Draft

Draft Republic of Lithuania Law on Copyright and Related Rights 18 May 1999  No VIII-1185 Vilnius (Last amended on 19 January 2010 – No XI-656) Chapter I General Provisions Article 1. General Provisions 1. This law shall regulate: 1) copyright in literary, scientific and artistic works (copyright); 2) the rights of performers, producers of phonograms, broadcasting organisations and producers of the first fixation of an audiovisual work (film) (related rights); 3) the rights of makers of databases (sui generis rights); 4) exercise, collective administration and enforcement of copyright and related rights, as well as the exercise and enforcement of sui generis rights. 2. The provisions of this Law are harmonised with the legal acts of the European Union specified in the annex of this Law. Article 2. Main Definitions of this Law 1. “Reproduction” means direct or indirect, temporary or permanent making by any means and in any form, including an electronic form, of a copy (copies) of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights (in whole or in part). 2. “Performer” means an actor, singer, musician, dancer or another person who plays in, sings, reads, recites, or otherwise performs literary, artistic, folkloric works or circus acts. For the purpose of this Law a “performer” shall also include a leader and conductor of an orchestra, ensemble or choir. 3. “Producer of an audiovisual work” means a natural or legal person on the initiative and responsibility of which an audiovisual work is being made. 4. “Audiovisual work” means a cinematographic work or any other work created by means of cinematography, consisting of a series of related images which impart an impression of motion, whether or not accompanied by sound, and recorded (fixed) in an audiovisual recording medium. 5. “Owner of copyright” means an author, another natural or legal person, possessing the author’s exclusive economic rights in the cases provided for in this Law, as well as a natural or legal person to whom the author’s exclusive economic rights have been transferred (successor in title). 6. “Quotation” means a relatively short passage cited from another work to demonstrate or to make more intelligible author’s own statements, or to refer to the views or thoughts of another author in authentic wording. 7. “Database” means a compilation of works, data or any other material arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means, except for computer programmes used in the making or operation of such databases. 8. “Phonogram” means the fixation of the sounds of a performance, or of other sounds, or of the representation of sounds, by technical devices in any material sound-recording medium. 9. “Producer of a phonogram” means a natural or legal person on the initiative and responsibility of which the first fixation of the sounds of a performance or other sounds, or the representation of sounds is made. 10. “Photographic work” means an image produced on surfaces sensitive to light by means of light or any other radiation the composition, selection or way of capturing the chosen objects of which show originality, irrespective of the technology  (chemical, electronic, etc.) of such fixation. A still picture extracted from an audiovisual work is not considered to be a “photographic work”, but only a part of the audiovisual work concerned. 11. “Object of related rights” means the performance of a work, including direct (live) performance and its sound or visual fixation, a phonogram, the first fixation of an audiovisual work (film), radio and (or) television broadcast of a broadcasting organisation. 12. “Owner of related rights” means a performer, producer of a phonogram, broadcasting organisation, producer of the first fixation of an audiovisual work (film), another natural or legal person possessing exclusive related rights in the cases provided for in this Law, as well as a natural or legal person to whom the exclusive related rights have been transferred (successor in title). 13. “Rights-management information” means any information, submitted by owners of copyright, related rights or sui generis rights, which identifies a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights, owners of such rights, or information about the terms and conditions of use of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights, as well as any numbers, graphic marks or codes that represent such information. 14. “Publication” means the production of copies of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights in quantities sufficient to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public, regardless of the method of production, provided that such work, object of related rights or sui generis rights has been made available to the public with the consent of the owner of such rights. 15. “Cable retransmission” means the simultaneous, unaltered and unabridged retransmission by a cable or microwave system for reception by the public of an initial transmission, by wire or over the air, including that by satellite, of radio and (or) television programmes intended for reception by the public. 16. “Cable retransmission operator” means a natural or legal person which makes use of cable or microwave facilities and integrated reception networks, when signals of television and radio broadcast stations are distributed to more than 40 apartments (households). 17. “Commercial purposes” means purposes with which direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage is being sought; this would normally exclude acts carried out by end-consumers acting in good faith. 18. “Computer programme” means a set of instructions expressed in words, codes, schemes or in any other form capable, when incorporated in a computer-readable medium, of causing a computer to perform a particular task or bring about a certain result; this definition also includes preparatory design material of such instructions, provided that the said set of instructions can be created from it. 19. “Work” means any original result of creation activities in the literary, scientific or artistic domain, whatever may be its artistic value, the mode or form of its expression. 20. “User of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights” means a natural or legal person which exploits originals or copies of works, objects of related rights or sui generis rights (reproduces, publishes, imports, sells, rents, lends or otherwise distributes them in any manner, uses them for the public performance or public display, broadcasts, retransmits or otherwise communicates to the public). A performer shall not be regarded as a user of a work or an object of related rights which is performed publicly, if the said performer does not organise and (or) finance the use of the work or the object of related rights for public performance.  21. “Licence” means a permit of the owner of copyright, related rights or sui generis rights (licensor) granting to the user of the work, the object of related rights or sui generis rights (licensee) the right to exploit the original or copies of the work, the object of related rights or sui generis rights (licence matter) within the specified territory in the way and under the conditions agreed upon in the licensing agreement. Licences may be either exclusive or non-exclusive. A non-exclusive licence means that the licensor grants the right to the licensee to use the licence matter by retaining the right of granting such right to other persons, and to exploit the license matter himself. An exclusive license means that the licensor, upon granting the right to the licensee to exploit the license matter, loses the right to grant similar licenses to other persons and has no right to exploit the subject matter with regard to the rights transferred to the licensee, himself. 22. “Infringing copy” means a copy of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights produced or imported into the Republic of Lithuania without the permission of the or owner of the rights or a person duly authorised by them (without concluding an agreement or upon violating the terms and conditions set in it, except for the cases specified by this Law when a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights may be reproduced without permission), as well as a copy of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights in which rights-management information has been removed or altered without the permission of the owner of the rights. 23. “Rental” means making available for use, for a certain period of time and for direct or indirect commercial advantage, of the original or copy of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights. 24. “Lending” means making available for use free of charge, for a certain period of time, in libraries or other establishments accessible to the public, of the original or copy of a work, an object of related rights or sui generis rights. 25. “Owner of sui generis rights” means a maker of a database who, when selecting, arranging, verifying and presenting the contents of the database, has made substantial qualitative and (or) quantitative (intellectual, financial, organisational) investments, as well as a natural or legal person to whom the sui generis rights of the maker of the database has been transferred. 26. “Work of applied art” means any hand-made or industrially made work of art, having an utilitarian function. 27. “Broadcasting” means the transmission by wireless means, including that by satellite, for public reception of sounds or images and sounds, or their expression; the transmission of coded signals is considered to be transmission if a broadcasting organisation provides society with special decoding devices or grants permission to acquire them. 28. “Broadcasting organisation” means a legal person the main activity of which is the preparation and transmission of radio and (or) television programmes, as well as a cable retransmission operator preparing and transmitting its own broadcasts and programmes. 29. “Public performance” means acting, singing, playing, reciting, reading, dancing or otherwise publicly performing a work, either directly (live performance) or by means of any device or equipment in a certain public place in which a group of the members of the public of an indefinite number are or may be present at the same time. 30. “Communication to the public” means the transmission to the public of a work, by wire or wireless means, including the making available to the public of the work in such a way that members of the public may access it from a place and at a time individually chosen by them. Communication to the public of an object of related rights means any transmission to the public of an object of related rights, including the making of the sounds or expression of the sounds recorded in a phonogram audible to the public, except broadcasting. 31. “Public display” means any showing of a work, its original or a copy directly (exposition) or on a screen by means of slides, television image or other similar means, as well as the showing of individual still images of an audiovisual work non-sequentially in a place where a group of the members of the public of an indefinite number are or may be present, irrespective of whether they are present in the same place and at the same time or in separate places and at different times. Article 3. Scope of Application of the Law 1. The provisions of this Law shall apply to: 1) authors and owners of related rights who are citizens of the Republic of Lithuania or natural persons permanently residing in the Republic of Lithuania, or legal persons the headquarters whereof is located in the Republic of Lithuania; 2) authors regardless of their citizenship or habitual residence, to whom the rights in works for the first time published in the Republic of Lithuania, including the works simultaneously published in the Republic of Lithuania and abroad, belong. A work shall be considered as having been published simultaneously in several countries if it is has been published in the Republic of Lithuania within thirty days of its first publication in another country; 3)  authors of audiovisual works if the headquarters or habitual residence of the producer of the said works is in the Republic of Lithuania; 4) authors of works of architecture erected in the Republic of Lithuania, or authors of other artistic works incorporated in a building or other construction works located in the Republic of Lithuania; 5) performers who are citizens of the Republic of Lithuania or natural persons permanently residing in the Republic of Lithuania, as well as performers whose performances take place on the territory of the Republic of Lithuania or are incorporated in phonograms protected by this Law, or are used in programmes or original broadcasts qualifying for protection under this Law; 6) broadcasting organisations and cable retransmission operators whose headquarters are located in the Republic of Lithuania, or whose broadcasts and programmes are transmitted by the transmitters located on the territory of the Republic of Lithuania, as well as broadcasting organisations whose programmes are communicated by satellite when the programme-carrying signals of an established frequency are transmitted to the satellite from the territory of the Republic of Lithuania. 2. The provisions of this Law concerning the sui generis rights shall apply to the makers of databases who are citizens of the Republic of Lithuania or natural persons permanently residing in the Republic of Lithuania, or legal persons the headquarters whereof is located in the Republic of Lithuania. 3. The provisions of this Law shall also apply to authors, owners of related rights and makers of databases whose rights shall be protected in the Republic of Lithuania in accordance with the international agreements ratified by the Republic of Lithuania, and other legal acts binding on the Republic of Lithuania according to its international obligations. Chapter II Copyright Section 1 Subject Matter of Copyright Article 4. Subject Matter of Copyright 1.  The subject matter of copyright shall include original literary, scientific and artistic works which are the result of creative activities of an author, whatever may be the objective form of their expression. 2. The subject matter of copyright shall comprise the following: 1) books, brochures, articles, diaries, and other literary works, whatever may be the form of their expression, including an electronic form, as well as computer programmes; 2) speeches, lectures, sermons and other oral works; 3) written and verbal works of science (scientific lectures, studies, monographs, deductions, scientific projects and documented project material, as well as other works relative to science); 4) dramatic, dramatico-musical, pantomime, choreographic and other works intended to be performed on the stage, theatrical productions, as well as scenarios and shooting scripts; 5) musical works with or without accompanying words; 6) audiovisual works (motion pictures, television films, television broadcasts, video films, diafilms and other works expressed by cinematographic means), radiophonic works; 7) works of sculpture, painting and graphic art, monumental decorative art, other works of fine art and works of scenery; 8) photographic works and other works created by a process analogous to photography; 9) works of architecture (projects, designs, sketches and models of buildings and other construction works, as well as completed buildings and other construction works); 10) works of applied art; 11) illustrations, maps, charts, projects of gardens and parks, sketches and three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography and exact sciences; 12) other works. 3. The subject matter of copyright shall also include the following: 1) derivative works created on the basis of other literary, scientific or artistic works (translations, dramatisations, adaptations, annotations, reviews, essays, musical arrangements, static and interactive Internet homepages, and other derivative works); 2) collections of works or compilations of data, databases (in machine readable form or other form), which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute of author’s intellectual creations; 3) unofficial translations of legal acts, official documents of administrative, legal or regulative nature, referred to in subparagraph 2 of Article 5 of this Law. 4. Copyright in derivative works and compilations shall apply without prejudice to the copyright in the work or works on the basis of which a derivative work has been created or a compilation has been made, and shall not extend to the data or material, which is not attributed to the subject matter of copyright, employed in the database. Article 5. Works not Attributed to the Subject Matter of Copyright Copyright shall not apply to: 1) ideas, procedures, processes, systems, methods of operation, concepts, principles, discoveries or mere data; 2) legal acts, official documents texts of administrative, legal or regulative nature (decisions, rulings, regulations, norms, territorial planning and other official documents), as well as their official translations; 3) official State symbols and insignia (flags, coat-of-arms, anthems, banknote designs, and other State symbols and insignia) the protection of which is regulated by other legal acts; 4) officially registered drafts of legal acts; 5) regular information reports on events; 6) folklore works. Section 2 OWNERs of Copyright Article 6. Author 1. The author shall be a natural person who has created a work. 2. A natural person, whose name is indicated on a work in the usual manner shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be regarded as the author of the work. This provision shall apply even if the work is disclosed under a pseudonym, where it leaves no doubt as to the identity of the author. 3. When the pseudonym of an author appears on the work, which rises doubt as to the identity of the author, or the name of an author does not appear on a work, the publisher whose name appears on the work shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to represent the author, and in this capacity he shall be entitled to protect and enforce the author’s rights until the author of such work reveals his identity and establishes his claim to authorship of the work. Article 7. Joint Authorship 1.  When a work is created by two or more natural persons in joint creative endeavour, they shall be regarded as co-authors, irrespective of whether such a work constitutes a single unitary whole, or consists of parts, each of which has an autonomous meaning. A part of a joint work shall be considered as having an autonomous meaning if it may be used independently of the other parts of that work. 2.  Mutual relations of the co-authors and their remuneration shall be determined by an agreement between them. In the absence of such an agreement, copyright in the joint work shall be exercised jointly by the co-authors, and the remuneration shall be divided among them in proportion to the creative contribution of each co-author. None of the co-authors shall have the right to prohibit, without a valid reason, the use of the joint work. 3.  Each co-author shall be entitled to use in his own discretion the part of the joint work created by him and having an autonomous meaning, unless otherwise provided in the agreement concluded between the co-authors. 4.  A person who has rendered material, technical or organisational assistance in the process of the creation of a work shall not be considered to be its co-author. Article 8. Copyright in Collective Works 1.  An author’s economic rights in collective works (such as encyclopaedias, encyclopaedic dictionaries, periodical scientific collections, newspapers, journals, and other collective works) shall vest in the natural or legal person on the initiative and under the direction of whom the work has been created. 2.  The authors of the works incorporated in collective works shall retain exclusive rights to exploit their works independently of the use of the collective work, unless otherwise provided for by an agreement. Article 9. Copyright in a Work Created in the Execution of Official Duties or Fulfilment of Work Functions  1.  The author of a work created in the execution of his duties or fulfilment of work functions shall be a natural person or a group of natural persons who have created that work. 2.  An author’s economic rights in a work, other than a computer programme, created by an employee in the execution of his duties or fulfilment of work functions shall be transferred to the employer for the period of five years, unless otherwise provided for by an agreement. Article 10. Copyright in Computer Programmes 1.  The author of a computer programme shall be a natural person or a group of natural persons who have created the program. A computer programme shall be protected under this Law, provided it is original. When establishing originality of a computer programme, criteria for quality or artistic value shall not be applied. 2.  The owner of an author’s economic rights in a computer programme created by an employee in the execution of his duties or fulfilment of work functions shall be the employer, unless otherwise provided by an agreement. Article 11. Copyright in Audiovisual Works 1.  Copyright in audiovisual works shall be enjoyed by their co-authors, i.e. the director, author of the screenplay, author of the dialogue, art director, cameraman and composer of music (with or without lyrics), specifically created for use in this audiovisual work. Authors of the pre-existing works included in, or adapted for, the audiovisual work shall enjoy copyright in their works. 2.  Authors of an audiovisual work (except the authors of musical works specifically created for an audiovisual work or included in an audiovisual work) who have entered into an agreement with a producer for the creation (production) of an audiovisual work, as well as authors of the pre-existing works, who have given their authorisation to adapt or incorporate their works in an audiovisual work shall transfer their economic rights provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 15 of this Law, as well as the right to subtitle or dub the text of the audiovisual work to the producer, unless otherwise provided for by an agreement. 3.  The amount of remuneration for the transferred economic rights in an audiovisual work shall be determined by an agreement between the parties for each individual mode of exploitation of the work, related to the transferred economic rights. 4.  Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, co-authors of an audiovisual work shall retain the unwaivable right to receive an equitable remuneration for the rental of the audiovisual work. This remuneration shall be paid by the natural or legal persons to whom a producer of an audiovisual work has transferred or assigned the right to rent audiovisual works or their copies. This right shall normally be implemented through an association of collective administration of copyright. 5.  At the request of the author or the association of collective administration of copyright, a producer of an audiovisual work must provide the author or the association of collective administration of copyright with the information necessary for the enforcement of the right referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article. Article 12. Copyright Notice The author or any other owner of copyright may notify the public about his economic rights by using the copyright notice. It shall consist of the following three elements: the letter C in a circle or circular brackets, followed by the name of the author or any other owner of copyright (title), and the year of the first publication of the work. Section 3 Authors’ Rights Article 13. Commencement of the Authors’ Rights Authors’ rights in literary, scientific and artistic works commence from the creation of such works. Article 14. Author’s Moral Rights 1. The author of a work, independently of his economic rights, even after the transfer of these rights to another person, shall have the following moral rights: 1) the right to claim authorship of the work, by indicating the author’s name in a prominent way on all the copies of a published work, and in connection with any other public use of the work ( the right of authorship); 2) the right to claim or prevent the mention of the author’s name in connection with any use of the work, or the right to claim that the work be disclosed to the public under a pseudonym (the right to the author’s name); 3) the right to object to any distortion or other modification of a work or the title thereof, as well as to any derogatory action in relation thereto which would be prejudicial to the author’s honour or reputation (the right to the inviolability of a work). 2. The author’s moral rights shall not be subject to transfer to other persons. Upon the death of the author, his moral rights shall be exercised in accordance with the procedure established in paragraph 2 of Article 49 of this Law. 3. The moral rights of an author of computer programs and databases may not be used in a manner which unreasonably prejudices the rights of a holder of the author’s economic rights in these computer programs and databases, including the right to carry out adaptation, alteration and distribution of these works at his discretion, with the exception of the cases when such actions would be prejudicial to the author’s honor or reputation. Article 15. Economic Rights of Authors 1.  The author shall have the exclusive rights to authorise or to prohibit any of the following acts: 1) reproduction of a work in any form or by any means; 2) publication of a work; 3) translation of a work; 4) adaptation, arrangement, dramatisation or other transformation of a work; 5) distribution of the original or copies of a work to the public by sale, rental, lending, or by any other transfer of ownership or possession, as well as by exporting and importing; 6) public display of the original or copies of a work; 7) public performance of a work in any form or by any means; 8) broadcasting, retransmission of a work, as well as communication to the public of a work in any other way, including the making available to the public of a work over computer networks (on the Internet). 2. Any mode of the exploitation of the original of a work or its copies without the permission of the author, his successor in title or the person duly authorised by him shall be considered illegal (with the exception of the cases provided for in this Law). 3. The author shall have the right to receive a remuneration for each mode of the exploitation of the work related to author’s economic rights specified in paragraph 1 of this Article. In the case of public performance of a work, the author shall be entitled to a remuneration for both the direct (live) performance, and when the aforementioned acts are done with the help of a phonogram or audiovisual fixation, radio and television broadcasting or retransmission. In the case of broadcasting, retransmission or another communication to the public of the work, including the making available to the public of the work by means of computer networks (on the Internet), the author shall be entitled to receive a remuneration for both the broadcasting, retransmission or another communication to the public of a direct (live) performance of the work, and for the use of a phonogram or audiovisual fixation. The amount of remuneration and the payment procedure thereof shall be agreed upon in the copyright agreement, as well as in the licensing agreement negotiated between users of works and the authors or associations of collective administration of copyright. 4. The author, after the transfer of his rental right in respect of a phonogram of his work to a producer of the phonogram, shall retain an unwaivable right to obtain an equitable remuneration for the rental of such work. This remuneration shall be paid by natural or legal persons to whom who the right to rent phonograms or their copies has been transferred or granted by a producer of the phonogram. This right shall normally be enforced through an association of collective administration of copyright. 5. At the request of the author or the association of collective administration of copyright, producers of phonograms must provide the author or the association of collective administration of copyright with the information necessary for the enforcement of the right referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article. 6. The provisions of subparagraph 5 of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply in respect of computer programmes where the program itself does not constitute the essential object of distribution (computer programmes in household appliances, etc.). 7. The exclusive right of rental and lending of the original or a copy of a work shall not apply in relation to buildings and to works of applied art. Article 16. Distribution of a Work after the First Sale or other Transfer of Ownership Rights in the Work 1.  After the author or his successor in title sells an original work or its copies, or otherwise transfers it/them into the ownership within territory of the countries of the European Economic Area, the exclusive right of distribution of the work or its copies, which are lawfully in circulation, shall expire (be exhausted) for him within the territory of the countries of the European Economic Area. 2.  The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to the exclusive right of rental or lending of the work or its copies, which is/are sold or transferred into ownership in any other manner. 3.  When the lending of books and other publications is carried out through libraries, their authors shall have the right to receive equitable remuneration for the transferred exclusive right to lend a work. The amount of remuneration and the procedure of payment shall be established by the Government, taking into account the proposals of the Council of Copyright and Related Rights of Lithuania. This remuneration shall not be paid when the lending of books and other publications is carried out through libraries of educational and scientific institutions. Article 17. The Resale Right with Respect to an Original Work of Art or an Original Manuscript 1.  The author shall enjoy a right, which cannot be waived, to receive a royalty for any resale of an original work of art and an original manuscript of a literary or musical work (the resale right), subsequent to the first transfer of the right of ownership in them by the author. 2.  As used in this Article, an original work of art means works of visual art, applied art and photographic works, provided they are made by the artist himself. Copies of works of art, which have been made, numbered and signed or otherwise duly authorised by the artist himself or under his authority, shall be considered to be original works of art. 3.  The resale right referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall apply to all acts of resale involving as sellers, buyers or intermediaries salesrooms, art galleries, museums, antique shops, organisers of auctions of works of art, other persons selling works of art, intermediating in selling or assessing them. The intermediary shall share liability with the seller for payment of the royalty. 4.  A royalty shall be paid when the resale price, net of tax, of an original work of art or an original manuscript of a literary or musical work shall be the sum corresponding to not less than EUR 300 according to the official ratio of the euro and the litas, announced in the manner prescribed by law. A royalty shall be calculated by applying the following rates, if the sum of a royalty for one resold original work of art or an original manuscript of a literary or musical work does not exceed the sum corresponding to EUR 12500 according to the official ratio of the euro and the litas, announced in the manner prescribed by law: 1) 5 % for the portion of the sale price up to EUR 3000; 2) 4 % for the portion of the sale price from EUR 3000,01 to EUR 50000; 3) 3 % for the portion of the sale price from EUR 50000,01 to EUR 200000; 4) 1 % for the portion of the sale price from EUR 200000,01 to EUR 350000; 5) 0,5 % for the portion of the sale price from EUR 350000,01 to EUR 500000; 6) 0,25 % for the portion of the sale price exceeding EUR 500000. 5.  Authors or their successors in title may transfer their resale right for implementation to an association of collective administration of copyright. Buyers, sellers or intermediaries must furnish to authors or an association of collective administration of copyright, representing them, the information necessary in order to implement the resale right. Such information may be requested for a period of three years after the resale.  6.  The provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 34, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 35 and paragraph 1 of Article 37 of this Law shall apply mutatis mutandis to the term of protection of the resale right. 7.  Authors who are nationals of third countries or their successors in title shall enjoy the resale right, specified in paragraph 1 of this Article, in the Republic of Lithuania only if legislation in the country of which the author or his successor in title is a national permits resale right protection in that country for authors and their successors in title from the Republic of Lithuania and other Member States of the European Community. Article 18. Right of Making Available of Work of Fine Art and Work of Architecture 1.  The owner of an original work of fine art must permit the author of the work to reproduce or display the work at his exhibition, if the author’s right to reproduce the work or to publicly display it have not been transferred to the owner of the original work, provided that the owner’s legitimate interests are not thereby prejudiced and the safety of the work is ensured. 2.  The owner of an original work of fine art may not destroy the work before offering it back to the author. Where the return of the original work is not possible, the conditions must be created for the author to make a copy of the work in an appropriate manner. 3.  The person commissioning a work of architecture must permit the author of the work, without additional remuneration, to participate in the realisation of the construction plan of a building or other construction works (monitoring the drafting of the construction documentation and the execution of construction work of a building or other construction works with regard to copyright protection), unless otherwise provided for in the copyright agreement for the commissioning of the work. 4.   The owner of the work of architecture (a building or any other construction works) may, without the author’s permission, make changes in the building or any other construction works, provided that this is done for technical reasons or for the purpose of any practical use of the building or other construction works, unless otherwise provided for in the agreement. 5. The author of the work of architecture shall have the right to take photographs of the building or construction works before its demolition and to get a copy of the design thereof. Section 4 Limitations oN Economic Rights Article 19. Conditions of Limitation on Economic Rights Any limitations on economic rights shall be permitted exclusively to the cases provided for in this Law. They must not conflict with a normal exploitation of a work and must not prejudice the legitimate interests of author or other owner of copyright. Article 20. Reproduction of Works for Personal Use 1.  It shall be permitted for a natural person, without the authorisation of the author or any other owner of copyright, to reproduce, exclusively for his individual use, not for direct or indirect commercial advantage, in a single copy a work published or communicated to the public in any other mode, where the reproduction is a single-action. When works are for the private use reproduced on paper by means of reprography (effected by the use of any kind of photographic technique or some other process having similar effects), the provisions of Article 23 of this Law shall apply.  2.  The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to the reproduction of the following works: 1) works of architecture in the form of building or other construction works; 2) computer programmes (with the exception of the cases provided for in Articles 30 and 31 of this Law); 3) electronic databases (with the exception of the cases provided for in Article 32 of this Law). 3. When reproducing an audiovisual work or a work recorded in a phonogram, the author of the work or his successor in title, together with the performers and the producers of the audiovisual works and phonograms or their successors in title, shall have the right to receive fair compensation established as a percentage of the wholesale price for blank audio or audiovisual recording media intended for personal reproduction (other than the media intended for export, professional needs and the needs of persons with hearing or visual impairment). 4. The compensation referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article must be paid by producers and importers of audio or audiovisual analogue/digital recording media intended for personal reproduction, except in the cases where such blank media are brought into the country exclusively for the private use (in the luggage of a passenger). 5. Taking into consideration the application or non-application of technological measures determined in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 74, the amount of compensation referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, the conditions of distribution and payment thereof shall be established by the Government, after consultation with associations representing producers and importers of the said media and collective rights management associations. The compensation must not exceed 6 per cent of the wholesale price of a blank audio or audiovisual medium. The compensation to owners of the rights specified in paragraph 3 of this Article shall be distributed and paid by collective rights management associations, approved by the institution authorised by the Government. Not more than 25 per cent of this compensation may, in the manner prescribed by law, be used for programmes for the support of creative activities. 6. The compensation referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article the importers must pay to the account of the collective rights management association, approved by the institution authorised by the Government, at the time of customs clearance before the goods are placed in free circulation, unless otherwise provided for in an agreement between the importer and this collective rights management association. Article 21. Quotation 1.  It shall be permissible, without the authorisation of the author or any other owner of copyright, to reproduce a relatively short passage of a published work or a work made available to the public, both in the original and translated language, in the form of a quotation in another work, provided that such reproduction is compatible with fair practice and its extent does not exceed that justified by the purpose. 2.  When quoting, mention must be made of the source, and of the name of the author, if it appears thereon. Article 22. Reproduction of a Work for Teaching and Scientific Research Purposes 1.  The following shall be permitted without the authorisation of the author of a work or any other owner of copyright in this work, and without the payment of a remuneration, but mentioning, when possible, the source and the name of the author: 1) reproduction for non-commercial teaching and scientific research purposes of short published works or a short extract of a published work, by way of illustration, in writings, sound or visual recordings, provided that this is related to study programmes and does not exceed the extent justified by the purpose; 2) reproduction for non-commercial educational, teaching and scientific research purposes of lawfully published works in the form intended for people having hearing or visual impairment, to the extent required by the specific disability, with the exception of works specifically created for this purpose; 3) use for the purpose of research or private study of the works kept in publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments, museums or archives, by communication or making them available to the public by dedicated terminals on the premises of the said institutions. 2. In order to establish whether a work has been used for non-commercial purposes, notice must be taken of the purpose of use. Legal form, organisational structure and methods of financing shall not constitute deciding factors in this case. Article 23. Reprographic Reproduction of Works 1. Without the authorisation of the author or other owner of copyright in a work, it shall be permissible to reproduce on paper the following by means of reprography (effected by the use of any kind of photographic technique or by some other process having similar effects): 1) a published article or any other short work, or a short extract of a writing, with or without illustrations, not for direct or indirect commercial advantage, provided that such reproduction is a separate single act. Repeated acts of such reproduction shall be permissible if they are done on unrelated occasions; 2) a work kept in publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments, museums or archives, except the work made available to the public over computer networks (the Internet), not for direct or indirect commercial advantage, when a copy of the work is made for the purpose of preservation or replacement of a lost, destroyed or rendered unusable copy from the fonds or collections of the said institutions, or for the purpose of replacement  of a lost, destroyed or unfit for use copy from the permanent collection of another similar library or archive, if it is impossible to obtain such a copy by other acceptable means, and if the act of such reproduction is a separate single act. Repeated acts of such reproduction shall be permissible if they are done on unrelated occasions. 2. The provisions of subparagraph 1 of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be applied when reproducing on paper the whole text of a book or a major part thereof, or sheet music by means of reprography (effected by the use of any kind of photographic technique or by some other process having similar effects). 3. The author and publishers shall be entitled to fair compensation for reproduction on paper by means of reprography (effected by the use of any kind of photographic technique or by some other process having similar effects) of works referred to in subparagraph 1 of paragraph 1 of this Article. Such compensation shall be paid by the persons providing fee-paying services of reprographic reproduction. The Government shall establish the amount of compensation which takes account of application or non-application of technological measures specified in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 74 of this Article, as well as the conditions of distribution and payment thereof. Compensation for authors and producers shall be collected, distributed and paid by the association of collective administration of copyright approved by the institution authorised by the Government. Article 24. Use of a Work for Information Purposes 1.  The following acts shall be permitted without the authorisation of the author or other owner of copyright in a work: 1) reproduction by the press, communication to the public or making available of published articles on current economic, political or religious topics or of broadcast works of the same character, in cases where such use is not expressly reserved by the authors or other owners of copyright in such works, and as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated; 2) use of literary and artistic works the place of performance or display of which renders information on public events or current events in the press, radio or television, provided that such use is justified by the informatory purpose and  constitutes additional information material, and the source, including the author’s name, is indicated, unless this turns out to be impossible; 3) use in newspapers or periodicals, or communication to the public in any other mode of political speeches, reports, lectures or other works of a similar nature delivered in public, as well as speeches delivered during court proceedings, to the extent justified by the informatory purpose and as long as the source, including the author’s name, is indicated, unless this turns out to be impossible; 4) reproduction or communication to the public for the purpose of advertising the public exhibition or sale of artistic works, to the extent necessary to promote the event, excluding any other commercial use; 5) reproduction and communication to the public of a work in connection with the demonstration or repair of equipment. 2. The provisions of subparagraph 3 of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to the exclusive right to compile or authorise the compiling of collections of such works. Article 25. Use of a Work for the Purpose of Caricature or Parody It shall be permissible, without the authorisation of an author or any other owner of copyright, and without compensation, to use a work for the purpose of caricature or parody. Article 26. Use of a Work during Religious Celebrations It shall be permissible, without the authorisation of an author or any other owner of copyright, and without compensation, to reproduce and make available to the public a work use during religious celebrations. Article 27. Use of a Work for the purposes of Public Security It shall be permissible, without the authorisation of an author or any other owner of copyright, and without a remuneration, to reproduce and communicate to the public a work for the purposes of public security or to ensure the proper performance or reporting of administrative, parliamentary or judicial proceedings. Article 28. Limitations to Copyright in Works of Architecture and Sculptures 1. It shall be permissible to carry out the following acts without the authorisation of an author and without a remuneration: 1) to reproduce and make available to the public works of architecture and sculptures, made to be located permanently in public places., except exhibitions and museums; 2) to use a project, design, sketch or model of a building or any other construction works for the purpose of reconstructing this building or construction works. 2. The provisions of subparagraph 1 of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be applied when a work of architecture or a sculpture is the main subject of representation in the reproduction, and when this is done for direct or indirect commercial advantage. 3. The provisions of subparagraph 1 of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not grant the right to reproduce works of architecture in the form of buildings or other construction works, and to make copies of sculptures. Article 29. Temporary Reproduction of a Work It shall be permissible to carry out the following acts without the authorisation of an author or any other owner of copyright, and without a remuneration: 1) to carry out temporary acts of reproduction which are transient or incidental and an integral and essential part of a technological process and whose sole purpose is to enable an efficient transmission in a network between third persons by an intermediary, or a lawful use of a work to be made (when it is permitted by the owner of copyright or is not restricted by this Law), and which have no independent economic significance; 2) to make ephemeral recordings of works made by broadcasting organisations or a person acting on behalf of and under the responsibility of the broadcasting organisation by means of their own facilities and for their own broadcasts. 2. Recordings specified in subparagraph 2 of paragraph 1 of this Article may be preserved for a period not exceeding 30 days and must be erased after their use for broadcasting. The recordings of an exceptional documentary character may be transferred to official State archives for preservation. Article 30. Making of a Back-up Copies and Reproduction for Adaptation of Computer Programmes 1.  A person who has a right to use a computer programme, shall, without the authorisation of the author or other owner of copyright, have the right to make back-up copies of the computer programme or to adapt the computer programme, provided that such copies or adaptation of the programme are necessary: 1) for the use of the computer program in accordance with its intended purpose, including for error correction; 2) for the use of a back-up copy of the lawfully acquired computer programme, in the event the computer programme is lost, destroyed or becomes unfit for use. 2. The person having a right to use a copy of a computer programme shall be entitled, without the authorisation of the author or any other owner of copyright in the programme, to observe, study or test the functioning of the programme in order to determine the ideas and principles which underlie any element of the program if he does so while performing the acts he is entitled to do (loads, displays, transmits or stores the data of the programme. 3. No copy or adaptation of a computer programme shall, without the authorisation of the author or other owner of copyright, be used for goals other than those set out in paragraph 1 of this Article. 4. Any agreements impeding the performance of the acts provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall be null and void. Article 31. Decompilation of Computer Programmes 1. The authorisation of the author or other owner of copyright shall not be required where reproduction of the code of a computer programme or translation of its form are indispensable to obtain the information necessary to achieve the interoperability of an independently created computer programme with other programs, provided that the following conditions are met: 1) these acts are performed by the licensee or another person having a right to use a copy of a program, or on their behalf by a person authorised to do so; 2) the information necessary to achieve the interoperability of the programmes has not been previously readily available to the persons referred to in subparagraph 1 of paragraph 1 of this Article; 3) these acts are confined to the parts of the original programme which are necessary to achieve interoperability. 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not permit the information obtained through its application: 1) to be used for goals other than to achieve the interoperability of the independently created computer programme; 2) to be given to other persons, except when necessary for the interoperability of the independently created programme; 3) to be used for the development, production or marketing of a computer programme substantially similar in its expression, or for any other act which infringes copyright. 3. Any agreements impeding any of the acts set out in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be null and void. Article 32. Use of Databases 1. A lawful user of a database or a copy thereof shall have the right, without the authorisation of the author or other owner of copyright, to perform the acts set out in paragraph 1 of Article 15 of this Law, provided that such acts are necessary for the purposes of access to, and an appropriate use of the contents of the database by the legitimate user of the database. 2. Where a lawful user of a database is authorised to use only a certain part of the database, the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall apply only to that part. 3. Any agreements impeding any of the acts set out in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be null and void. 4. A database which has been published or otherwise communicated to the public may, without the authorisation of the author or other owner of copyright, be used for the purpose of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved, as well as for the purpose of public and State security or for the purposes of an administrative or judicial procedure. Article 33. Display of Works The public display of an original work of fine arts or a copy thereof shall be permitted without the authorisation of the author or his successor in title, if a work has been sold or its ownership has been otherwise transferred to another natural or legal person and where the author or his successor in title knows or has reasonable grounds to know that such a public display (exhibition) of works constitutes part of the regular activities of the natural or legal person who has acquired the work. Section 5 TermS of PROTECTION OF Copyright Article 34. Duration of Copyright 1.  Author’s economic rights shall run for the life of the author and for 70 years after his death, irrespective of the date when the work is lawfully made available to the public. 2.  The protection of the author’s moral rights shall be of unlimited duration. Article 35. Special Duration of the Economic Rights of Authors 1.  The duration of the authors’ economic rights in a joint work shall run for the life of co-authors and for 70 years after the death of the last surviving author. 2.  In the case of anonymous and pseudonymous works, the term of protection of the authors’ economic rights shall run for 70 years after the work is lawfully made available to the public. However, when the pseudonym adopted by the author leaves no doubt as to his identity, or if the author discloses his identity during the prescribed period, the term of protection of the author’s economic rights shall run for the life of the author and for 70 years after his death. 3.  In the case of collective works, the term of protection of the authors’ economic rights shall run for 70 years after the work is lawfully made available to the public. In cases where the natural persons who have created the work leave no doubt as to their identity, provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall apply. 4.  The term of protection of authors’ economic rights in an audiovisual work shall extend over the life of the principal director, author of the screenplay, author of the dialogue, art director, director of photography and the composer of music specifically created for the audiovisual work, and for 70 years after the death of the last of them to survive. Article 36. Economic Rights of Authors in a Work Published after the Expiry of Copyright Protection 1.  A natural or legal person who, after the expiry of copyright protection, for the first time lawfully publishes or lawfully communicates to the public a previously unpublished work, shall benefit from a protection equivalent to the exclusive economic rights in the work, laid down in paragraph 1 of Article 15 of this Law. 2.  The duration of the rights specified in paragraph 1 of this Article shall extend over 25 years from the date of the first lawful publication of the work or the first lawful communication to the public of the work. Article 37. Calculation of Copyright Protection 1.  The terms laid down in Articles 34-36 shall be calculated from the first day of January of the year following the event which gives rise to them. 2. Where a work is published in separate units (volumes, parts, issues, or episodes), the term of protection shall be calculated for each separate item from the date of its lawful publication. Section 6 Transfer of Authors’ Economic Rights and Granting of Licences. Copyright AGREEMENTS Article 38. Transfer of Authors’ Economic Rights 1.  The authors’ economic rights may be transferred by an agreement, by testamentary succession or by other procedure prescribed by law. 2.  Transfer of author’s economic rights may be full or partial, subject or not subject to payment. 3.  It shall not be permitted to transfer the right in all future works of an author or author’s works, which are not clearly identified. Transfer of the author’s economic rights may not be applied to the modes of use of a work, which at the moment of the transfer of the author’s economic rights do not exist or are unknown. 4.  The authors’ moral rights shall not be subject to transfer to other persons. They exist independently of the author’s economic rights and are retained by the author even after the transfer of the economic rights to other persons. Article 39. Copyright Agreements 1.  Under a copyright agreement one party (an author or a holder of his rights) shall transfer or grant the other party (a successor in title or licensee) the authors’ economic rights in a literary, scientific or artistic work or undertakes to create in future a work stipulated in the agreement and to transfer or grant the other party the authors’ economic rights in the said work, and the other party shall undertake to use the work or to commence using it on the terms and conditions stipulated in the agreement and to pay a set remuneration, unless otherwise provided for in the agreement. 2.  An author may transfer the economic rights laid down in paragraph 1 of Article 15 to other persons under a copyright agreement on the transfer of rights, or grant them under a copyright licensing agreement (exclusive or nonexclusive licence). A licence shall be deemed to be exclusive only if the licensing agreement contains the words to that effect. A person to who the author’s economic rights are transferred shall be regarded as a successor in title of the author’s economic rights. 3.  Agreements pertaining to the provision of editing, teaching, consulting, organisational and technical services or other services shall not be regarded as copyright agreements. Agreements the subject matter of which is not the transfer or granting of author’s economic rights in a work shall not be regarded as copyright agreements.   Article 40. Terms and Conditions of Copyright Agreements 1. A copyright agreement must stipulate the following terms and conditions: 1) the title of a work (titles of the works by foreign authors shall be indicated in the original language), except the licences issued by associations of collective administration of rights; 2) description of a work (type, title of a work, principal requirements for a work);  3) the authors’ economic rights which are being transferred or granted (modes of the exploitation of a work), a type of the licence (an exclusive or nonexclusive licence); 4) the territory in which the transfer of the rights or the licence granting the right to exploit a work is valid; 5) the term of validity of the transfer of the rights or the licence; 6) the amount of remuneration, the procedure and terms of payment; 7) dispute settlement procedure and liability of the parties; 8) other conditions of the agreement. 2. It shall be presumed that under a copyright agreement only as many rights are transferred as are necessary for the accomplishment of the purposes of a concrete agreement. If a copyright agreement does not specify the time limits of transfer or granting of the economic rights, a party to the agreement may terminate t …