142.On 5 July 2005, Article 5 of the Law on Equal Opportunities of Women and Men was supplemented by the provision that the employer is obliged not only to ensure equal conditions in the workplace but also to ensure the same opportunities to upgrade qualifications, to be retrained and to acquire practical working experience.
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143.As part of measures under the National Programme for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men 2005-2009, trainings are organised for women who return to the labour market after a longer absence and for older women, aimed at enhancing their employability and refreshing their practical skills and capacities. Local labour market training and counselling offices of the Lithuanian Labour Market Training Authority under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour (hereinafter referred to as the LLMTA) provided counselling services to 53 thou adults, including 34.4 thou women, in 2005, and 46.2 thou and 29.8 thou, respectively, in 2006. The LLMTA has developed and applies over 30 group-counselling programmes. The programmes are adapted for individual target groups (especially, socially vulnerable persons) depending on their needs.
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144.With the adoption of amendments to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Vocational Education and Training on 3 April 2007, the principle of equal opportunities has been enforced in the vocational training system: the vocational training system is socially fair, it ensures equality of all persons irrespective of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, social position, religion, beliefs or views; it assures the opportunity for everybody to acquire the first vocation and creates conditions to upgrade the existing vocation or to acquire a new one. d) 145. On 5 July 2005, Article 6 of the Law on Equal Opportunities of Women and Men was amended to establish that such actions when the employer sets, on the ground of sex, less/more favourable remuneration for not only equal work but also for work of equal value shall be deemed a violation of the equality of rights between women and men. This provision facilitates the reduction of gaps in wages and economic position between women and men.
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146.As part of implementation of the National Programme for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men 2005-2009, employers are urged to set equal pay for equal work or for work of equal value to men and women. In 2005, the Tripartite Council of the Republic of Lithuania together with the Ministry of Social Security and Labour and the Institute of Labour and Social Research developed a Methodology for the Assessment of Jobs and Job Positions which aims at enhancing the transparency of remuneration, facilitating a more objective assessment of the complexity of jobs (job positions) and their levels in enterprises and organisations, and at helping to set basic wage tariffs both in individual economic entities and throughout the sector without differentiation on the grounds of sex. Every year, this Methodology is presented in seminars that bring together up to 25 representatives of various line trade unions, finance officers and personnel managers of private companies.
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147.Legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania clearly provide that women and men must receive equal pay for equal work or work of equal value. Women’s average gross monthly wages accounted for 82.4% of men’s average gross monthly wages in 2005, and 82.1% in 2006, in the overall national economy. In the private sector, women’s wages accounted for 82.2% of men’s wages in 2005, and 80.9% in 2006. In the public sector, these figures were 77.9% and 78.9% in 2005 and 2006, respectively (see Table 7 in the Annex). By the wage gap between men and women, Lithuania is at the EU average. Wage gaps remain due to vertical and horizontal segregation in the labour market. Women often hold lower positions than men and work in lower-paying economic sectors.
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148.The wage gap has slightly narrowed compared to that in 2004, when women’s average gross monthly wages accounted for 81.4% of that of men. Statistical data show that wages in female-dominated sectors of the economy are lower than in male-dominated sectors. Lowest salaries are paid in health-care and social services, education, hotels and restaurants, i.e. economic sectors where women dominate. Highest salaries are paid in public administration and defence, warehousing and communications, electricity, gas and water supply, i.e. economic sectors where men dominate (see Table 8 in the Annex).
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149.Analysis of complaints lodged with the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman shows that violations of the principle of gender equality in employment account for up to 50% of all complaints about discrimination on the grounds of sex. Women more often complain about unequal pay and worse working conditions. Having investigated such complaints, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman most often advises the employers to discontinue such discriminatory actions. Usually, such advice is followed. e) 150. On 1 January 2005, the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Unemployment Social Insurance (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 4-26, 2004) came into force. The Law establishes legal relations in the field of unemployment social insurance, the categories of persons covered by unemployment insurance, the entitlement to the unemployment social insurance benefit, the procedure for the award, calculation and payment of this benefit, and the funding, administration of and responsibility for this type of insurance. Pursuant to this Law, unemployment insurance benefits linked to the previous wages have been raised and the minimum required record of employment which entitles to the unemployment benefit has been lowered.
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151.Pensions are being regularly raised. This plays a particularly important role in reducing social exclusion of older women, the more so as the number of women pensioners is much higher than that of men. By the data of the Department of Statistics, women account for 58.3% of the total number of persons aged 60-64 years. This difference is progressively higher, reaching 70.1% in the 95-and-above age group.
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152.The Government’s Resolution No 584 of 25 May 2005 ‘On the Raise of the State Social Insurance Basic Pension and the Approval of New Values of the Insured Income of the Current Year of 2005’ (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 67-2411, 2005) should be mentioned here. With effect from 1 July 2005, the state social insurance basic pension (hereinafter referred to as the basic pension) has been raised by 28 litas (from LTL 172 to LTL 200), and the insured income of the current year of 2005 (hereinafter referred to as the insured income) by 94 litas (from LTL 990 to LTL 1084). The growth of the basic pension and the insured income benefited all recipients of state social insurance pensions (881 thou persons).
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From 1 July 2005, old-age pensions for pension recipients with the minimum required record of employment grew by 50 litas on average. The growth of the basic pension entailed a growth of state social assistance benefits (about 80 thou benefits). The rates of these benefits payable to disabled children, also the disabled who have been recognised as invalids before they were 24 years, including invalids since childhood, also persons who nurse them and mothers with many children, are also linked to the basic pension. Social assistance benefits grew by 28 litas on average, and nursing allowances payable to persons with full disability (about 12 thou recipients) grew by 42 litas. Moreover, there was also a growth of state pensions payable to officers and military staff who became disabled during military service at the Lithuanian Army or during military exercises.
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153.There is also the Government’s Resolution No 512 of 31 May 2006 ‘On the Raise of the State Social Insurance Basic Pension and the Approval of New Values of the Insured Income of the Current Year of 2006’ (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 62-2281, 2006). With effect from 1 July 2006, the basic pension has been raised by 30 litas (from LTL 200 to LTL 230), and the insured income of the current year of 2006 by 128 litas (from LTL 1084 to LTL 1212). The growth of these indicators benefited all recipients of state social insurance pensions (875 thou persons, including 589 thou recipients of old-age pensions and 8.1 thou recipients of pre-old-age pensions, 210 thou disabled persons, 41.9 thou orphans, 15.3 thou recipients of loss of breadwinner’s pensions, 1.1 thou recipients of retirement pensions and 9 thou recipients of compensations for extraordinary working conditions). The average old-age pension payable to persons with the minimum required record of employment has grown from LTL 446 in December 2005 to LTL 517 in December 2006, i.e. by 71 litas (nearly 16%). The growth of the basic pension has entailed a growth of social assistance by 30 litas on average. Moreover, there was also a growth of state pensions payable to officers and military staff who became disabled during military service at the Lithuanian Army or during military exercises.
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154.Pursuant to the Government’s Resolution No 1031 of 19 October 2006 amending Government’s Resolution No 1156 of 18 November 1994 ‘On the Approval of the Procedure for the Award and Payment of State Social Insurance Pensions’ (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 113-4304, 2006), all social insurance pensions, with the exception of pre-old-age pensions, are payable, from 2006 on, for the current month. Compensations for extraordinary working conditions are now also payable for the current month. Thus, the procedure for paying social insurance pensions has been made uniform. Once pensions have become payable for the current month, those pension recipients who used to receive pensions for the previous month received a double payment one month. Only pre-old-age pensions remain payable for the previous month, as they are linked to the actual receipt of insured income.
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155.The conditions and the procedure for organising the accumulation of occupational pensions are regulated by the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Accumulation of Occupational Pensions, which was passed in 2006 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 82-3248, 2006). The Law aims at harmonising legislation governing the accumulation of occupational pensions with the relevant EU legislation. Article 23(1) of the Law prohibits the setting, in the Articles of Association of a pension association and in the rules of a pension fund, the terms and conditions for participation that are in conflict to the principle of equality between women and men.
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156.On 19 May 2005, a new version of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on State Social Assistance Benefits was passed, with effect from 1 July 2005 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 96-1873, 1994; No 71-2556, 2005). The objective of the Law is to insure payment of working incapacity pensions to persons eligible to state social assistance benefit by virtue of disability, age or other reasons laid down in this Law. The Law defines the types of state social assistance benefits, financing sources, eligible persons, and the conditions and procedure for the award and payment of these benefits. From 1 July 2005, social assistance benefits are awarded and payable to persons with full or partial working incapacity who have lost 60% or more of the working capacity (before 1 July 2005, recognised as invalids of Group I or II).
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From 1 January 2006, social assistance benefits are also payable to persons of the pensionable age. Persons who have lost 75-100% of the working capacity (before 1 July 2005, recognised as invalids of Group I) are eligible to the social assistance benefit equal to the basic pension and persons who have lost 60-70% of the working capacity (before 1 July 2005, recognised as invalids of Group II) and who have reached the pensionable age are eligible to the social assistance benefit equal to 0.9 of the basic pension. Persons whose pension (state social insurance pension, state pension, foreign state pension, or another pension-type benefit) is lower than the social assistance benefit are compensated for the difference between the social assistance benefit and the actual pension and/or the aggregate of the pensions received.
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157.On 11 May 2004, the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Social Integration of Invalids (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 36-969, 1991; No 83-2983, 2004) was amended and renamed into the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Social Integration of the Disabled. The main purpose of this amended Law, which came into force on 1 July 2005, is to guarantee equal rights and opportunities for the disabled in the society, to lay down the principles of social integration of the disabled, to define the social integration system and its preconditions and conditions, to designate institutions to be responsible in the field of social integration of the disabled, to regulate the assessment of disability and working capacity, to govern the provision of occupational rehabilitation services, and to lay down the principles of identifying and satisfying special needs.
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158.The Law has introduced new concepts and terms: the former concepts of ‘invalid’ and ‘invalidity’ have been replaced with the concepts of ‘disabled’ and ‘disability’. This eliminates the discriminatory provisions that used to emphasize the particularity of a disabled person, and de jure enforces equal rights and opportunities of the disabled in the society.
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159.The Law has introduced a new system of assessing disability and working capacity: the level of working capacity has replaced the invalidity group. The task of assessing disability and working capacity has been delegated to a single institution, the Disability and Working Capacity Assessment Office under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour.
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160.On 19 May 2005, a new version of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on State Social Insurance Pensions was passed, with effect from 1 July 2005 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 71-2555, 2005). Pursuant to this Law, the level of working capacity instead of the invalidity group is assigned for the disabled persons of the working age; accordingly, working incapacity pensions are awarded and payable to these persons.
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161.When a person, irrespective of sex, may not work for certain reasons and is thus not covered by state social insurance, certain guarantees are ensured to him/her by the state. If a person takes care of a disabled person at home, that person is insured for the basic part of the state social insurance pension, with the state budget funds. It has been proposed that such persons should be insured for the whole state social insurance pension and covered by the unemployment social insurance from 1 January 2008. A mother/father or a guardian who has taken a parental leave until the child is three years old is also insured for the basic part of the state social insurance pension with the state budget funds. Starting from 1 January 2008, these persons will be insured for the whole state social insurance pension and covered by the unemployment social insurance.
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162.Seeking to more effectively and efficiently meet the need to supply the disabled with technical aids, the Ministry of Social Security and Labour has developed a Strategy for Supplying the Disabled with Technical Aids for 2004-2010 which was approved by Order No A1-114 of 30 April 2004 of the Minister of Social Security and Labour (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 78-2725, 2004). The overall objective of the Strategy is to set up a common legal, economic and organisational system which would improve, through a more efficient use of state budget recourses, the supply of technical aids to persons with mobility, visual and hearing impairments and facilitate their medical, social and occupational rehabilitation. The main directions of implementation of the Strategy are to improve the legal system and seek to satisfy, as effectively as possible, the special needs of the disabled by supplying them with technical aids; to asses and improve the quality of the currently available services by setting up local offices in individual counties; to ensure a more efficient use of state budget recourses. As part of implementation of the Strategy, two regional offices of the Centre of Technical Aid for Disabled People under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour (hereinafter referred to as the CTADP) were opened in 2005. In total, 4 regional offices of the CTADP operated in 2005 and 6 offices in 2006.
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163.In 2005, further effort was made to supply technical aids to the disabled as part of the Strategy for Supplying the Disabled with Technical Aids for 2004-2010. Public procurement procedures were launched in 2005 for the procurement of technical aids. LTL 6,200 thou were allocated in the state budget for this purpose. In 2005, 4,052 technical aids were procured, including 3,354 technical aids for adults, 27 electric wheelchairs, and 698 technical aids for children. Under the awarded repair and customisation contracts, LTL 283,840 worth of repair services were provided, with 2,341 technical aids repaired and customised. In 2005, over 22 thou people were supplied with technical aids. Approximately 90% of the requirement for compensatory technical aids was met.
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164.In 2006, the state budget allocation for technical aids amounted to LTL 6,500 thou. With this money, 21,733 technical aids were procured, compensations were paid to two persons who had bought new active-type wheelchairs, 26,370 technical aids were given out, 2,549 technical aids were repaired and customised, and 44 electric wheelchairs were procured and given out. From 2006, electric wheelchairs are provided not only to adults, but also to children above 14 years of age. In 2006, technical aids were supplied to over 22 thou people. Approximately 90% of the requirement for compensatory technical aids was met.
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165.Acting pursuant to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Social Integration of the Disabled, the Government has approved, by Resolution No 1426 of 23 December 2005 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 152-5603, 2005), the Regulations of the Council for the Disabled under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour. Pursuant to the Government’s Resolution No 1423 of 23 December 2005 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 152-5600, 2005), the Lithuanian Council for the Invalids’ Affairs under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania was renamed into the Department for the Disabled under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour, and the Ministry of Social Security and Labour was charged with the task of acting as the founder of the Department. The Council for the Disabled under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour and the Department for the Disabled under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour started operations on 1 January 2006. The two institutions deal with most important issues relevant to the disabled in the field of health-care, social protection, education and training, customisation of the environment, employment, public awareness, sport, culture and recreation.
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166.As of 1 January 2007, 404,125 women and 192,280 men were recipients of state social insurance old-age pensions, 44,760 women and 41,304 men were recipients of state social insurance working incapacity pensions (former (before 1 July 2005) invalidity pensions), and 72,650 women and 28,039 men were recipients of state social assistance benefits. f) 167. Information on the implementation in Lithuania of Article 11(1)(f) of the Convention was given in the Third Report. No changes were introduced in 2005-2006 in the legal acts in this field.
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Paragraph 2 a) 168. Amendments to the Law on Equal Opportunities of Women and Men adopted in 2005 (Law No X-304 of 5 July 2005) provide that if discrimination on the grounds of sex is also related to family or marital status, this shall be deemed as a particularly discriminatory act. b) 169. From 1 July 2005, social assistance orphanage pensions are awarded and payable irrespective of whether the deceased, whose (adoptive) children are eligible to this pension, was permanently residing in the Republic of Lithuania or not. Before then, social assistance orphanage pensions to children ineligible to social insurance orphanage pensions used to be awarded only if the deceased (adoptive) parent was permanently residing in the Republic of Lithuania.
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170.The payment of child benefits under the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Benefits to Children (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 89-1706, 1994; No 88-3208, 2004) was continued in 2007. From 1 July 2004, this benefit was payable to families with one or two children until the children are 7 years of age, and to families with three and more children until the children are 18 years of age and until they finish studies, but not after they reach the age of 24 years. From 1 September 2006, child benefits for children between 7 and 9 years of age were equal to 0.4 of the minimum subsistence level (hereinafter referred to as the MSL). At present, pursuant to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Benefits to Children, a monthly child benefit of 0.75 MSL (97.5 litas) is payable from the birth of the child until the chills is 3 years old, and a monthly child benefit of 0.4 MSL (52 litas) for children between 3 and 9 years of age. Families with three or more children are eligible to child benefits of 1.1 MSL (143 litas) a month for every child under 3 years of age and a benefit of 0.4 MSL (52 litas) a month for children between 3 and 18 years of age and older if they are full-time students, but not after they reach the age of 24 years.
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171.One of the measures under ‘The Measures for the Implementation of the Programme of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania for 2006-2008’ approved by the Government’s Resolution No 1020 of 17 October 2006 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 112-4273, 2006) is a gradual transition to the payment of child benefits for every child until the child is 18 years of age or until the child finishes general education day-school (Measure 59, Table 2). To implement the commitments undertaken, the payment of child benefits was extended to cover children under 12 years of age; these benefits are payable for the period between 1 September 2007 and 31 December 2007, bearing in mind that pursuant to the amendments to Article 22 of the Law on Benefits to Children passed by the Seimas on 5 June 2007, child benefits will be payable, starting from 1 January 2008, for every child under 18 years of age or until the child finishes general education day-school.
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172.LTL 23.2 million were allocated in the state budget of 2007 for child benefits payable, from 1 September 2007, for children between 9 and 12 years of age and for the related administrative costs. Today, monthly child benefits are paid for about 350 thou Lithuanian children under 9 years, on average. From 1 September 2007, additional 105 thou children receive a child benefit. The child benefit is awarded and payable as from the date on which a person becomes entitled to the benefit but for no more than 12 months proceeding the date of delivery of the required documents. Application for this benefit has to be filed with the social assistance office of the municipal administration of the person’s declared place of residence. c) 173. In 2006, the Seimas passed a Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Social Services (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 17-589, 2006). Pursuant to this Law, elderly or disabled persons living with their children are eligible to state aid on equal terms with those who live alone. The Law aims at promoting the diversity of social services, enhancing their accessibility to everybody and ensuring their quality.
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174.In 2006, social services at in-patient institutions, day-centres, crises centres and lodging-houses for the homeless were provided to 114 thou persons. About 8 thou disabled and elderly persons were given services at their homes (40% of them were rural people). Another 100 thou people were given free catering and supplied with basic necessities and transport services. 40% of the recipients of these services were rural people. The number of the recipients of social services has almost doubled over the past 3 years. In this field, the development of out-patient services providing people with the possibility to receive the required social assistance in the community without having to stay at social care institutions but staying at home is of utmost importance.
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The number of people who receive social services at day-centres has increased significantly. In 2003, day-centres were attended by about 34 thou disabled persons, children and elderly people, whereas in 2006 this number grew to over 90 thou. The number of day-centres for the disabled has also grown over this period, from 59 day-centres in 2003 to 92 day-centres in 2005. 17.5 thou adults and 0.9 thou children used their services in 2003, and 49.3 thou adults and 5.8 thou children in 2006. There was also a rapid growth in the number of day-centres for children, from 17 in 2001 to over 120 at present. The development of out-patient social services (social care day-centres, residential homes for the elderly and the disabled, family support and crises centres) is partially financed from the EU Structural Funds.
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For the period of 2004-2006, LTL 53.7 million were allocated from the European Regional Development Fund for social services projects. For the period of 2007-2013, the planned ERDF allocation for the development of social services is about LTL 152 million.
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175.By the Government’s Resolution No 854 of 8 August 2007 amending the Government’s Resolution No 1270 of 22 November 2005 ‘On the National Lisbon Strategy Implementation Programme’ (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 92-3699, 2007), the measures of the National Lisbon Strategy Implementation Programme were supplemented by Measure 8.7, which aims to gender-mainstream, in 2007, corporate social responsibility, thus creating the conditions for the development of a family-friendly workplace. A model of a family-friendly workplace should provide for the possibility to receive good quality and easily accessible services of care for children and other dependants, the development of flexible working arrangements, and the awareness-raising on gender equality among employers and trade unions or other representatives of employees. The development of family-friendly workplaces will be supported not only from the state budget, but also from the European Social Fund.
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Article 12Paragraph 1
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176.Laws regulating health care do not contain any discriminatory provisions. In Lithuania, every person, irrespective of sex, is entitled to the same health protection, including, but not limited to, services offered in private family-planning centres and state health care institutions.
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177.One of the directions of the National Programme for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men 2005-2009 is to ensure equal opportunities for women and men in the field of health care. The tasks in this field are: to address specific women’s and men’s health issues; to seek a longer life expectancy of men, i.e. to reduce the gap between men's and women's average life expectancy; to raise awareness and educate on family planning and reproductive health matters, especially in rural areas.
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178.Specific measures are implemented in pursuance of these tasks. To invite women to care for their health, especially to take cancer preventive measures, a leaflet ‘For Women to Feel Safe’ was published and distributed at health-care institutions Women were urged, in a moving caption line broadcasted on one of the TV channels, to test for cancer. Informational and advisory articles are regularly published in major national daily newspapers and regional press; preventive programmes are advertised and promoted on the National Radio Station. In 2006, leaflets ‘About Family Planning for Families’ and ‘About Family Planning and Sexually Transmitted Diseases’ were published and disseminated.
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179.Since July 2004, a Cervical Cancer Screening Programme has been implemented in Lithuania, pursuant to Order No V-482 of 30 June 2004 of the Minister of Health ‘On the Approval of Financing for Malignant Cervical Tumour Preventive Measures from the Budget of the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund’ (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 104-3856, 2004). This is a state-supported programme targeted at all women aged 30-60 in Lithuania. The Programme is a reflection of the long-term concern of the government about women’s health: the screening must be repeated every three years. The Programme is financed from the budget of the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund. For this purpose, LTL 4 million were allocated in 2004, LTL 4 million in 2005, and LTL 3.8 million in 2006. Over two and a half years, 294 thou women, or 39% of all women aged 30-60, were tested in all. The ratio of cervical cancer in situ compared to invasive cancer diagnosed for women of this age was over 50%. This proves the effectiveness of prevention and raises hopes that morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer will be reduced.
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180.On October 2005, a Breast Cancer Screening Programme was launched, pursuant to Order No V-729 of 23 September 2005 of the Minister of Health ‘On the Approval of Financing for the Breast Cancer Screening Programme’ (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 117-4249, 2005). It has been estimated that at least 60% of all women aged 50-69 will participate in the Programme. The services under the Programme are financed from the budget of the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund. It has been estimated that, given the available technical capacities and human resources, the above-mentioned 60% of women will be examined in 5 years from the beginning of the Programme . There are 418 thou women aged 50-69 in Lithuania; thus, based on the above estimations, 50 thou women were to be examined in the first year of implementation of the Programme. Allocations in the budget of the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund for this Programme amounted to LTL 1.5 million in 2005, LTL 2.5 million in 2006, and LTL 3 million in 2007. From the start of the Programme, 5 thou women were tested in October-December 2005, and over 48 thou women in 2006. Over the 14 months (January 2006 – February 2007) of implementation of the Programme, over 58 thou women of that age were tested in total.
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181.After the Compulsory Health Insurance Board has agreed and the Minister of Health has approved, by Order No V-973 of 14 December 2005 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 152-5617, 2005), financing for the Programme of Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer, all men aged 50-75 and men above 45 years of age whose father or brother has a prostate cancer are eligible for free-of-charge testing. The purpose of the Programme of Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer is to diagnose prostate cancer as early as possible. In 2006, LTL 47.7 million were allocated in the budget of the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund for the implementation of this Programme.
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182.The attitude towards contraceptive methods is very varied in Lithuania. According to the results of surveys conducted by the private limited company ‘Baltijos tyrimai’ in 2003, more than half (51 percent) of women aged 15-25 did not use any contraception at all. This percentage was lower in other age groups: 19% of women aged 26-35, and 32% of women aged 35-45 did not take any precautions against pregnancy. As many as 33% of the respondents who did not use any contraception could not give any clear reason for not taking precautions against pregnancy. According to the results of the survey, only 1% of Lithuanian women who are sexually active but do not use any contraception would not have an abortion; all of them were women aged 26-35.
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183.In Lithuania, the abortion procedure is governed by Order No 50 of 28 January 1994 of the Ministry of Health “On the Procedure of Abortion Surgery’ (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 18-299, 1994). At the woman’s request, pregnancy may be aborted before the 12th gestational week, or before the 22nd gestational week when there are certain medical indications. Lithuania has all facilities for safe abortion; therefore, no cases of death caused by abortion were recorded. Statistical data on the dynamics of therapeutic abortions is given in Table 13 in the Annex hereto.
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Paragraph 2 184. The Recommended Daily Allowances of Nutritional and Energy Intake for Pregnant and Lactating Women approved by Order No 510 of 25 November 1999 of the Minister of Health (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 102-2936, 1999) prescribe the nutritional and energy intake allowances ensuring physiological needs of pregnant and lactating women. In 2005, the National Nutrition Centre has published methodological instructions ‘Breastfeeding Newborns and Infants’ (Vilnius, 2005), which were recommended for health-care specialists by the Ministry of Health, and which gave, in Chapter ‘Lactating Women’s Nutrition’, nutrition recommendations for lactating women. These instructions serve as the basis of guidance given by health-care specialists to women.
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Article 13a)
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185.On 1 December 2006, amendments to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Social Assistance in Cash for Low-Income Families (Persons Living Alone) (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 130-4889, 2006) came into force. The amended Law has expanded the range of poor people eligible to social assistance in cash. To ensure social assistance in cash to poor families living in rural areas, the Law was also supplemented with the provision that assistance in cash shall be given to a single parent or to a parent, when the other parent may not take care of the child/children due to sickness, disability, imprisonment or other sound reason, raising a child (children) under 14 years and cultivating at least 2 hectares of agricultural land owned or rented by the family. Pursuant to Article 3 of this Law, assistance in cash to poor families or single persons is comprised of the social benefit and the compensation for heating and cold and hot water supply costs.
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186.In 2006, social benefits were paid to 37.8 thou people a month on average (1.1% of permanent residents of Lithuania). Compared to 2005, the number of persons eligible to the social benefit has decreased by 30%. This reduction is explained by a notable growth of income (higher minimum monthly salary, average old-age pension, average monthly wage), declining unemployment, and migration. Social benefit amounted to 96 litas per family member on average (cf. 81 litas in 2005). In 2006, compensations for heating and water supply were paid to 96.1 thou people a month on average (2.8% of permanent residents of Lithuania). b) 187. Current legislation of the Republic of Lithuania governing the activities of banks and other financial institutions does not provide for any lending restrictions on the grounds of sex. c) 188. Lithuanian legislation does not restrict women from participating in recreational activities, sports and all aspects of cultural life. In 2004-2006, the Equal Opportunities Development Centre participated, as a partner, in the international project ‘Women and Men in Sports and Media’ supported from the EU funds. The coordinator of the project was the Centre for Gender Equality, Iceland. The project pursued the following goals: to explore similarities and variations in representation of women and men in sports; to promote change in the gendered stereotypes in sports; to educate persons influential in the field of forming women’s and men’s image in sports; to develop training material for sport reporters, trainers and coaches on the representation of women and men in sports, for the use in their daily work; to stimulate a discussion on gender stereotypes in sports on the European level.
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Article 14Paragraph 1
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189.As part of implementation of measures under the National Programme for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men 2005-2009 aimed at promoting employment of rural women, counselling is being provided and conferences and other events organised annually to rural women starting up or engaged in agricultural or alternative business. In 2005-2006, the Chamber of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania organised a conference ‘Rural Women’s Business and Prospects’; women delegated by the Lithuanian Women Farmers’ Association participated in the international Fourth Baltic Rural Women’s Conference in Latvia. 35 most active rural women entrepreneurs have participated in the European small towns’ and villages’ festival in Italy. In the premises of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Lithuanian Women Farmers’ Association has organised an exhibition-fair of hand-made Christmas items. The Association has also organised a series of seminars ‘Alternative Crafts in the Lithuanian Village’ and ‘Improvement of the Quality of Life in the Village’. About 800 women from different counties of the country took part in these seminars. In the seminars, the participants were given information about the opportunities to start up their own business by developing unconventional crafts and to receive funding from the EU Structural Funds for the development of such business, and presentations on rural infrastructure development measures.
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190.In 2006, the Lithuanian Women Farmers’ Association organised a number of educational and informational events aimed at promoting entrepreneurship among rural women, discussing the issue of reduction of social exclusion, promoting rural women’s entrepreneurship prospects and alternative crafts, improving social partnership and the quality of life in the village, and participating in international projects targeted at rural women. In 2006, LTL 74 thou were allocated in the state budget for this purpose; with this money, 30 events were organised.
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191.In 2006, the Lithuanian University of Agriculture conducted a study ‘Development of Measures to Promote Employment and Entrepreneurship of Rural Women’. The study consisted of the analysis, based on the experience of the EU Member States, of legal acts governing small and medium-sized business and of national and municipal strategic development documents oriented towards the promotion of employment and entrepreneurship of rural people (women), and the preparation of measures aimed at promoting employment and entrepreneurship of rural women.
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Paragraph 2 a) 192. Sustainable rural economic and social development, information and knowledge society, promotion of public awareness on legal issues are among the long-term goals set in the Agricultural and Rural Development Strategy approved by the Seimas Resolution No VIII-1728 of 13 June 2000 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 50-1435, 2000). To achieve these long-term goals, relevant programmes and measures are being elaborated and implemented.
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193.As part of implementation of the National Rural Development Programme for 2006-2008 approved by the Government’s Resolution No 590 of 19 June 2006 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 70-2564, 2006), conferences, seminars and other educational events aimed at addressing social problems encountered by rural people are organised. The Lithuanian Women Farmers’ Association regularly organises educational and informational events for rural women. In 2005, the Association organised a series of seminars ‘Promotion of Entrepreneurship of Rural Women’ in different regions of the country, a conference ‘Reduction of Social Exclusion of Rural Women’, a series of educational seminars ‘Changes in Values in the Modern Rural Family’ in 24 districts of the country. In 2005, a conference was organised to discuss the problem of social exclusion of rural women; women farmers delegated by the Lithuanian Women Farmers’ Association represented Lithuania in the rural crafts and handicrafts exhibition in Estonia. Commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics has conducted a study on measures to promote rural women’s participation in rural development processes. c) 194. Legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania prescribe that social guarantees shall be ensured irrespective of sex. If a resident of the Republic of Lithuania works under an employment agreement or is engaged in other activity provided for in legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania, receives income and is covered by relevant types of insurance, he/she is entitled to the relevant social guarantees (pension, sickness, maternity, paternity and other benefits). Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on State Social Insurance (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 17-447, 1991; No 171-6295, 2004) specifies the groups of persons insured and the types of insurance.
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195.Persons who are outside the list of persons automatically covered by social insurance have the right to take state pension insurance and state social insurance for sickness and maternity allowance on a voluntary basis. The procedure and conditions of these voluntary types of insurance are governed by the Rules of Voluntary State Social Pension Insurance approved by the Government’s Resolution No 339 of 23 March 2000 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 26-696, 2000) and the Rules of Voluntary State Social Insurance for Sickness and Maternity Allowances approved by the Government’s Resolution No 1191 of 28 October 1997 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 98-2497, 1997, No 99-2862, 1999).
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196.Self-employed persons, except those who are engaged in the economic activity as sole proprietors and hold a business certificate, are automatically covered only by the pension social insurance for the basic and the supplementary parts of pension. Insurance coverage for the supplementary part of pension is conditional on the actual income of the person concerned. Persons who are engaged in the economic activity as sole proprietors and hold a business certificate are automatically covered by the pension social insurance only for the basic part of pension. d) 197. To promote employment, vocational schools located in rural areas co-operate with the local community, offer non-formal education programmes, implement labour market programmes meeting the local needs. Much focus is placed on the improvement of organisation of vocational training. Efforts in this area include the development of a common quality assurance system for the primary and continued vocational training, the improvement of the curricula, and the inclusion of entrepreneurship subjects in the curricula. To develop new vocational training and study programmes, 54 institutions have received support from the European Social Fund. The vocational training quality assessment procedure has been upgraded. To improve the match between vocational training and the needs on the labour market, vocational training standards are being developed and the demand for specialists in individual economic sectors is being investigated.
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198.To enhance accessibility of pre-school and pre-primary education with a priority for rural areas, 86 pre-school and pre-primary education groups were established, with 46 of them in rural areas; and 85 positions of pre-school and pre-primary pedagogues were supported financially, with 37 of them in rural areas.
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199.Efforts in this field include the promotion of non-formal education of rural women on gender equality issues, the provision of information on how to start a private business, the awareness-raising among rural people on equal opportunities of women and men, the provision of information to rural women who are starting up or developing agricultural or alternative business. With a view to promoting entrepreneurship of rural women, much focus is placed on the following actions: mentoring for rural women starting up a business, counselling, assistance in elaborating business strategies, development of women entrepreneurs’ networks, facilitating access to micro-credits for the start-up of a business, closer integration between national and local policies aimed at enhancing women entrepreneurship.
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200.NGOs play an important role in the field of reduction of social exclusion and promotion of entrepreneurship of rural women. Lithuanian women’s organisations based in towns involve also rural women in their activities. Some women’s organisations (e.g. Kaunas Women's Employment Information Centre) not only organise training courses, but also assist in finding a job. This is achieved by cooperating with employers, collecting information on vacancies and directing an unemployed woman with appropriate qualifications to the relevant vacancy. In the field of employment and training, women’s organisations cooperate with the media, labour exchanges, labour market and training institutions. e) 201. Effort is made to ensure equal access for women to self-employment and to strengthen their economic opportunities. Local employment initiatives have been supported since 2004. In 2006, 43 local employment initiatives were implemented in 23 municipal areas, in which the share of the unemployed in the working-age group was 1.35 times higher than overall in the country. As part of these projects, 278 new jobs were created. 44% of all projects were implemented in rural areas; they helped to create 110 new jobs for rural people. Such projects promote rural development as most of them are related to support for the development of alternative economic activities in the countryside. 47% of these new jobs were filled by women and 53% by men.
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To employ the unemployed who cannot easily compete on the labour market (often for reasons beyond their control), 183 new jobs out of those created by local employment initiatives were filled by the unemployed additionally supported in the labour market (66% of the total number of persons employed). Overall, the new jobs created by local employment initiatives in 2006 were filled as follows: 18% were filled by long-term unemployed, 17% by persons above the age of 50 years, 13% by persons who have been unemployed for 2 or more years before their registration with the local labour exchange, 11% by pregnant women and persons with a child under 8 years of age or with a disabled child under 18 years of age, 6% by persons who have just acquired a vocation and started their professional career, and 1% by disabled persons.
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202.There is an increasingly active economic participation of women and a growing number of women entrepreneurs. Women already account for as much as 30% of rural entrepreneurs; they increasingly often take the opportunity to start and develop a business and they contribute to the economic growth and the creation of new jobs.
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203.Despite the fact that countryside tourism is definitely a successful activity, most of rural women are engaged in traditional agriculture. In 2005, 40% of farms registered with the Register of Farmer’s Farms were owned by women. Rural women (like men) generally own small farms (smaller than 5 hectares and between 5 and 9.9 hectares) which account for 67% of all farms registered under a women’s name. Very large women-owned farms are few in Lithuania; however, there is an upward trend in this regard. Over the period between the beginning of 2000 and the end of 2005, the number of women-owned farms between 50 and 99.9 hectares has grown by 1.5 times, and those above 100 hectares, by 2.6 times. g) 204. Agriculture is supported from the EU Structural Funds, the rules of administration whereof require to ensure equal access for women and men to the EU structural support for the development of their farms. In 2005, support was granted to 12 farm development projects, half of which were proposed by women. 14% of all supported investment agricultural projects were proposed by women. Young rural women are encouraged to expand their farms. In 2005, 24% of all projects proposed by young farmers were proposed by women. h) 205. On 5 July 2005, the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on State Support for the Acquisition or Rent of a Housing and for the Renovation of Multi-Dwelling Houses (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 14-378, 1992; No 116-5188, 2002) was amended (by the Law No X-319 of 5 July 2005). The Law regulates the provision of state support to poor families or single persons for the acquisition or rent of a housing. The form of the support depends on the assets held and income received. Support for the acquisition of a housing may be granted to young families and large families (by financing 10% of the mortgage (or the balance of the mortgage)), also the disabled and orphans (by financing 20% of the mortgage (or the balance of the mortgage)).
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206.There are certain gaps in water supply between urban and rural areas in Lithuania: these services are less accessible in rural areas than urban. With a view to ensuring equal access for everybody to water-supply and wastewater treatment services, two laws were passed on 13 July 2006: the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Supply of Drinking Water and the Treatment of Wastewater (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 82-3260, 2006) and the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Entry into Force and Implementation of the Law on the Supply of Drinking Water and the Treatment of Wastewater (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 82-3261, 2006); the two Laws prescribe that by 31 December 2014 access to water supplied by the public water supplier and to wastewater treatment services shall be ensured for at least 95% of population in each municipality.
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207.Postal and courier services cover the entire territory of the country. They are provided to all residents of the country irrespective of sex or address. By the data as of 31 December 2006, 934 stationary post offices (225 in urban and 709 in rural areas) operated in Lithuania, plus 14 branches (8 in urban and 6 in rural areas), and 6 travelling post offices, i.e. 940 points of universal postal services in total. As of 31 December 2006, 77 providers of postal and courier services operated in the postal and courier services market; 11 of them held a licence to provide postal services. On 3 January 2006, the state-owned enterprise ‘Lithuanian Post’ was reorganised into a public limited company. Seeking to ensure an uninterrupted provision of universal postal services for everybody on equal terms to any destinations in the country, the company is centralising its business management system and optimising technological processes.
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208.Electronic communications services are also provided to everybody irrespective of sex within the territory of Lithuania. By the data of the Department of Statistics, the share of households possessing a personal computer and having Internet access has increased from 29% in the 1st Quarter of 2005 to 36.5% in the 1st Quarter of 2006. Broadband communications infrastructure is being developed to reduce the gap between the larger towns and remote areas. This is pursued by the project ‘Rural Area Information Technologies Broadband Network RAIN’ financed from the EU Structural Funds and the state budget. It is scheduled to build, by the end of 2008, broadband Internet channels connecting all local administration centres and to install Internet communication nodes there.
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209.With the view of promoting the use of the Internet in Lithuania, thereby improving the standard of living and enhancing the competitiveness of Lithuania in Europe and in the world, business and governmental institutions jointly implement the project ‘Window to the Future’. The main objective of the project is to accelerate Internet penetration in Lithuania and organise Internet courses for people. In 2003 alone, 20 thou Lithuanians attended Internet courses organised under the project. This high interest in these courses has prompted to prepare a project and apply for financing from the EU Structural Funds. EU support for the organisation of Internet courses was granted in 2006. In 2006-2008, basic Internet courses will be offered to 50 thou Lithuanians. To train as many rural people as possible, the coverage of this EU Structural Funds supported project will be expanded to the whole territory of Lithuania.
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210.Mobile telephony market is growing rapidly in Lithuania. By the data of the Department of Statistics, the number of mobile telephones per 100 population was 14.6 in 2000, 127.9 in 2005, and 139.4 in 2006. In 2006, a slight overall reduction of fixed telephony lines was recorded, as more lines were owned by the new providers of fixed telephony services. In 2005, there were 23.5 fixed telephony lines per 100 population. In 2006, this number dropped to 23.4.
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211.The Government has approved, by Resolution No 1492 of 25 November 2004 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 171-6336, 2004), a Model of Transition to Digital Television in Lithuania, which sets concrete actions of transition to digital terrestrial television, implementing institutions, their functions, planned measures and their implementation deadlines. As part of implementation of this Model, digital TV transmitters are planned to be installed, by the end of 2007, in 5 largest towns of Lithuania; they will broadcast up to 40 TV programmes. The gradual switchover from analogue to digital TV should start in 2012.
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212.To ensure that information about science and technologies is accessible to everybody (including rural people), the Government has approved, by Resolution No 335 of 5 April 2006 (Valstybės žinios (Official Gazette) No 39-1394, 2006), the Lithuanian Higher Education System Development Plan for 2006–2010, which provides for the dissemination and popularisation of information about science and studies and about technologies available in Lithuania. To improve accessibility of various databases in libraries of science and studies institutions and in regional libraries, higher appropriations are budgeted every year to finance subscription fees to multi-media databases (in 2006, LTL 1,806,000 were allocated for subscription to 20 databases).
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Article 15Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3
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213.Information on the implementation in Lithuania of Articles 15(1), 15(2) and 15(3) of the Convention was already given in the Third Report. No changes were introduced in 2005-2006 in the legal acts in this field.
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Paragraph 4 214. Article 32 of the Constitution guarantees the right for every citizen of the Republic of Lithuania, without differentiating between women and men, to move and choose his/her place of residence in Lithuania freely and to leave Lithuania freely. This right may not be restricted otherwise than by law and if it is necessary for the protection of national security, health of the people as well as for the administration of justice.
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215.Article 3(2) of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Legal Status of Aliens provides that aliens in the Republic of Lithuania shall be equal before the law without distinction as to sex, race, citizenship, language, origin, social status, religion, beliefs or views. Article 24 of the Law sets that a residence permit of the Republic of Lithuania shall grant the alien (male or female) the right to reside in the Republic of Lithuania, to choose and change the place of residence in the Republic of Lithuania, and to leave and return to the Republic of Lithuania during the period of validity of the residence permit.
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216.The Law mentioned in paragraph 215 above guarantees the right to family reunification for all aliens, irrespective of sex, legally staying in the Republic of Lithuania. Pursuant to Article 2(27) of the Law, family reunification means the entry into and residence in the Republic of Lithuania by family members of an alien who is not a citizen of the European Union but who resides lawfully in the Republic of Lithuania, in order to preserve the family unit, whether the family relationship arose before or after the alien’s entry. Family members of the alien may be issued a temporary residence permit (Articles 40(1)(3) and 43).
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Article 16
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217.Information on the implementation of Article 16 of the Convention was given in the Third Report. No changes were introduced in 2005-2006 in the legal acts in this field. –––––––––––––––––––– Annex to the Fourth Report on the Implementation in the Republic of Lithuania of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women TABLE 1. WOMEN AS VICTIMS OF CRIMINAL ACTS Women as victims of criminal acts Victims of spouse or cohabitant Victims of children or adopted children 2005 2006 2005 2006 In total 464 448 111 103 In rural areas 201 202 45 50 Suffered from physical violence 265 273 49 43 Suffered from sexual violence 2 1 0 0 Suffered from psychological violence 65 48 10 8 Data of the IT and Communications Department under the Ministry of the Interior TABLE 2. WOMEN AS VICTIMS OF REGISTERED CRIMINAL ACTS Articles of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania 2005 2006 Urban Rural Under 17 years 18 years and above Urban Rural Under 17 years 18 years and above
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Art. 129Murder
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56 49 3 102 45 31 2 74
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Art. 130Murder under extreme emotional disturbance
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0 0
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Art. 135Serious health impairment
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34 22 2 54 32 23 3 52
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Art. 136Serious health impairment under extreme emotional disturbance
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0 0
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Art. 138Light health impairment
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490 254 85 659 484 246 74 656
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Art. 140Battery or minor health impairment
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280 162 204 238 240 119 139 220
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Art. 149Rape
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145 120 80 185 137 114 140 111
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Art. 150Sexual abuse
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112 87 67 132 67 89 97 59
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Art. 151Coercion into sexual intercourse
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3 2 3 2 6 5 6 5
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Art. 152Sexual harassment
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3 1 2 2 3 3 2 Data of the IT and Communications Department under the Ministry of the Interior TABLE 3. DATA FOR 2005–2006 ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 147 „TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS“ OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA Article „Trafficking in human beings“ 2005 2006 Total number of cases 32 26 Cases referred to court 18 21 Cases considered in court 7 7 Cases refused to consider 1 3 Dismissed cases 3 3 Offenders known to law enforcement 43 33 Suspects 21 19 Victims known to law enforcement 35 28 Victims of crimes 25 27 Convicted persons 15 10 Data of the Ministry of the Interior TABLE 4. NUMBER OF CIVIL SERVANTS, EXCEPT STATUTORY CIVIL SERVANTS by job positions group and sex, 2005–2006 Job positions group 2005 2006 number % number % Civil servants of political (personal) confidence 481 100 769 100 Women 254 53 460 60 Men 227 47 309 40 Career civil servants 20,878 100 23,555 100 Women 14,667 70 17,056 72 Men 6,211 30 6,499 28 Managers of institutions 458 100 466 100 Women 144 31 147 31 Men 314 69 319 69 Total 21,817 100 24,790 100 Women 15,065 69 17,663 71 Men 6,752 31 7127 29 Data from the Register of Civil Servants TABLE 5. WOMEN IN DIPLOMATIC SERVICE 2005–2007 Employees Total women number % March 2005 Employees in diplomatic service 533 283 53 Of which employees in diplomatic service abroad 221 90 41 Of which senior managers 41 4 10 March 2006 Employees in diplomatic service 570 293 51 Of which employees in diplomatic service abroad 236 89 38 Of which senior managers 44 4 9 March 2007 Employees in diplomatic service 598 315 53 Of which employees in diplomatic service abroad 244 94 38 Of which senior managers 43 7 16 Data of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs TABLE 6. UNIVERSITY GRADUATES by degree, 2005–2006 Year Number of graduates with Bachelor‘s degree Master‘s degree Professional qualification Doctor‘s degree women men women men women men women men 2005 12,030 6,282 4,900 2,587 1,409 606 158 117 2006 13,642 6,967 4,788 2,498 1,424 525 161 115 Sex distribution, % 2005 65.7 34.3 65.4 34.6 69.9 30.1 57.5 42.5 2006 66.2 33.8 65.7 34.3 73.1 26.9 58.3 41.7 Data of the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania TABLE 7. AVERAGE GROSS MONTHLY WAGES AND SALARIES OF WOMEN COMPARED TO AVERAGE GROSS MONTHLY WAGES AND SALARIES OF MEN* (%) Year Whole economy Public sector Private sector 2000 81.7 77 84.5 2005 82.4 77.9 82.2 2006 82.1 78.9 80.9 Data of the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania *Excl. sole proprietorships TABLE 8. AVERAGE GROSS MONTHLY WAGES AND SALARIES OF WOMEN COMPARED TO AVERAGE GROSS MONTHLY WAGES AND SALARIES OF MEN IN THE WHOLE ECONOMY by type of economic activity, 2006* (%) Total Of which Women in blue-collar positions Women in white collar positions
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Total 82.1 70.2 72.7 Agriculture, hunting and forestry 86.2 89.6 74.5 Fishery 92.6 77.3 73.3 Mining and quarrying 90.5 62.6 58.9 Manufacturing 74 73.6 68.1 Electricity, gas and water supply 85.8 80.9 70.1 Construction 88.6 75.2 69 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, personal and household goods 79.6 84.5 69.5 Hotels and restaurants 81.8 85.7 82 Transport, storage and communication 95.2 93.3 65.2 Financial intermediation 58.2 54.5 58 Monetary intermediation 52.8 56.3 52.3 Insurance and pension funding, excl. compulsory social security 66.8 55 66.8 Real estate, renting and other business activities 90.1 75.1 90.8 Research and development 79.8 79.5 76.6 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 94.7 89.2 91.7 Administration of the State and the economic and social policy of the community 82.6 76.4 78.2 Legislative and executive activities of central administration institutions 85.9 76.2 82.8 Provision of services to the community as a whole 95.5 98 94.3 Compulsory social security activities 100.4 87.8 78.7 Education 95.5 90 84.9 General secondary education 119.4 94.3 104.2 University education 74.3 80 74.4 Health and social work 78.2 84 63.3 Human health care activities 77.3 80.7 61.7 Social work activities 95.8 98.5 81.8 Other community, social and personal service activities 86.8 69.3 82.1 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities 87.8 84.9 84.3 Data of the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania *Excl. sole proprietorships TABLE 9. EMPLOYED POPULATION by sector, 2005 Women Men Sex distribution in % thou % thou % women men Public sector 265.1 36.7 143 19 65 35 Private sector 457.9 63.3 608 81 43 57 Data of the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania TABLE 10. EMPLOYED POPULATION by sector, 2006 Women Men Sex distribution in % thou % thou % women men Public sector 267.1 35.9 127.4 16.9 67.7 32.3 Private sector 476.1 64.1 628.4 83.1 43.1 56.9 Data of the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania TABLE 11. LABOUR FORCE, EMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED (in thou) 2000 2005 2006 women men women men women men Labour force 826.5 845 788.8 818 785.7 802.6 Employed 711.3 686.5 723 750.9 743.2 755.8 Unemployed 115.2 158.5 65.8 67.1 42.6 46.7 Data provided by the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania.
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TABLE 12. LABOUR FORCE ACTIVITY RATE, EMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (in %) Aged 15-64 2000 2005 2006 women men women men women men Labour force activity rate 67.1 74.2 64.9 72 64.6 70.5 Employment rate 57.5 60.1 59.4 66 61 66.3 Unemployment rate* 13.9 18.8 8.3 8.2 5.4 5.8 Data of the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania *Calculated for people aged 15 and above TABLE 13. DYNAMICS OF THERAPEUTIC ABORTIONS IN LITHUANIA (in units) Year Therapeutic abortions Per 100 live births Per 1000 women of fertile age (15-49 years) in absolute numbers 1997 60.1 25.3 22,680 1998 56.9 23.5 21,022 1999 52.2 21.2 18,846 2000 48.1 18.4 16,259 2001 44 15.5 13,677 2002 42.5 14.1 12,495 2003 38.7 12.9 11,513 2004 36.1 12 10,644 2005 34.2 11.2 9,972 2006* 32.8 10.8 9,536 Data of the Lithuanian Health Information Centre and the Department of Statistics under the Government of Lithuania *Preliminary data