar dhlínse, ar fhéimheacht, agus ar bhailíocht agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil ar an 24 Samhain 1961.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 56 Leanfaidh na Conarthaí agus na Coinbhinsiúin a luaitear in Airteagal 55 d'éifeacht a bheith acu maidir le hábhair nach mbaineann an Coinbhinsiún seo leo.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Leanfaidh siad d'éifeacht a bheith acu i leith breithiúnas a tugadh agus doiciméad a tarraingíodh suas go foirmiúil nó a cláraíodh mar ionstraimí barántúla roimh theacht i bhfeidhm don Choinbhinsiún seo.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 57 1. Ní dhéanfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo difear d'aon choinbhinsiúin a bhfuil nó a mbeidh na Stáit Chonarthacha ina bpáirtithe iontu agus a rialaíonn, i ndáil le hábhair áirithe, dlínse nó aithint nó forghníomhú breithiúnas.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Chun a áirithiú go ndéanfar léiriú comhionann uirthi, cuirfear mír 1 chun feidhme mar a leanas: (a) Ní choiscfidh an Coinbhinsiún seo ar chiúrt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh is páirtí i gcoinbhinsiún maidir le hábhar áiri the dlínse a ghlacadh de réir an choinbhinsiúin sin, fiú má bhíonn sainchónaí ar an gcosantóir i Stát Conarthach nach páirtí sa choinbhinsiún sin. Ar aon slí, cuirfidh an chiúrt a éistfidh an chaingean Airteagal 20 den Choinbhinsiún seo chun feidhme. (b) Déanfar breithiúnais a thabharfaidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach i bhfeidhmiú dlínse dá bhforáiltear i gcoinbhinsiún maidir le hábhar áirithe a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile de ráir an Choinbhinsiúin seo.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Nuair a dhéanann coinbhinsiún maidir le hábhar áirithe inar páirtithe an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndé antar an t-iarratas araon coinníollacha a leagan síos le haghaidh breithiúnais a aithint nó a fhorghníomhú, beidh fiedhm ag na coinniollacha sin. Ar aon slí, féadfar forálacha an Choinbhinsiúin seo a bhaineann leis na nósanna imeachta le haghaidh breithiúnais a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú a chur chun feidhme.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>Ní dheanfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo difear d'fheidhmiú forálacha a rialaíonn, maidir le hábhair áirithe, dlínse nó aithint nóforghníomhú breithiúnas agus atá nó a bheidh leagtha síos in ionstraimí na gComhphobal Eorpach nó i reachtaíocht náisiúnta arna comhchuibhiú de dhroim na n-ionstraimí sin.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 58 Go dtí go dtiocfaidh an Coinbhinsiún ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála a síníodh in Lugano ar an 16 Meán Fómhair 1988 i bhfeidhm i leith na Fraince agus na Cónaidhme Eilvéisí, ní dhéanfaidh forálacha an Choinbhinsiúin seo difear do na cearta a deonaíodh do náisiúnaigh Eilvéiseacha leis an gCoinbhinsiún idir an Fhrainc agus an Chónaidhm Eilvéiseach ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta, a sí ní odh i bPáras ar an 15 Meitheamh 1869.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 59 Ní choiscfidh an Coinbhinsiún seo ar Stát Conarthach a ghabháil d'oibleagáid air féin i leith tríú Stát, i gcoinbhinsiún um aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, gan breithiúnais a aithint a tugadh i Stáit Chonarthacha eile i gcoinne cosantóirí a raibh sainchónaí nó gnáthchónaí orthu sa tríú Stát más rud é, i gcásanna dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 4, nárbh fhéidir an breithiúnas a bhunú ach amháin ar fhoras dlínse a shonraítear sa dara mír d'Airteagal 3.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ní fhéadfaidh Stat Conarthach, áfach, é a ghabháil d'oibleagáid air fáin i leith trí ú Stát gan breithiúnas a aithint a bheidh tugtha i Stát Conarthach eile ag ciúrt ar bunaíodh a dlínse ar mhaoin leis an gcosantóir a bheith sa Stát sin, nó ar urghabháil ag an ngearánaí ar mhaoin atá sa Stát sin, más rud é:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>gur tionscnaíodh an chaingean chun cearta dílseánaigh ná cearta seilbhe ar an maoin sin a fhógairt nó a dhearbhú nó chun údarás a fháil í a dhiúscairt, no gur as saincheist eile a bhaineann leis an maoin sin a thig an chaingean; nó 2. gurb í an mhaoin sin an t-urrús i leith fiach is ábhar don chaingean.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TEIDEAL VIII FORÁLACHA CRÍOCHNAITHEACHA Airteagl 60 [scriosta] Airteagal 61 Déanfaidh Stáit a shínithe daingniú ar an gCoinbhinsiún seo. Taiscfear na hionstraimí daingniúcháin le hArdrúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 62 Tiocfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo i bhfeidhm ar an gcéad lá den trí á mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh na hionstraime daingniúcháin ag an gceann is déanaí de Stáit a shínithe a dhéanfaidh an taisceadh sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 63 Aithníonn na Stáit Chonarthacha go ndlífidh aon Stát a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina chomhalta de Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa glacadh leis an gChoinbhinsiún seo mar bhonn do na caibidlí is gá idir na Stáit Chonarthacha agus an Stát sin chun a áirithiú go bhfeidhmeofar an fhomhír dheireanach d'Airteagal 220 den Chonradh ag bunú Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Is féidir na hoiriúnuithe is gá a bheith ina n-ábhar do choinbhinsiún speisialta idir na Stáit Chonarthacha de pháirt agus an Ballstát nua den pháirt eile.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 64 Cuirfidh Ardrúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach in iúl do na Stáit a shíneoidh an Coinbhinsiún seo: (a) taisceadh gach ionstraime daingniúcháin; (b) dáta an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm; (c) [scriosta]; (d) aon dearbhú a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal IV den Phrótacal; (e) aon téacsanna a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal VI den Phrótacal.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 65 Is cuid dhílis den Choinbhinsiún seo an Prótacal atá curtha i gceangal leis de chomhthoil na Stát Conarthach.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 66 Tá an Coinbhinsiún seo tugtha i gcrích go ceann tréimhse gan teorainn.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 67 Féadfaidh Stát Conarthach ar bith athbhreithniú ar an gCoinbhinsiún seo a iarraidh. Sa chás sin, comórfaidh Uachtarán Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach comhdháil lena athbhreithniú.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 68 Tarraingíodh an Coinbhinsiún seo suas i scríbhinn bhunaidh amháin sa Fhraincis, sa Ghearmáinis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis, agus comhúdarás ag gach ceann de na ceithre théacs; taiscfear é i gcartlann Rúnaíocht Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, agus cuirfidh an tArdrúnaí cóip dheimhnithe chuig Rialtas gach ceann de Stáit a shínithe. [Sínithe na Lánchumhachtach a ceapadh.] PRÓTACAL Tá na hArdpháirtithe Conarthacha tar éis comhaontú ar na forálacha seo a leanas, a chuirfear i gceangal leis an gCoinbhinsiún:</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal I Aon duine ina shainchónaí i Lucsamburg a agrófar i gcúirt Stáit Chonarthaigh eile de bhun Airteagal 5(1), féadfaidh sé diúltú géilleadh do dhlínse na cúirte sin. Mura dtaifeadfaidh an cosantóir láithreas, dearbhóidh an chúirt, uaithi féin, nach bhfuil dlínse aici.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Beidh comhaontú chun dlínse a thabhairt, de réir bhrí Airteagal 17, gan bhailíocht i leith duine a bhfuil sainchónaí air i Lucsamburg murar aontaigh an duine sin leis go sainráite agus go speisialta.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal II Gan dochar d'aon fhorálacha níos fabhraí i ndlíthe náisiúnta, má bhíonn daoine a bhfuil sainchónaí orthu i Stát Conarthach á n-ion-chúiseamh mar gheall ar chion neamhthoiliúil i gcúirteanna coiriúla Stáit Chonarthaigh eile nach náisiúnaigh dá chuid iad, féadfaidh daoine atá cáilithe chuige sin feidhmiú ar a son lena gcosaint, fiú gan iad a bheith i láthair go pearsanta.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Ach féadfaidh an chúirt ar tugadh an t-ábhar os a comhair a ordú do dhuine láithriú go pearsanta; mura ndearnadh láithriú, níl sé riachtanach aithint a thabhairt ná forghníomhú a dhéanamh sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile ar bhreithiúnas a tugadh sa chaingean shibhialta gan caoi a bheith ag an duine a cúisíodh socrú a dhéanamh chun é féin a chosaint.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal III In imeachtaí chun ordú forghníomhaithe a eisiúint, ní dhéanfar muirear, dleacht ná cáin ar bith, arna ríomh de réir luach an ábhair i saincheist, a thobhach sa Stát a n-iarrtar an forghníomhú ann.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal IV Doiciméid dhlíthiúla nó sheachdhlíthiúla a tarraingíodh suas i Stát Conarthach amháin agus a dhlífear a sheirbheáil ar dhaoine i Stát Conarthach eile, tarchuirfear iad de réir an nós imeachta dá bhforáiltear sna coinbhinsiúin agus sna comhaontuithe a cuireadh i gcrích idir na Stáit Chonarthacha.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Mura ndéanfaidh an Stát a bhfuil siad le seirbheáil ann agóid ina choinne sin trí dhearbhú d'Ardrúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, is féidir freisin d'oifigigh phoiblí iomchuí an Stáit inar tarraingíodh suas an doiciméad é a chur go díreach chuig oifigigh phoiblí iomchuí an Stáit ina bhfuil seolaí an doiciméid le fáil. Sa chás sin, déanfaidh oifigeach an Stáit tionscnaimh cóip den doiciméad a chur chuig an oifigeach de chuid an Stáit chun a ndéantar an t-iar-ratas a bhfuil údarás aige í a chur ar aghaidh chuig an seolaí. Cuirgear an doiciméad ar aghaidh ar an modh a shonraítear le dlí an Stáit chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas. Dearbhófar go ndearnadh amhlaidh i ndeimhniú a chuirfear go díreach go dtí oifigeach an Stáit tionscnaimh.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal V I bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine agus i bPoblacht na hOstaire, ní féidir feidhm a bhaint as an dlínse a shonraítear in Airteagail 6(2) agus 10 i gcaingne ar bharántas nó ar ráthaíocht nó in aon imeachtaí eile tríú páirtí. Féadfar aon duine a bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach eile a agairt i gcúirteanna: —Phoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, de bhun Airteagail 68, 72 agus 74 de chód an nós imeachta shibhialta (Zivilprozessordnung) maidir le fógraí tríú páirtí; —Phoblacht na hOstaire, de bhun Airteagal 21 de chód an nós imeachta shibhialta (Zivilprozessordnung) maidir le fógraí tríú páirtí.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Déanfar breithiúnais a tugadh sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile de bhua Airteagal 6(2), nó Airteagal 10 a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine agus i bPoblacht na hOstaire, de réir Theideal III. Aithneofar mar an gcéanna sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile aon éifeachtaí a bheadh ag breithiúnais a tugadh sna Stáit sin ar thríú páirtithe, de bhun na forálacha atá luaite sa mhír sin roimhe seo a chur i bhfeidhm.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal Va In ábhair a bhaineann le cothabháil, folaíonn an focal “breitheamh”, “cúirt” agus “dlínse” údaráis riaracháin na Danmhairge.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Sa tSualainn, in imeachtaí achoimre maidir le horduithe íocaíochta (betalningsföreläggande) agus cúiteamh (handräckning), folaíonn an focal “cúirt” seirbhís forghníomhaithe na Sualainne (kronofogdemyndighet).</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal Vb In imeachtaí a bhaineann le díospóid idir máistir loinge farraige atá cláraithe sa Danmhairg, sa Ghréig, in éirinn nó sa Phortaingéil, agus duine dá fhoireann, maidir le luach saothair nó le coinníollacha eile seirbhíse, cinnteoidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach cé acu a cuireadh nó nár cuireadh an díospóid i bhfios don oifigeach taidhleoireachta nó consalach ar a bhfuil cúram na loinge. Cuirfidh sí bac ar na himeachtaí fad a bheidh an díospóid gan cur i bhfios don oifigeach. Déanfaidh sí, uaithi féin, dlínse a dhiúltú más rud é, arna cur i bhfios go cuí don oifigeach, gur fheidhmigh sé na cumhachtaí a tugadh dó san ábhar le coinbhinsiún consalach nó, in éagmais coinbhinsiúin den sórt sin, go ndearna sé, laistigh den tréimhse cheaptha, aon agóid in aghaidh fheidhmiú na dlínse sin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal Vc Nuair a dhéanfar faoi chuimsiú Airteagal 69(5) den Choinbhinsiún maidir leis an bPaitinn Eorpach don chómhargadh, a síníodh i Lucsamburg ar an 15 Nollaig 1975, Airteagail 52 agus 53 den Choinbhinsiún seo a chur chun feidhme ar na forálacha a bhaineann le ‘residence’ i dtéacs Béarla an chéad Choinbhinsiúin sin, is tuigthe tagairt do ‘residence’ sa téacs sin a bheith ina tagairt do shainchónaí in Airteagail 52 agus 53 thuasluaite.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal Vd Gan dochar do dhlínse Oifig na bPaitinní Eorpacha faoin gCoinbhinsiún chun paitinní Eorpacha a dheonú a síníodh in München ar an 5 Deireadh Fómhair 1973, beidh dlínse eisiach ag cúirteanna gach Stáit Chonarthaigh, ar neamhchead do shainchónaí, in imeachtaí a bhaineann le clárú nó bailíocht aon phaitinne Eorpaí a deonaíodh le haghaidh an Stáit sin nach paitinn Chomhphobail de bhua fhorálacha Airteagal 86 den Choinbhinsiún maidir leis an bPaitinn Eorpach don chómhargadh, a síníodh i Lucsamburg ar an 15 Nollaig 1975.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal Ve Measfar freisin gur ionstraimí barántúla de réir bhrí Airteagal 50(1) den Choinbhinsiún coinbhinsiúin maidir le hoibleagáidí cothabhála arna dtabhairt i gcrích os comhair na n-údarás riaracháin nó arna bhfíordheimhniú acu.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal VI Cuirfidh na Stáit Chonarthacha in iúl d'Ardrúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach téacsanna aon fhorálacha ina ndlíthe a dhéanann leasú ar na forálacha sin dá ndlíthe a luaitear sa Choinbhinsiún nó ar liosta na gcúirteanna a shonraítear i Roinn 2 de Theideal III den Choinbhinsiún. [Sínithe na Lánchumhachtach arna gceapadh.] SECOND SCHEDULE Text of the 1971 Protocol as amended by the 1978 Accession Convention, the 1982 Accession Convention, the 1989 Accession Convention and the 1996 Accession Convention1 PROTOCOL on the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the Convention of 27 September 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 1</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and of the Protocol annexed to that Convention, signed at Brussels on 27 September 1968, and also on the interpretation of the present Protocol.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall also have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Convention of 27 September 1968 and to this Protocol.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall also have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the Convention of 27 September 1968 and to this Protocol, as adjusted by the 1978 Convention.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall also have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the Convention of 27 September 1968 and to this Protocol, as adjusted by the 1978 Convention and the 1982 Convention.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall also have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the Convention of 27 September 1968 and to this Protocol, as adjusted by the 1978 Convention, the 1982 Convention and the 1989 Convention.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 2</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The following courts may request the Court of Justice to give preliminary rulings on questions of interpretation:</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">1.—in Belgium: la Cour de Cassation — het Hof van Cassatie and le Conseil d'Etat — de Raad van State, —in Denmark: højesteret, —in the Federal Republic of Germany: die obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes, —in Greece: the ανώτατα δικαστήαια, —in Spain: el Tribunal Supremo, —in France: la Cour de Cassation and le Conseil d'État, — in Ireland: the Supreme Court, —in Italy: la Corte Suprema di Cassazione, —in Luxembourg: la Cour supérieure de Justice when sitting as Cour de Cassation, —in Austria, the Oberste Gerichtshof, the Verwaltungsgerichtshof and the Verfassungsgerichtshof, —in the Netherlands: de Hoge Raad, —in Portugal: o Supremo Tribunal de Justiça and o Supremo Tribunal Administrativo, —in Finland, korkein oikeus/högsta domstolen and korkein hallintooikeus/högsta förvaltningsdomstolen, —in Sweden, Högsta domstolen, Regeringsrätten, Arbetsdomstolen and Marknadsdomstolen, —in the United Kingdom: the House of Lords and courts to which appliction has been made under the second paragraph of Article 37 or under Article 41 of the Convention;</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>the courts of the Contracting States when they are sitting in an appellate capacity;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>in the cases provided for in Article 37 of the Convention, the courts referred to in that Article.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 3</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>Where a question of interpretation of the Convention or of one of the other instruments referred to in Article 1 is raised in a case pending before one of the courts listed in Article 2.1, that court shall, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Where such a question is raised before any court referred to in Article 2.2 or 2.3, that court may, under the conditions laid down in paragraph 1, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 4</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>The competent authority of a Contracting State may request the Court of Justice to give a ruling on a question of interpretation of the Convention or of one of the other instruments referred to in Article 1 if judgments given by courts of that State conflict with the interpretation given either by the Court of Justice or in a judgment of one of the courts of another Contracting State referred to in Article 2.1 or 2.2. The provisions of this paragraph shall apply only to judgments which have become res judicata.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The interpretation given by the Court of Justice in response to such a request shall not affect the judgments which gave rise to the request for interpretation.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>The Procurators-General of the Courts of Cassation of the Contracting States, or any other authority designated by a Contracting State, shall be entitled to request the Court of Justice for a ruling on interpretation in accordance with paragraph 1.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>The Registrar of the Court of Justice shall give notice of the request to the Contracting States, to the Commission and to the Council of the European Communities; they shall then be entitled within two months of the notification to submit statements of case or written observations to the Court.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>No fees shall be levied or any costs or expenses awarded in respect of the proceedings provided for in this Article.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 5</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>Except where this Protocol otherwise provides, the provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and those of the Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice annexed thereto, which are applicable when the Court is requested to give a preliminary ruling, shall also apply to any proceedings for the interpretation of the Convention and the other instruments referred to in Article 1.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice shall, if necessary, be adjusted and supplemented in accordance with Article 188 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 6</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">[deleted]</span></h4>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 7</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Protocol shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 8</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Protocol shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last signatory State to take this step; provided that it shall at the earliest enter into force at the same time as the Convention of 27 September 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 9</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Contracting States recognize that any State which becomes a member of the European Economic Community, and to which Article 63 of the Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters applies, must accept the provisions of this Protocol, subject to such adjustments as may be required.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 10</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of: (a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification; (b) the date of entry into force of this Protocol; (c) any designation received pursuant to Article 4 (3); (d) [deleted]</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 11</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Contracting States shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities the texts of any provisions of their laws which necessitate an amendment to the list of courts in Article 2.1.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 12</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Protocol is concluded for an unlimited period.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 13</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Any Contracting State may request the revision of this Protocol. In this event, a revision conference shall be convened by the President of the Council of the European Communities.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 14</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Protocol, drawn up in a single original in the Dutch, French, German and Italian languages, all four texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State (Signatures of the plenipotentiaries) Text in the Irish language of the 1971 Protocol as amended by the 1978 Accession Convention, the 1982 Accession Convention, the 1989 Accession Convention and the 1996 Accession Convention1 PRÓTACAL ar léiriú ag an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais ar Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála Airteagal 1 Beidh dlínse ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála agus an Phrótacail atá i gceangal leis an gCoinbhinsiúin sin, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil ar an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968, agus fós i dtaobh léiriú an Phrótacail seo.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Beidh dlínse freisin ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar aontú Ríocht na Danmhairge, na héireann agus Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart éireann do Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 agus don Phrótacal seo.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Beidh dlínse freisin ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar aontú na Poblachta Heilléanaí do Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 agus don Phrótacal seo, arna n-oiriúnú le Coinbhinsiún 1978.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Beidh dlínse freisin ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar aontú Ríocht na Spáinne agus Phoblacht na Portaingéile do Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 agus don Phrótacal seo, arna n-oiriúnú le Coinbhinsiún 1978 agus Coinbhinsiún 1982.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Beidh dlínse freisin ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar aontú Phoblacht na hOstaire, Phoblacht na Fionlainne agus Ríocht na Sualainne do Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 agus don Phrótacal seo, mar atá arna n-oiriúnú le Coinbhinsiúin 1978, 1982 agus 1989.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 2 Féadfaidh na cúirteanna seo a leanas a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais réamhrialú a thabhairt ar cheisteanna léiriúcháin:</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">1.— sa Bheilg: la Cour de Cassation — het Hof van Cassatie agus le Conseil d'état — de Raad van State, —sa Danmhairg: højesteret, —i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine: die obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes, —sa Ghréig: τα ανώτατα δικαστήαια, —sa Spáinn: el Tribunal Supremo, —sa Fhrainc: la Cour de Cassation agus le Conseil d'état, —in Éirinn: an Chúirt Uachtarach, —san Iodáil: la Corte Suprema de Cassazione, —i Lucsamburg: la Cour supérieure de justice ina suí di mar Cour de Cassation, —san Ostair: an Oberste Gerichtshof, an Verwaltungsgerichtshof agus an Verfassungsgerichtshof, —san ísiltír: de Hoge Raad, —sa Phortaingéil: o Supremo Tribunal de Justiça agus o Supremo Tribunal Administrativo, —san Fhionlainn: korkein oikeus/högsta domstolen agus korkein hallintooikeus/högsta förvaltningsdomstolen, —sa tSualainn, Högsta domstolen, Regeringsrätten, Arbetsdomstolen agus Marknadsdomstolen, —sa Ríocht Aontaithe: an House of Lords agus cúirteanna a ndearnadh iarratas chucu faoin dara mír d'Airteagal 37 nó faoi Airteagal 41 den Choinbhinsiún, 2. cúirteanna na Stát Conarthach ina suí dóibh i gcáil achomharcach;</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>sna cásanna dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 37 den Choinbhinsiún, na cúirteanna a luaitear san Airteagal sin.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 3 1. Nuair a dhéanfar ceist i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin nó ionstraime eile a luaitear in Airteagal 1 a tharraingt anuas i gcás a bheidh ar feitheamh os comhair cúirte dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 2(1), iarrfaidh an chúirt sin ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais, má mheasann sí gur gá breith ar an gceist ionas go bhféadfaidh sí breithiúnas a thabhairt, rialú a thabhairt ar an gceist sin.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Má tharraingítear ceist mar sin anuas os comhair aon chúirte dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 2(2) nó (3), féadfaidh an chúirt sin, ar na coinníollacha atá leagtha síos i mír 1, a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais rialú a thabhairt uirthi.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 4 1. Féadfaidh údarás inniúil Stáit Chonarthaig a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais rialú a thabhairt ar cheist i dtaob léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin nó i dtaobh léiriú ceann de na hionstraimí eile a luaitear in Airteagal 1 má bhíonn breithiúnais ó chúirteanna sa Stát sin ar neamhréir leis an léiriú a thug an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais nó a tugadh i mbreithiúnas ó chúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh eile a luaitear in Airteagal 2(1) nó (2). Ní bhainfidh forálacha na míre seo ach le breithiúnais a bhfuil éifeacht res judicata leo.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Ní dhéanfaidh an léiriú a dhéanfaidh an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais de bhun iarratais den sórt sin difear do na breithiúnais be bhun leis an léiriú sin a iarraidh.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>Beidh Ionchúisitheoirí Ginearálta na gCúirteanna Uachtaracha Achomhairc sna Stáit Chonarthacha, nó údarás ar bith eile a bheidh ainmnithe chuige sin ag Stát Conarthach, i dteideal rialú ar an léiriú a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais de réir mhír 1.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>Tabharfaidh Cláraitheoir na Cúirte Breithiúnais fógra faoin iaratas do na Stáit Chonarthacha, don Choimisiún agus do Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach; beidh siadsan i dteideal ansin, laistigh de dhá mhí tar éis an fógra a fháil, sonruithe cáis nó tuairimí i scríbhinn a chur faoi bhráid na Cúirte.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>Ní fhéadfar aon táillí a thobhach ná aon chostais nó caiteachas a dhámhachtain i leith na n-imeachtaí dá bhforáiltear san Airteagal seo.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 5 1. Na forálacha sin den Chonradh ag bunú Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEoropa, agus na cinn sin den Phrótacal ar Reacht na Cúirte Breithiúnais atá i gceangal leis, is infheidhme nuair a iarrtar ar an gCúirt réamhrialú a thabhairt, beidh feidhm acu mar an gcéanna, ach amháin mura bhforáiltear a mhalairt leis an bPrótacal seo, ar an nós imeachta maidir le léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin agus na n-ionstraimí eile a luaitear in Airteagal 1.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>Déanfar, más gá, Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Cúirte Breithiúnais a oiriúnú agus a chomhlánú de réir Airteagal 188 den Chonradh ag bunú Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 6 [scriosta] Airteagal 7 Déanfaidh Stáit a shínithe daingniú ar an bPrótacal seo. Taiscfear na hionstraimí daingniúcháin le hArdrúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 8 Tiocfaidh an Prótacal seo i bhfeidhm ar an gcéad lá den tríú mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh na hionstraime daingniúcháin ag an gceann is déanaí de Stáit a shínithe a dhéanfaidh an taisceadh sin; ach ní thiocfaidh sé i bhfeidhm tráth is luaithe ná teacht i bhfeidhm Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 9 Aithníonn na Stáit Chonarthacha go ndlífidh gach Stát a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina chomhalta de Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa, agus a mbainfidh Airteagal 63 den Choinbhinsiún ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála leis, glacadh le forálacha an Phrótacail seo, faoi réir cibé oiriúnuithe is gá.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 10 Cuirfidh Ardrúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach in iúl do na Stát a shíneoidh an Prótacal seo: (a) taisceadh gach ionstraime daingniúcháin; (b) dáta an Phrótacail seo a theacht i bhfeidhm; (c) aon dearbhú a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal 4(3); (d) [scriosta].</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 11 Cuirfidh na Stáit Chonarthacha in iúl d'Ardrúnaí Chomhairle na gComhpobal Eorpach téacsanna aon fhorálacha ina ndlíthe a bheireann gur gá liosta na gcúirteanna in Airteagal 2(1) a leasú.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 12 Tá an Prótacal seo tugtha i gcrích go ceann tréimhse gan teorainn.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 13 Féadfaidh Stát Conarthach ar bith athbhreithniú ar an bPrótacal seo a iarraidh. Sa chás sin, comórfaidh Uachtarán Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach comhdháil lena athbhreithniú.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Airteagal 14 Tarraingíodh an Prótacal seo suas i scríbhinn bhunaidh amháin sa Fhraincis, sa Ghearmáinis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis, agus comhúdarás ag gach ceann de na ceithre théacs; taiscfear é i gcartlann Rúnaíocht Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, agus cuirfidh an tArdrúnaí cóip dheimhnithe chuig Rialtas gach ceann de Stáit a shínithe.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">THIRD SCHEDULE Titles V and VI of the 1978 Accession Convention1 as amended by the 1989 Accession Convention2</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title V</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 34</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>The 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, with the amendments made by this Convention, shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered after the entry into force of this Convention in the State of origin and, where recognition or enforcement of a judgment or authentic instrument is sought, in the State addressed.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>However, as between the six Contracting States to the 1968 Convention, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention in proceedings instituted before that date shall be recognised and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III of the 1968 Convention as amended.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>Moreover, as between the six Contracting States to the 1968 Convention and the three States mentioned in Article 1 of this Convention, and as between those three States, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention between the State of origin and the State addressed in proceedings instituted before that date shall also be recognised and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III of the 1968 Convention as amended if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with the provisions of Title II, as amended, or with provisions of a convention concluded between the State of origin and the State addressed which was in force when the proceedings were instituted.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 35</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">[deleted]</span></h4>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 36</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">[deleted]</span></h4>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title VI</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">FINAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 37</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall transmit a certified copy of the 1968 Convention and of the 1971 Protocol in the Dutch, French, German and Italian languages to the Governments of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The texts of the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, drawn up in the Danish, English and Irish languages, shall be annexed to this Convention. The texts drawn up in the Danish, English and Irish languages shall be authentic under the same conditions as the original texts of the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 38</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 39</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention shall enter into force, as between the States which shall have ratified it, on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the original Member States of the Community and one new Member State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">It shall enter into force for each new Member State which subsequently ratifies it on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 40</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of: (a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification, (b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 41</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish and Italian languages, all seven texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">FOURTH SCHEDULE Titles V and VI of the 1982 Accession Convention1</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title V</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 12</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>The 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, as amended by the 1978 Convention and this Convention, shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered after the entry into force of this Convention in the State of origin and, where recognition or enforcement of a judgment or authentic instrument is sought, in the State addressed.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>However, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention between the State of origin and the State addressed in proceedings instituted before that date shall be recognized and enforced in accordance with the provisions of title III of the 1968 Convention, as amended by the 1978 Convention and this Convention, if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with the provisions of Title II of the 1968 Convention, as amended, or with the provisions of a convention which was in force between the State of origin and the State addressed when the proceedings were instituted.</div>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title VI</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">FINAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 13</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall transmit a certified copy of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol and of the 1978 Convention in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish and Italian languages to the Government of the Hellenic Republic.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The texts of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol and of the 1978 Convention, drawn up in the Greek language, shall be annexed to this Convention. The texts drawn up in the Greek language shall be authentic under the same conditions as the other texts of the 1968 Convention, the 1971 Protocol and the 1978 Convention.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 14</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 15</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention shall enter into force, as between the States which have ratified it, on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the Hellenic Republic and those States which have put into force the 1978 Convention in accordance with Article 39 of that Convention.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">It shall enter into force for each Member State which subsequently ratifies it on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 16</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of: (a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification; (b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 17</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish and Italian languages, all eight texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">FIFTH SCHEDULE Titles VI and VII of the 1989 Accession Convention1</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title VI</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 29</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>The 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, as amended by the 1978 Convention, the 1982 Convention and this Convention, shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered after the entry into force of this Convention in the State of origin and, where recognition or enforcement of a judgment or authentic instrument is sought, in the State addressed.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>However, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention between the State of origin and the State addressed in proceedings instituted before that date shall be recognized and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III of the 1968 Convention, as amended by the 1978 Convention, the 1982 Convention and this Convention, if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with the provisions of Title II of the 1968 Convention, as amended, or with the provisions of a convention which was in force between the State of origin and the State addressed when the proceedings were instituted.</div>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title VII</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">FINAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 30</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall transmit a certified copy of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol, of the 1978 Convention and of the 1982 Convention in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish and Italian languages to the Governments of the Kingdom of Spain and of the Portuguese Republic.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The texts of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol, of the 1978 Convention and of the 1982 Convention, drawn up in the Portuguese and Spanish languages, are set out in Annexes II, III, IV and V to this Convention. The texts drawn up in the Portuguese and Spanish languages shall be authentic under the same conditions as the other texts of the 1968 Convention, the 1971 Protocol, the 1978 Convention and the 1982 Convention.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 31</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 32</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the date on which two signatory States, of which one is the Kingdom of Spain or the Portuguese Republic, deposit their instruments of ratification.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>This Convention shall take effect in relation to any other signatory State on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 33</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of: (a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification; (b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 34</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages, all 10 texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">SIXTH SCHEDULE Titles V and VI of the 1996 Accession Convention1</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title V</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 13</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>The 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, as amended by the 1978 Convention, the 1982 Convention, the 1989 Convention and by this Convention, shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered after the entry into force of this Convention in the State of origin and, where recognition or enforcement of a judgment or authentic instrument is sought, in the State addressed.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>However, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention between the State of origin and the State addressed in proceedings instituted before that date shall be recognized and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III of the 1968 Convention, as amended by the 1978 Convention, the 1982 Convention, the 1989 Convention and this Convention, if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with the provisions of Title II, as amended, of the 1968 Convention, or with the provisions of a convention which was in force between the State of origin and the State addressed when the proceedings were instituted.</div>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title VI</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">FINAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 14</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union shall transmit a certified copy of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol, of the 1978 Convention, of the 1982 Convention and of the 1989 Convention in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese languages to the Governments of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The texts of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol, of the 1978 Convention, of the 1982 Convention and of the 1989 Convention, drawn up in the Finnish and Swedish languages, shall be authentic under the same conditions as the other texts of the 1968 Convention, the 1971 Protocol, the 1978 Convention, the 1982 Convention and the 1989 Convention.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 15</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 16</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the date on which two signatory States, one of which is the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland or the Kingdom of Sweden, deposit their instruments of ratification.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>This Convention shall produce its effects for any other signatory State on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 17</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union shall notify the signatory States of:</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification; (b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 18</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish languages, all 12 texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">SEVENTH SCHEDULE Text of the Lugano Convention1 CONVENTION on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters PREAMBLE THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION, ANXIOUS to strengthen in their territories the legal protection of persons therein established, CONSIDERING that it is necessary for this purpose to determine the international jurisdiction of their courts, to facilitate recognition and to introduce an expeditious procedure for securing the enforcement of judgments, authentic instruments and court settlements, AWARE of the links between them, which have been sanctioned in the economic field by the free trade agreements concluded between the European Economic Community and the States members of the European Free Trade Association, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the Brussels Convention of 27 September 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, as amended by the Accession Conventions under the successive enlargements of the European Communities, PERSUADED that the extension of the principles of that Convention to the States parties to this instrument will strengthen legal and economic cooperation in Europe, DESIRING to ensure as uniform an interpretation as possible of this instrument, HAVE in this spirit DECIDED to conclude this Convention and HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title I</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">SCOPE</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 1</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Convention shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The Convention shall not apply to:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills and succession;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>social security;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>arbitration.</div>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title II</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">JURISDICTION</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 1</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">General Provisions</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 2</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Subject to the provisions of this Convention, persons domiciled in a Contracting State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Persons who are not nationals of the State in which they are domiciled shall be governed by the rules of jurisdiction applicable to nationals of that State.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 3</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Persons domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued in the courts of another Contracting State only by virtue of the rules set out in Sections 2 to 6 of this Title.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">In particular the following provisions shall not be applicable as against them: —in Belgium: Article 15 of the civil code (Code civil—Burgerlijk Wetboek) and Article 638 of the judicial code (Code judiciaire—Gerechtelijk Wetboek), —in Denmark: Article 246 (2) and (3) of the law on civil procedure (Lov om rettens pleje), —in the Federal Republic of Germany: Article 23 of the code of civil procedure (Zivilprozeβordnung), —in Greece: Article 40 of the code of civil procedure (Kωδιχαζ πoλιτιχήζ σιχoνoμíαζ), —in France: Articles 14 and 15 of the civil code (Code civil), —in Ireland: the rules which enable jurisdiction to be founded on the document instituting the proceedings having been served on the defendant during his temporary presence in Ireland, —in Iceland: Article 77 of the Civil Proceedings Act (lög um meδferδ einkamála í héraδi), —in Italy: Articles 2 and 4, Nos 1 and 2 of the code of civil procedure (Codice di procedura civile), —in Luxembourg: Articles 14 and 15 of the civil code (Code civil), —in the Netherlands: Articles 126 (3) and 127 of the code of civil procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering), —in Norway: Section 32 of the Civil Proceedings Act (tvistemålsloven), —in Austria: Article 99 of the Law on Court Jurisdiction (Jurisdiktionsnorm), — in Portugal: Articles 65 (1) (c), 65 (2) and 65A (c) of the code of civil procedure (Código de Processo Civil) and Article 11 of the code of labour procedure (Código de Processo de Trabalho), —in Switzerland: le for du lieu du séquestre/Gerichtsstand des Arrestortes/foro del luogo del sequestro within the meaning of Article 4 of the loi fédérale sur le droit international privé/Bundesgesetz über das internationale Privatrecht/legge federale sul diritto internazionale privato, —in Finland: the second, third and fourth sentences of Section 1 of Chapter 10 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (oikeudenkäymiskaari/rättegångsbalken), —in Sweden: the first sentence of Section 3 of Chapter 10 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (Rättegångsbalken), —in the United Kingdom: the rules which enable jurisdiction to be founded on: (a) the document instituting the proceedings having been served on the defendant during his temporary presence in the United Kingdom; or (b) the presence within the United Kingdom of property belonging to the defendant; or (c) the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated in the United Kingdom.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 4</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">If the defendant is not domiciled in a Contracting State, the jurisdiction of the courts of each Contracting State shall, subject to the provisions of Article 16, be determined by the law of that State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">As against such a defendant, any person domiciled in a Contracting State may, whatever his nationality, avail himself in that State of the rules of jurisdiction there in force, and in particular those specified in the second paragraph of Article 3, in the same way as the nationals of that State.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 2</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Special Jurisdiction</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 5</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">A person domiciled in a Contracting State may, in another Contracting State, be sued:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question; in matters relating to individual contracts of employment, this place is that where the employee habitually carries out his work, or if the employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one country, this place shall be the place of business through which he was engaged;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>in matters relating to maintenance, in the courts for the place where the maintenance creditor is domiciled or habitually resident or, if the matter is ancillary to proceedings concerning the status of a person, in the court which, according to its own law, has jurisdiction to entertain those proceedings, unless that jurisdiction is based solely on the nationality of one of the parties;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>in matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>as regards a civil claim for damages or restitution which is based on an act giving rise to criminal proceedings, in the court seised of those proceedings, to the extent that that court has jurisdiction under its own law to entertain civil proceedings;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>as regards a dispute arising out of the operations of a branch, agency or other establishment, in the courts for the place in which the branch, agency or other establishment is situated;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">6.</span>in his capacity as settlor, trustee or beneficiary of a trust created by the operation of a statute, or by a written instrument, or created orally and evidenced in writing, in the courts of the Contracting State in which the trust is domiciled;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">7.</span>as regards a dispute concerning the payment of remuneration claimed in respect of the salvage of a cargo or freight, in the court under the authority of which the cargo or freight in question: (a) has been arrested to secure such payment, or (b) could have been so arrested, but bail or other security has been given; provided that this provision shall apply only if it is claimed that the defendant has an interest in the cargo or freight or had such an interest at the time of salvage.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 6</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">A person domiciled in a Contracting State may also be used:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>as a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings, in the court seised of the original proceedings, unless these were instituted solely with the object of removing him from the jurisdiction of the court which would be competent in his case;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>on a counterclaim arising from the same contract or facts on which the original claim was based, in the court in which the original claim is pending;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>in matters relating to a contract, if the action may be combined with an action against the same defendant in matters relating to rights in rem in immovable property, in the court of the Contracting State in which the property is situated.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 6a</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where by virtue of this Convention a court of a Contracting State has jurisdiction in actions relating to liability arising from the use or operation of a ship, that court, or any other court substituted for this purpose by the internal law of that State, shall also have jurisdiction over claims for limitation of such liability.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 3</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Jurisdiction in Matters Relating to Insurance</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 7</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">In matters relating to insurance, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section, without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 4 and 5 (5).</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 8</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">An insurer domiciled in a Contracting State may be used:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>in the courts of the State where he is domiciled; or 2. in another Contracting State, in the courts for the place where the policy-holder is domiciled; or 3. if he is a co-insurer, in the courts of a Contracting State in which proceedings are brought against the leading insurer.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">An insurer who is not domiciled in a Contracting State but has a branch, agency or other establishment in one of the Contracting States shall, in disputes arising out of the operations of the branch, agency or establishment, be deemed to be domiciled in that State.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 9</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">In respect of liability insurance or insurance of immovable property, the insurer may in addition be used in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred. The same applies if movable and immovable property are covered by the same insurance policy and both are adversely affected by the same contingency.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 10</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">In respect of liability insurance, the insurer may also, if the law of the court permits it, be joined in proceedings which the injured party has brought against the insured.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The provisions of Articles 7, 8 and 9 shall apply to actions brought by the injured party directly against the insurer, where such direct actions are permitted.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">If the law governing such direct actions provides that the policyholder or the insured may be joined as a party to the action, the same court shall have jurisdiction over them.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 11</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Without prejudice to the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 10, an insurer may bring proceedings only in the courts of the Contracting State in which the defendant is domiciled, irrespective of whether he is the policy-holder, the insured or a beneficiary.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The provisions of this Section shall not affect the right to bring a counterclaim in the court in which, in accordance with this Section, the original claim is pending.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 12</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an agreement on jurisdiction:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>which is entered into after the dispute has arisen; or 2. which allows the policy-holder, the insured or a beneficiary to bring proceedings in courts other than those indicated in this Section; or 3. which is concluded between a policy-holder and an insurer, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract domiciled or habitually resident in the same Contracting State, and which has the effect of conferring jurisdiction on the courts of that State even if the harmful event were to occur abroad, provided that such an agreement is not contrary to the law of the State; or 4. which is concluded with a policy-holder who is not domiciled in a Contracting State, except in so far as the insurance is compulsory or relates to immovable property in a Contracting State; or 5. which relates to a contract of insurance in so far as it covers one or more of the risks set out in Article 12a.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 12a</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">The following are the risks referred to in Article 12 (5):</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>any loss of or damage to: (a) sea-going ships, installations situated off shore or on the high seas, or aircraft, arising from perils which relate to their use for commercial purposes; (b) goods in transit other than passengers’ baggage where the transit consists of or includes carriage by such ships or aircraft;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>any liability, other than for bodily injury to passengers or loss of or damage to their baggage; (a) arising out of the use or operation of ships, installations or aircraft as referred to in (1) (a) above in so far as the law of the Contracting State in which such aircraft are registered does not prohibit agreements on jurisdiction regarding insurance of such risks; (b) for loss or damage caused by goods in transit as described in (1) (b) above;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>any financial loss connected with the use or operation of ships, installations or aircraft as referred to in (1) (a) above, in particular loss of freight or charter-hire;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>any risk or interest connected with any of those referred to in (1) to (3) above.</div>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 4</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Jurisdiction Over Consumer Contracts</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 13</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">In proceedings concerning a contract concluded by a person for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, hereinafter called ‘the consumer’, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section, without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 4 and 5 (5), if it is:</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>a contract for the sale of goods on instalment credit terms; or 2. a contract for a loan repayable by instalments, or for any other form of credit, made to finance the sale of goods; or 3. any other contract for the supply of goods or a contract for the supply of services, and (a) in the State of the consumer’s domicile the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and (b) the consumer took in that State the steps necessary for the conclusion of the contract.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where a consumer enters into a contract with a party who is not domiciled in a Contracting State but has a branch, agency or other establishment in one of the Contracting States, that party shall, in disputes arising out of the operations of the branch, agency or establishment, be deemed to be domiciled in that State.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">This Section shall not apply to contracts of transport.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 14</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A consumer may bring proceedings against the other party to a contract either in the courts of the Contracting State in which that party is domiciled or in the courts of the Contracting State in which he is himself domiciled.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Proceedings may be brought against a consumer by the other party to the contract only in the courts of the Contracting State in which the consumer is domiciled.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">These provisions shall not affect the right to bring a counterclaim in the court in which, in accordance with this Section, the original claim is pending.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 15</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an agreement:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>which is entered into after the dispute has arisen; or 2. which allows the consumer to bring proceedings in courts other than those indicated in this Section; or 3. which is entered into by the consumer and the other party to the contract, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract domiciled or habitually resident in the same Contracting State, and which confers jurisdiction on the courts of that State, provided that such an agreement is not contrary to the law of that State.</div>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 5</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Exclusive Jurisdiction</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 16</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">The following courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction, regardless of domicile:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>(a) in proceedings which have as their object rights in rem in immovable property or tenancies of immovable property, the courts of the Contracting State in which the property is situated; (b) however, in proceedings which have as their object tenancies of immovable property concluded for temporary private use for a maximum period of six consecutive months, the courts of the Contracting State in which the defendant is domiciled shall also have jurisdiction, provided that the tenant is a natural person and neither party is domiciled in the Contracting State in which the property is situated;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>in proceedings which have as their object the validity of the constitution, the nullity or the dissolution of companies or other legal persons or associations of natural or legal persons, or the decisions of their organs, the courts of the Contracting State in which the company, legal person or association has its seat;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>in proceedings which have as their object the validity of entries in public registers, the courts of the Contracting State in which the register is kept;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>in proceedings concerned with the registration or validity of patents, trade marks, designs, or other similar rights required to be deposited or registered, the courts of the Contracting State in which the deposit or registration has been applied for, has taken place or is under the terms of an international convention deemed to have taken place;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>in proceedings concerned with the enforcement of judgments, the courts of the Contracting State in which the judgment has been or is to be enforced.</div>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 6</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Prorogation of Jurisdiction</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 17</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>If the parties, one or more of whom is domiciled in a Contracting State, have agreed that a court or the courts of a Contracting State are to have jurisdiction to settle any disputes which have arisen or which may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship, that court or those courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction. Such an agreement conferring jurisdiction shall be either: (a) in writing or evidenced in writing, or (b) in a form which accords with practices which the parties have established between themselves, or (c) in international trade or commerce, in a form which accords with a usage of which the parties are or ought to have been aware and which in such trade or commerce is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade or commerce concerned.</div>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where such an agreement is concluded by parties, none of whom is domiciled in a Contracting State, the courts of other Contracting States shall have no jurisdiction over their disputes unless the court or courts chosen have declined jurisdiction.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The court or courts of a Contracting State on which a trust instrument has conferred jurisdiction shall have exclusive jurisdiction in any proceedings brought against a settlor, trustee or beneficiary, if relations between these persons or their rights or obligations under the trust are involved.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>Agreements or provisions of a trust instrument conferring jurisdiction shall have no legal force if they are contrary to the provisions of Article 12 or 15, or if the courts whose juridiction they purport to exclude have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 16.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>If an agreement conferring jurisdiction was concluded for the benefit of only one of the parties, that party shall retain the right to bring proceedings in any other court which has jurisdiction by virtue of this Convention.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>In matters relating to individual contracts of employment an agreement conferring jurisdiction shall have legal force only if it is entered into after the dispute has arisen.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 18</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Apart from jurisdiction derived from other provisions of this Convention, a court of a Contracting State before whom a defendant enters an appearance shall have jurisdiction. This rule shall not apply where appearance was entered solely to contest the jurisdiction, or where another court has exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 16.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 7</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Examination as to Jurisdiction and Admissibility</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 19</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where a court of a Contracting State is seised of a claim which is principally concerned with a matter over which the courts of another Contracting State have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 16, it shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 20</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where a defendant domiciled in one Contracting State is sued in a court of another Contracting State and does not enter an appearance, the court shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction unless its jurisdiction is derived from the provisions of this Convention.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The court shall stay the proceedings so long as it is not shown that the defendant has been able to receive the document instituting the proceedings or an equivalent document in sufficient time to enable him to arrange for his defence, or that all necessary steps have been taken to this end.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall be replaced by those of Article 15 of the Hague Convention of 15 November 1965 on the service abroad of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters, if the document instituting the proceedings or notice thereof had to be transmitted abroad in accordance with that Convention.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 8</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Lis Pendens — Related Actions</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 21</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where proceedings involving the same cause of action and between the same parties are brought in the courts of different Contracting States, any court other than the court first seised shall of its own motion stay its proceedings until such time as the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established, any court other than the court first seised shall decline jurisdiction in favour of that court.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 22</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where related actions are brought in the courts of different Contracting States, any court other than the court first seised may, while the actions are pending at first instance, stay its proceedings.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A court other than the court first seised may also, on the application of one of the parties, decline jurisdiction if the law of that court permits the consolidation of related actions and the court first seised has jurisdiction over both actions.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">For the purposes of this Article, actions are deemed to be related where they are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 23</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where actions come within the exclusive jurisdiction of several courts, any court other than the court first seised shall decline jurisdiction in favour of that court.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 9</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Provisional, Including Protective, Measures</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 24</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Application may be made to the courts of a Contracting State for such provisional, including protective, measures as may be available under the law of that State, even if, under this Convention, the courts of another Contracting State have jurisdiction as to the substance of the matter.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title III</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 25</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">For the purposes of this Convention, ‘judgment’ means any judgment given by a court or tribunal of a Contracting State, whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order, decision or writ of execution, as well as the determination of costs or expenses by an officer of the court.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 1</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Recognition</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 26</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A judgment given in a Contracting State shall be recognized in the other Contracting States without any special procedure being required.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Any interested party who raises the recognition of a judgment as the principal issue in a dispute may, in accordance with the procedures provided for in Section 2 and 3 of this Title, apply for a decision that the judgment be recognized.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">If the outcome of proceedings in a court of a Contracting State depends on the determination of an incidental question of recognition that court shall have jurisdiction over that question.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 27</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">A judgment shall not be recognized:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>if such recognition is contrary to public policy in the State in which recognition is sought;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>where it was given in default of appearance, if the defendant was not duly served with the document which instituted the proceedings or with an equivalent document in sufficient time to enable him to arrange for his defence;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">3.</span>if the judgment is irreconcilable with a judgment given in a dispute between the same parties in the State in which recognition is sought;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">4.</span>if the court of the State of origin, in order to arrive at its judgment, has decided a preliminary question concerning the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills or succession in a way that conflicts with a rule of the private international law of the State in which the recognition is sought, unless the same result would have been reached by the application of the rules of private international law of that State;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">5.</span>if the judgment is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment given in a non-contracting State involving the same cause of action and between the same parties, provided that this latter judgment fulfils the conditions necessary for its recognition in the State addressed.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 28</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Moreover, a judgment shall not be recognized if it conflicts with the provisions of Sections 3, 4 or 5 of Title II or in a case provided for in Article 59.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A judgment may furthermore be refused recognition in any case provided for in Article 54B (3) or 57 (4).</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">In its examination of the grounds of jurisdiction referred to in the foregoing paragraphs, the court or authority applied to shall be bound by the findings of fact on which the court of the State of origin based its jurisdiction.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Subject to the provisions of the first and second paragraphs, the jurisdiction of the court of the State of origin may not be reviewed; the test of public policy referred to in Article 27 (1) may not be applied to the rules relating to jurisdiction.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 29</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Under no circumstances may a foreign judgment be reviewed as to its substance.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 30</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A court of a Contracting State in which recognition is sought of a judgment given in another Contracting State may stay the proceedings if an ordinary appeal against the judgment has been lodged.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A court of a Contracting State in which recognition is sought of a judgment given in Ireland or the United Kingdom may stay the proceedings if enforcement is suspended in the State of origin by reason of an appeal.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 2</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Enforcement</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 31</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A judgment given in a Contracting State and enforceable in that State shall be enforced in another Contracting State when, on the application of any interested party, it has been declared enforceable there.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">However, in the United Kingdom, such a judgment shall be enforced in England and Wales, in Scotland, or in Northern Ireland when, on the application of any interested party, it has been registered for enforcement in that part of the United Kingdom.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 32</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">1. The application shall be submitted:</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">—in Belgium, to the tribunal de première instance or rechtbank vaneerste aanleg, —in Denmark, to the byret, —in the Federal Republic of Germany, to the presiding judge of a chamber of the Landgericht, —in Greece, to the Moνoμελές Πρωτoδικεío, —in Spain, to the Juzgado de Primera Instancia, —in France, to the presiding judge of the tribunal de grande instance, —in Ireland, to the High Court, —in Iceland, to the héraδsdómari, —in Italy, to the corte d'appello, —in Luxembourg, to the presiding judge of the tribunal d'arrondissement, —in the Netherlands, to the presiding judge of the arrondissementsrechtbank, —in Norway, to the herredsrett or byrett as namsrett, —in Austria, to the Landesgericht or the Kreisgericht, —in Portugal, to the Tribunal Judicial de Círculo, —in Switzerland: (a) in respect of judgments ordering the payment of a sum of money, to the juge de la mainlevée/Rechtsöffnungsrichter/giudice competente a pronunciare sul rigetto dell’opposizione, within the framework of the procedure governed by Articles 80 and 81 of the loi fédérale sur la poursuite pour dettes et la faillite/Bundesgesetz über Schuldbetreibung und Konkurs/legge federale sulla esecuzione e sul fallimento; (b) in respect of judgments ordering a performance other than the payment of a sum of money, to the juge cantonal d'exequatur compétent/zuständiger kantonaler Vollstreckungsrichter/giudice cantonale competente a pronunciare l’exequatur, —in Finland, to the ulosotonhaltija/överexekutor, —in Sweden, to the Svea hovrätt, —in the United Kingdom: (a) in England and Wales, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates’ Court on transmission by the Secretary of State; (b) in Scotland, to the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Sheriff Court on transmission by the Secretary of State; (c) in Northern Ireland, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates’ Court on transmission by the Secretary of State.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The jurisdiction of local courts shall be determined by reference to the place of domicile of the party against whom enforcement is sought. If he is not domiciled in the State in which enforcement is sought, it shall be determined by reference to the place of enforcement.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 33</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The procedure for making the application shall be governed by the law of the State in which enforcement is sought.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The applicant must give an address for service of process within the area of jurisdiction of the court applied to. However, if the law of the State in which enforcement is sought does not provide for the furnishing of such an address, the applicant shall appoint a representative ad litem.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The documents referred to in Articles 46 and 47 shall be attached to the application.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 34</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The court applied to shall give its decision without delay; the party against whom enforcement is sought shall not at this stage of the proceedings be entitled to make any submissions on the application.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The application may be refused only for one of the reasons specified in Articles 27 and 28.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Under no circumstances may the foreign judgment be reviewed as to its substance.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 35</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The appropriate officer of the court shall without delay bring the decision given on the application to the notice of the applicant in accordance with the procedure laid down by the law of the State in which enforcement is sought.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 36</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">If enforcement is authorized, the party against whom enforcement is sought may appeal against the decision within one month of service thereof.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">If that party is domiciled in a Contracting State other than that in which the decision authorizing enforcement was given, the time for appealing shall be two months and shall run from the date of service, either on him in person or at his residence. No extension of time may be granted on account of distance.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 37</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>An appeal against the decision authorizing enforcement shall be lodged in accordance with the rules governing procedure in contentious matters: —in Belgium, with the tribunal de première instance or rechtsbank van eerste aanleg, —in Denmark, with the landsret, —in the Federal Republic of Germany, with the Oberlandesgericht, —in Greece, with the Eϕετεío, — in Spain, with the Audiencia Provincial, —in France, with the cour d'appel, —in Ireland, with the High Court, —in Iceland, with the héraδsdómari, —in Italy, with the corte d'appello, —in Luxembourg, with the Cour supérieure de justice sitting as a court of civil appeal, —in the Netherlands, with the arrondissementsrechtsbank, —in Norway, with the lagmannsrett, —in Austria, with the Landesgericht or the Kreisgericht, —in Portugal, with the Tribunal da Relação, —in Switzerland, with the tribunal cantonal / Kantonsgericht / tribunale cantonale, —in Finland, with the hovioikeus / hovrätt, —in Sweden, with the Svea hovrätt, —in the United Kingdom: (a) in England and Wales, with the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment with the Magistrates’ Court; (b) in Scotland, with the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment with the Sheriff Court; (c) in Northern Ireland, with the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment with the Magistrates’ Court.</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The judgment given on the appeal may be contested only: —in Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg and in the Netherlands, by an appeal in cassation, —in Denmark, by an appeal to the højesteret, with the leave of the Minister of Justice, —in the Federal Republic of Germany, by a Rechtsbeschwerde, —in Ireland, by an appeal on a point of law to the Supreme Court, —in Iceland, by an appeal to the Hœstiréttur, —in Norway, by an appeal (kjœremål or anke) to the Hoyesteretts Kjœremålsutvalg or Hoyesterett, —in Austria, in the case of an appeal, by a Revisionsrekurs and, in the case of opposition proceedings, by a Berufung with the possibility of a Revision, —in Portugal, by an appeal on a point of law, —in Switzerland, by a recours de droit public devant le tribunal fédéral / staatsrechtliche Beschwerde beim Bundesgericht / ricorso di diritto pubblico davanti al tribunale federale, —in Finland, by an appeal to the korkein oikeus / högsta domstolen, —in Sweden, by an appeal to the högsta domstolen, —in the United Kingdom, by a single further appeal on a point of law.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 38</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The court with which the appeal under Article 37 (1) is lodged may, on the application of the appellant, stay the proceedings if an ordinary appeal has been lodged against the judgment in the State of origin or if the time for such an appeal has not yet expired; in the latter case, the court may specify the time within which such an appeal is to be lodged.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where the judgment was given in Ireland or the United Kingdom, any form of appeal available in the State of origin shall be treated as an ordinary appeal for the purposes of the first paragraph.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The court may also make enforcement conditional on the provision of such security as it shall determine.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 39</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">During the time specified for an appeal pursuant to Article 36 and until any such appeal has been determined, no measures of enforcement may be taken other than protective measures taken against the property of the party against whom enforcement is sought.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The decision authorizing enforcement shall carry with it the power to proceed to any such protective measures.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 40</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">1. If the application for enforcement is refused, the applicant may appeal:</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">—in Belgium, to the cour d'appel or hof van beroep, —in Denmark, to the landsret, —in the Federal Republic of Germany, to the Oberlandesgericht, —in Greece, to the εϕετεío, —in Spain, to the Audiencia Provincial, —in France, to the cour d'appel, —in Ireland, to the High Court, —in Iceland, to the héraδsdómari, —in Italy, to the corte d'appello, —in Luxembourg, to the Cour supérieure de justice sitting as a court of civil appeal, —in the Netherlands, to the gerechtshof, —in Norway, to the lagmannsrett, —in Austria, to the Landesgericht or the Kreisgericht, —in Portugal, to the Tribunal da Relação, —in Switzerland, to the tribunal cantonal / Kantonsgericht / tribunale cantonale, —in Finland, to the hovioikeus / hovrätt, —in Sweden, to the Svea hovrätt, —in the United Kingdom: (a) in England and Wales, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates’ Court; (b) in Scotland, to the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Sheriff Court; (c) in Northern Ireland, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates’ Court.</p>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>The party against whom enforcement is sought shall be summoned to appear before the appellate court. If he fails to appear, the provisions of the second and third paragraphs of Article 20 shall apply even where he is not domiciled in any of the Contracting States.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 41</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">A judgment given on an appeal provided for in Article 40 may be contested only:</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">—in Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg and in the Netherlands, by an appeal in cassation, —in Denmark, by an appeal to the højesteret, with the leave of the Minister of Justice, —in the Federal Republic of Germany, by a Rechtsbeschwerde, —in Ireland, by an appeal on a point of law to the Supreme Court, —in Iceland, by an appeal to the Hœstiréttur, —in Norway, by an appeal (kjœremål or anke) to the Hoyesteretts kjœremålsutvalg or Hoyesterett, —in Austria, by a Revisionsrekurs, —in Portugal, by an appeal on a point of law, —in Switzerland, by a recours de droit public devant le tribunal fédéral / staatsrechtliche Beschwerde beim Bundesgericht / ricorso di diritto pubblico davanti al tribunale federale, —in Finland, by an appeal to the korkein oikeus / högsta domstolen, —in Sweden, by an appeal to the högsta domstolen, —in the United Kingdom, by a single further appeal on a point of law.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 42</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Where a foreign judgment has been given in respect of several matters and enforcement cannot be authorized for all of them, the court shall authorize enforcement for one or more of them.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">An applicant may request partial enforcement of a judgment.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 43</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A foreign judgment which orders a periodic payment by way of a penalty shall be enforceable in the State in which enforcement is sought only if the amount of the payment has been finally determined by the courts of the State of origin.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 44</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">An applicant who, in the State of origin, has benefited from complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses, shall be entitled, in the procedures provided for in Articles 32 to 35, to benefit from the most favourable legal aid or the most extensive exemption from costs or expenses provided for by the law of the State addressed.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">However, an applicant who requests the enforcement of a decision given by an administrative authority in Denmark or in Iceland in respect of a maintenance order may, in the State addressed, claim the benefits referred to in the first paragraph if he presents a statement from, respectively, the Danish Ministry of Justice or the Icelandic Ministry of Justice to the effect that he fulfils the economic requirements to qualify for the grant of complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 45</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required of a party who in one Contracting State applies for enforcement of a judgment given in another Contracting State on the ground that he is a foreign national or that he is not domiciled or resident in the State in which enforcement is sought.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">SECTION 3</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">Common Provisions</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 46</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">A party seeking recognition or applying for enforcement of a judgment shall produce:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>a copy of the judgment which satisfies the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>in the case of a judgment given in default, the original or a certified true copy of the document which establishes that the party in default was served with the document instituting the proceedings or with an equivalent document.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 47</span><span class=\"lf-art-t\">A party applying for enforcement shall also produce:</span></h4>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">1.</span>documents which establish that, according to the law of the State of origin, the judgment is enforceable and has been served;</div>\n<div class=\"lf-abs\"><span class=\"lf-abs-num\">2.</span>where appropriate, a document showing that the applicant is in receipt of legal aid in the State of origin.</div>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 48</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">If the documents specified in Articles 46 (2) and 47 (2) are not produced, the court may specify a time for their production, accept equivalent documents or, if it considers that it has sufficient information before it, dispense with their production.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">If the court so requires, a translation of the documents shall be produced; the translation shall be certified by a person qualified to do so in one of the Contracting States.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 49</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">No legalization or other similar formality shall be required in respect of the documents referred to in Articles 46 or 47 or the second paragraph of Article 48, or in respect of a document appointing a representative ad litem.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title IV</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">AUTHENTIC INSTRUMENTS AND COURT SETTLEMENTS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 50</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A document which has been formally drawn up or registered as an authentic instrument and is enforceable in one Contracting State shall, in another Contracting State, be declared enforceable there, on application made in accordance with the procedures provided for in Article 31 et seq. The application may be refused only if enforcement of the instrument is contrary to public policy in the State addressed.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The instrument produced must satisfy the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity in the State of origin.</p>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">The provisions of Section 3 of Title III shall apply as appropriate.</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 51</span></h4>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">A settlement which has been approved by a court in the course of proceedings and is enforceable in the State in which it was concluded shall be enforceable in the State addressed under the same conditions as authentic instruments.</p>\n<h3 class=\"lf-part\">Title V</h3>\n<p class=\"lf-p\">GENERAL PROVISIONS</p>\n<h4 class=\"lf-art\"><span class=\"lf-art-num\">Article 52</span></h4></div>", "next": 239828}