Ce protocole vise à contrôler et réduire les émissions de certains polluants atmosphériques causés par les activités…

22003A0717(01) 22003A0717(01) Protocol to the 1979 Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone Official Journal L 179 , 17/07/2003 P. 0003 - 0054 Dates: of document: 30/11/1999 of effect: 00/00/0000; Entry into force See Art 17 of signature: 30/11/1999; GEBORG end of validity: 99/99/9999 Authentic language: English ; French ; Russian Author:

United Nations Organisation Subject matter: Environment ; External relations Directory code: 11306000 ; 15104000 ; 15102030 EUROVOC descriptor: atmospheric pollution ; stratospheric pollution ; transfrontier pollution ; acidification ; eutrophication ; ozone ; pollution control measures ; accession to an agreement ; international convention ; protocol Legal basis:

102E175................... Adoption 102E300-P2L1FR1........... Adoption 102E300-P3L1.............. Adoption Instruments cited:

293A0621(01)..............

298A1203(02)..............

Amendment to:

279A1113(01)...... Amendment..... Addition PROT from DATEFF Amended by:

Adopted by.... 303D0507..........

ANNEX PROTOCOL TO THE 1979 CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION TO ABATE ACIDIFICATION, EUTROPHICATION AND GROUND-LEVEL OZONE THE PARTIES, DETERMINED to implement the Conve ntion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, AWARE that nitrogen oxides, sulphur, volatile organic compounds and reduced nitrogen compounds have been associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment, CONCERNED that critical loads of acidification, critical loads of nutrient nitrogen and critical levels of ozone for human health and vegetation are still exceeded in many areas of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's region, CONCERNED ALSO that emitted nitrogen oxides, sulphur and volatile organic compounds, as well as secondary pollutants such as ozone and the reaction products of ammonia, are transported in the atmosphere over long distances and may have adverse transboundary effects, RECOGNISING that emissions from Parties within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's region contribute to air pollution on the hemispheric and global scales, and recognising the potential for transport between continents and the need for further study with regard to that potential, RECOGNISING ALSO that Canada and the United States of America are bilaterally negotiating reductions of emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds to address the transboundary ozone effect, RECOGNISING FURTHERMORE that Canada will undertake further reductions of emissions of sulphur by 2010 through the implementation of the Canada-wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000, and that the United States is committed to the implementation of a nitrogen oxides reduction programme in the eastern United States and to the reduction in emissions necessary to meet its national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter, RESOLVED to apply a multi-effect, multi-pollutant approach to preventing or minimising the excess of critical loads and levels, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the emissions from certain existing activities and installations responsible for present air pollution levels and the development of future activities and installations, AWARE that techniques and management practices are available to reduce emissions of these substances, RESOLVED to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimise emissions of these substances, taking into account the application of the precautionary approach as set forth in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, REAFFIRMING that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the

United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, CONSCIOUS of the need for a cost-effective regional approach to combating air pollution that takes account of the variations in effects and abatement costs between countries, NOTING the important contribution of the private and non-governmental sectors to knowledge of the effects associated with these substances and available abatement techniques, and their role in assisting in the reduction of emissions to the atmosphere, BEARING IN MIND that measures taken to reduce emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international competition and trade, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION the best available scientific and technical knowledge and data on emissions, atmospheric processes and effects on human health and the environment of these substances, as well as on abatement costs, and acknowledging the need to improve this knowledge and to continue scientific and technical cooperation to further understanding of these issues, NOTING that pursuant to the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Sofia on 31 October 1988, and the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Geneva on 18 November 1991, there is already provision to control emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and that the technical Annexes to both those Protocols already contain technical guidance for reducing these emissions, NOTING ALSO that pursuant to the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, adopted at Oslo on 14 June 1994, there is already provision to reduce sulphur emissions in order to contribute to the abatement of acid deposition by diminishing the exceedances of critical sulphur depositions, which has been derived from critical loads of acidity according to the contribution of oxidised sulphur compounds to the total acid deposition in 1990, NOTING FURTHERMORE that this Protocol is the first agreement under the Convention to deal specifically with reduced nitrogen compounds,

BEARING IN MIND that reducing the emissions of these substances may provide additional benefits for the control of other pollutants, including in particular transboundary secondary particulate aerosols, which contribute to human health effects associated with exposure to airborne particulates, BEARING IN MIND ALSO the need to avoid, in so far as possible, taking measures for the achievement of the objectives of this Protocol that aggravate other health and environment-related problems, NOTING that measures taken to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia should involve consideration of the full biogeochemical nitrogen cycle and, so far as possible, not increase emissions of reactive nitrogen including nitrous oxide which could aggravate other nitrogen-related problems, AWARE that methane and carbon monoxide emitted by human activities contribute, in the presence of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and AWARE ALSO of the commitments that Parties have assumed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

Article 1Definitions

For the purposes of the present Protocol, 1. "Convention" means the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted at Geneva on 13 November 1979;

Article 2Objective

The objective of the present Protocol is to control and reduce emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds that are caused by anthropogenic activities and are likely to cause adverse effects on human health, natural ecosystems, materials and crops, due to acidification, eutrophication or ground-level ozone as a result of long-range transboundary atmospheric transport, and to ensure, as far as possible, that in the long term and in a step-by-step approach, taking into account advances in scientific knowledge, atmospheric depositions or concentrations do not exceed: (a) for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP and Canada, the critical loads of acidity, as described in Annex I; (b) for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the critical loads of nutrient nitrogen, as described in Annex I; (c) for ozone: (i) for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the critical levels of ozone, as given in Annex I; (ii) for Canada, the Canada-wide Standard for ozone; (iii) for the United States of America, the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone.

Article 3Basic obligations

Article 4Exchange of information and technology

Article 5Public awareness

Article 62. Furthermore, each Party may make information widely available to

the public with a view to minimising emissions, including information on: (a) less polluting fuels, renewable energy and energy efficiency, including their use in transport; (b) volatile organic compounds in products, including labelling; (c) management options for wastes containing volatile organic compounds that are generated by the public; (d) good agricultural practices to reduce emissions of ammonia; (e) health and environmental effects associated with the pollutants covered by the present Protocol; (f) steps which individuals and industries may take to help reduce emissions of the pollutants covered by the present Protocol.

Article 6Strategies, policies, programmes, measures and information

Article 7Reporting

Moreover: (i) where a Party applies different emission-reduction strategies under Article 3 (2) and (3), it shall document the strategies applied and its compliance with the requirements of those paragraphs; (ii) where a Party judges certain limit values, as specified in accordance with Article 3 (3), not to be technically and economically feasible, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, it shall report and justify this; (b) each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to EMEP, on a periodic basis to be determined by the Steering Body of EMEP and approved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, the following information: (i) levels of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds using, as a minimum, the methodologies and the temporal and spatial resolution specified by the Steering Body of EMEP; (ii) levels of emissions of each substance in the reference year (1990) using the same methodologies and temporal and spatial resolution; (iii) data on projected emissions and current reduction plans; (iv) where it deems it appropriate, any exceptional circumstances justifying emissions that are temporarily higher than the ceilings established for it for one or more pollutants; (c) parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available information similar to that specified in subparagraph (b), if requested to do so by the Executive Body.

Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available similar information if requested to do so by the Executive Body.

Article 8Research, development and monitoring

The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring and cooperation related to: (a) the international harmonisation of methods for the calculation and assessment of the adverse effects associated with the substances addressed by the present Protocol for use in establishing critical loads and critical levels and, as appropriate, the elaboration of procedures for such harmonisation; (b) the improvement of emission databases, in particular those on ammonia and volatile organic compounds; (c) the improvement of monitoring techniques and systems and of the modelling of transport, concentrations and depositions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds and volatile organic compounds, as well as of the formation of ozone and secondary particulate matter; (d) the improvement of the scientific understanding of the long-term fate of emissions and their impact on the hemispheric background concentrations of sulphur, nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, ozone and particulate matter, focusing, in particular, on the chemistry of the free troposphere and the potential for intercontinental flow of pollutants; (e) the further elaboration of an overall strategy to reduce the adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, including synergisms and combined effects; (f) strategies for the further reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds based on critical loads and critical levels as well as on technical developments, and the improvement of integrated assessment modelling to calculate internationally optimised allocations of emission reductions taking into account the need to avoid excessive costs for any Party. Special emphasis should be given to emissions from agriculture and transport; (g) the identification of trends over time and the scientific understanding of the wider effects of sulphur, nitrogen and volatile organic compounds and photochemical pollution on human health, including their contribution to concentrations of particulate matter, the environment, in particular acidification and eutrophication, and materials, especially historic and cultural monuments, taking into account the relationship between sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and tropospheric ozone; (h) emission abatement technologies, and technologies and techniques to improve energy efficiency, energy conservation and the use of renewable energy; (i) the efficacy of ammonia control techniques for farms and their impact on local and regional deposition;

(j) the management of transport demand and the development and promotion of less polluting modes of transport; (k) the quantification and, where possible, economic evaluation of benefits for the environment and human health resulting from the reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds; (l) the development of tools for making the methods and results of this work widely applicable and available.

Article 9Compliance

Compliance by each Party with its obligations under the present Protocol shall be reviewed regularly. The Implementation Committee established by Decision 1997/2 of the Executive Body at its fifteenth session shall carry out such reviews and report to the Parties at a session of the Executive Body in accordance with the terms of the Annex to that Decision, including any amendments thereto.

Article 10Reviews by the Parties at sessions of the Executive Body

Article 92. (a) The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, keep

under review the obligations set out in the present Protocol, including: (i) their obligations in relation to their calculated and internationally optimised allocations of emission reductions referred to in Article 7 (5); (ii) the adequacy of the obligations and the progress made towards the achievement of the objective of the present Protocol; (b) Reviews shall take into account the best available scientific information on the effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, including assessments of all relevant health effects, critical levels and loads, the development and refinement of integrated assessment models, technological developments, changing economic conditions, progress made on the databases on emissions and abatement techniques, especially related to ammonia and volatile organic compounds, and the fulfilment of the obligations on emission levels; (c) The procedures, methods and timing for such reviews shall be specified by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The first such review shall commence no later than one year after the present Protocol enters into force.

Article 11Settlement of disputes

A Party which is a regional economic integration organisation may make a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration in accordance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph (b).

Article 12Annexes

The Annexes to the present Protocol shall form an integral part of the Protocol.

Article 13Amendments and adjustments

On the expiry of 90 days from the date of its communication to all Parties by the Executive Secretary of the Commission, an amendment to any such Annex shall become effective for those Parties which have not submitted to the Depositary a notification in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (5), provided that at least 16 Parties have not submitted such a notification.

Article 14Signature

Article 15Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

Article 16Depositary

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary.

Article 17Entry into force

Article 18Withdrawal

At any time after five years from the date on which the present Protocol has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party may withdraw from it by giving written notification to the Depositary.

Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the 90th day following the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal.

Article 19Authentic texts

The original of the present Protocol, of which the English, French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed the present Protocol.

Done at Gothenburg (Sweden), this thirtieth day of November one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine.

ANNEX I CRITICAL LOADS AND LEVELS I. CRITICAL LOADS OF ACIDITY A. For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP 1. Critical loads (as defined in Article 1) of acidity for ecosystems are determined in accordance with the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. They are the maximum amount of acidifying deposition an ecosystem can tolerate in the long term without being damaged. Critical loads of acidity in terms of nitrogen take account of nitrogen removal processes within an ecosystem (e.g. uptake by plants). Critical loads of acidity in terms of sulphur do not. A combined sulphur and nitrogen critical load of acidity considers nitrogen only when the nitrogen deposition is greater than the ecosystem nitrogen-removal processes. All critical loads reported by Parties are summarised for use in the integrated assessment modelling employed to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II.

B. For Parties in North America 2. For eastern Canada, critical sulphur plus nitrogen loads for forested ecosystems have been determined with scientific methodologies and criteria (1997 Canadian Acid Rain Assessment) similar to those in the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. Eastern Canada critical-load values (as defined in Article 1) of acidity are for sulphate in precipitation expressed in kg/ha/year. Alberta in western Canada, where deposition levels are currently below the environmental limits, has adopted the generic critical-load classification systems used for soils in Europe for potential acidity. Potential acidity is defined by subtracting the total (both wet and dry) deposition of base cations from that of sulphur and nitrogen. In addition to critical loads for potential acidity, Alberta has established target and monitoring loads for managing acidifying emissions.

II. CRITICAL LOADS OF NUTRIENT NITROGEN For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP 5. Critical loads (as defined in Article 1) of nutrient nitrogen (eutrophication) for ecosystems are determined in accordance with the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. They are the maximum amount of eutrophying nitrogen deposition an ecosystem can tolerate in the long term without being damaged. All critical loads reported by Parties are summarised for use in the integrated assessment modelling employed to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II.

III. CRITICAL LEVELS OF OZONE A. For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP 6. Critical levels (as defined in Article 1) of ozone are determined to protect plants in accordance with the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. They are expressed as a cumulative exposure over a threshold ozone concentration of 40 ppb (parts per billion by volume). This exposure index is referred to as AOT40 (accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb). The AOT40 is calculated as the sum of the differences between the hourly concentration (in ppb) and 40 ppb for each hour when the concentration exceeds 40 ppb.

B. For Parties in North America 9. For Canada, critical levels of ozone are determined to protect human health and the environment and are used to establish a Canada-wide Standard for ozone. The emission ceilings in Annex II are defined according to the ambition level required to achieve the Canada-wide Standard for ozone.

ANNEX II EMISSION CEILINGS The emission ceilings listed in the tables below relate to the provisions of Article 3 (1) and (10), of the present Protocol. The 1980 and 1990 emission levels and the percentage emission reductions listed are given for information purposes only.

Table 1. Emission ceilings for sulphur (thousands of tonnes of SO2 per year) >TABLE POSITION> Table 2. Emission ceilings for nitrogen oxides (thousands of tonnes of NO2 per year) >TABLE POSITION> Table 3. Emission ceilings for ammonia (thousands of tonnes of NH3 per year) >TABLE POSITION> Table 4. Emission ceilings for volatile organic compounds (thousands of tonnes of VOC per year) >TABLE POSITION> ANNEX III DESIGNATED POLLUTANT EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT AREA (PEMA) The following PEMA is listed for the purpose of the present Protocol:

Russian Federation PEMA This is the area of Murmansk oblast, the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad oblast (including St. Petersburg), Pskov oblast, Novgorod oblast and Kaliningrad oblast. The boundary of the PEMA coincides with the State and administrative boundaries of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

ANNEX IV LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF SULPHUR FROM STATIONARY SOURCES 1. Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America 2. For the purpose of section A, except Table 2 and paragraphs (11) and (12), limit value means the quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an installation that is not to be exceeded. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg/m3), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas (volume at 273,15 K, 101,3 kPa). With regard to the oxygen content of the exhaust gas, the values given in the tables below for each source category shall apply. Dilution for the purpose of lowering concentrations of pollutants in waste gases is not permitted. Start-up, shutdown and maintenance of equipment are excluded.

Table 1. Limit values for SOx emissions released from boilers((In particular, the limit values shall not apply to:

Table 2. Limit values for the sulphur content of gas oil(("Gas oil" means any petroleum product within HS 2710, or any petroleum product which, by reason of its distillation limits, falls within the category of middle distillates intended for use as fuel and of which at least 85 % by volume, including distillation losses, distils at 350 °C. Fuels used in on-road and non-road vehicles and agricultural tractors are excluded from this definition. Gas oil intended for marine use is included in the definition if it meets the description above or it has a viscosity or density falling within the ranges of viscosity or density defined for marine distillates in Table I of ISO 8217 (1996).)) >TABLE POSITION> 11. Claus plant: for a plant that produces more than 50 Mg of sulphur a day: (a) sulphur recovery 99,5 % for new plant; (b) sulphur recovery 97 % for existing plant.

B. Canada 13. Limit values for controlling emissions of sulphur dioxide from new stationary sources in the following stationary source category will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and levels including limit values applied in other countries and the following document: Canada Gazette, Part I.

Department of the Environment. Thermal Power Generation Emissions - National Guidelines for New Stationary Sources. May 15, 1993, pp.

1633-1638.

C. United States of America 14. Limit values for controlling emissions of sulphur dioxide from new stationary sources in the following stationarysource categories are specified in the following documents:

ANNEX V LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM STATIONARY SOURCES 1. Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America 2. For the purpose of section A, limit value means the quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an installation that is not to be exceeded. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg/m3), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas (volume at 273,15 K, 101,3 kPa). With regard to the oxygen content of exhaust gas, the values given in the tables below for each source category shall apply.

Dilution for the purpose of lowering concentrations of pollutants in waste gases is not permitted. Limit values generally address NO together with NO2, commonly named NOx, expressed as NO2. Start-up, shutdown and maintenance of equipment are excluded.

Table 1. Limit values for NOx emissions released from boilers((In particular, the limit values shall not apply to:

Table 2. Limit values for NOx emissions released from onshore combustion turbines >TABLE POSITION> 11. Cement production:

Table 3. Limit values for NOx emissions released from cement production((Installations for the production of cement clinker in rotary kilns with a capacity > 500 mg/day or in other furnaces with a capacity > 50 Mg/day.)) >TABLE POSITION> 12. Stationary engines:

Table 4. Limit values for NOx emissions released from new stationary engines >TABLE POSITION> 13. Production and processing of metals:

Table 5. Limit values for NOx emissions released from primary iron and steel production((Production and processing of metals: metal ore roasting or sintering installations, installations for the production of pig iron or steel (primary or secondary fusion) including continuous casting with a capacity exceeding 2,5 Mg/hour, installations for the processing of ferrous metals (hot rolling mills > 20 Mg/hour of crude steel).)) >TABLE POSITION> 14. Nitric acid production:

Table 6. Limit values for NOx emissions released from nitric acid production excluding acid concentration units >TABLE POSITION> B. Canada 15. Limit values for controlling emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from new stationary sources in the following stationary source categories will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and levels including limit values applied in other countries and the following documents: (a) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME).

National Emission Guidelines for Stationary Combustion Turbines.

December 1992. PN1072; (b) Canada Gazette, Part I. Department of the Environment. Thermal Power Generation Emissions - National Guidelines for New Stationary Sources. May 15, 1993, pp. 1633-1638; (c) CCME. National Emission Guidelines for Cement Kilns. March 1998.

PN1284.

C. United States of America 16. Limit values for controlling emissions of NOx from new stationary sources in the followingstationary source categories are specified in the following documents: (a) Coal-fired Utility Units - 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 76; (b) Electric Utility Steam Generating Units - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart D, and Subpart Da; (c) Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Db; (d) Nitric Acid Plants - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart G; (e) Stationary Gas Turbines - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart GG; (f) Municipal Waste Combustors - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ea, and Subpart Eb; (g) Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ec.

ANNEX VI LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES 1. Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America 2. This section of the present Annex covers the stationary sources of non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions listed in paragraphs (8) to (21) below. Installations or parts of installations for research, development and testing of new products and processes are not covered. Threshold values are given in the sector-specific tables below. They generally refer to solvent consumption or emission mass flow. Where one operator carries out several activities falling under the same subheading at the same installation on the same site, the solvent consumption or emission mass flow of such activities are added together. If no threshold value is indicated, the given limit value applies to all the installations concerned.

This source category does not include the coating of substrates with metals by electrophoretic or chemical spraying techniques. If the coating process includes a step in which the same article is printed, that printing step is considered part of the coating process. However, printing processes operated as a separate activity are not included. In this definition:

The printing area is treated to receive and transmit ink to the surface to be printed. Evaporation takes place in an oven where hot air is used to heat the printed material; (iii) publication rotogravure: rotogravure used for printing paper for magazines, brochures, catalogues or similar products, using toluene-based inks; (iv) rotogravure: a printing process using a cylindrical image carrier in which the printing area is below the non-printing area, using liquid inks that dry through evaporation. The recesses are filled with ink and the surplus is cleaned off the non-printing area before the surface to be printed contacts the cylinder and lifts the ink from the recesses; (v) rotary screen printing: a web-fed printing process in which the ink is passed onto the surface to be printed by forcing it through a porous image carrier, in which the printing area is open and the non-printing area is sealed off, using liquid inks that dry only through evaporation. Web-fed means that the material to be printed is fed to the machine from a reel as distinct from separate sheets; (vi) laminating associated to a printing process: the adhering of two or more flexible materials to produce laminates; (vii) varnishing: a process by which a varnish or an adhesive coating is applied to a flexible material for the purpose of later sealing the packaging material; (i) "manufacturing of pharmaceutical products" means chemical synthesis, fermentation, extraction, formulation and finishing of pharmaceutical products and, where carried out at the same site, the manufacture of intermediate products; (j) "conversion of natural or synthetic rubber" means any process of mixing, crushing, blending, calendering, extruding and vulcanisation of natural or synthetic rubber and additionally processes for the processing of natural or synthetic rubber to derive an end product; (k) "surface cleaning" means any process except dry cleaning using organic solvents to remove contamination from the surface of material, including degreasing; a cleaning process consisting of more than one step before or after any other processing step is considered as one surface-cleaning process. The process refers to the cleaning of the surface of products and not to the cleaning of process equipment; (l) "extraction of vegetable oil and animal fat and refining of vegetable oil" means the extraction of vegetable oil from seeds and other vegetable matter, the processing of dry residues to produce animal feed, and the purification of fats and vegetable oils derived

from seeds, vegetable matter and/or animal matter; (m) "vehicle refinishing" means any industrial or commercial coating activity and associated degreasing activities performing: (i) the coating of road vehicles, or part of them, carried out as part of vehicle repair, conservation or decoration outside manufacturing installations, or (ii) the original coating of road vehicles, or part of them, with refinishing-type materials, where this is carried out away from the original manufacturing line, or (iii) the coating of trailers (including semi-trailers); (n) "impregnation of wooden surfaces" means any process impregnating timber with preservative; (o) "standard conditions" means a temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa; (p) "NMVOCs" comprise all organic compounds except methane which at 273,15 K show a vapour pressure of at least 0,01 kPa or which show a comparable volatility under the given application conditions; (q) "waste gas" means the final gaseous discharge containing NMVOCs or other pollutants from a stack or from emission abatement equipment into air. The volumetric flow rates shall be expressed in m3/h at standard conditions; (r) "fugitive emission of NMVOCs" means any emission, not in waste gases, of NMVOC into air, soil and water as well as, unless otherwise stated, solvents contained in any product, and includes uncaptured emissions of NMVOCs released to the outside environment via windows, doors, vents and similar openings. Fugitive limit values are calculated on the basis of a solvent management plan (see Appendix I to the present Annex); (s) "total emission of NMVOCs" means the sum of fugitive emission of NMVOCs and emission of NMVOCs in waste gases; (t) "input" means the quantity of organic solvents and their quantity in preparations used when carrying out a process, including the solvents recycled inside and outside the installation, and which are counted every time they are used to carry out the activity; (u) "limit value" means the maximum quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an installation which is not to be exceeded during normal operation. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg C/Nm3 unless specified otherwise), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas. For solvent-using installations, limit values are given as mass unit per characteristic unit of the respective activity. Gas volumes that are added to the waste gas for cooling or dilution purposes

shall not be considered when determining the mass concentration of the pollutant in the waste gas. Limit values generally address all volatile organic compounds except methane (no further distinction is made, e.g. in terms of reactivity or toxicity); (v) "normal operation" means all periods of operation except start-up and shutdown operations and maintenance of equipment; (w) "substances harmful to human health" are subdivided into two categories: (i) halogenated VOCs that have the possible risk of irreversible effects; or (ii) hazardous substances that are carcinogens, mutagens or toxic to reproduction or that may cause cancer, may cause heritable genetic damage, may cause cancer by inhalation, may impair fertility or may cause harm to the unborn child.

For the approval of compliance, own approaches may be used provided that they result in equal stringency; (e) in the case of discontinuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if the mean value of all readings does not exceed the limit value and no hourly mean exceeds the limit value by 150 %. For the approval of compliance, own approaches may be used provided that they result in equal stringency; (f) all appropriate precautions shall be taken to minimize emissions of NMVOCs during start-up and shutdown, and in case of deviations from normal operation; (g) measurements are not required if end-of-pipe abatement equipment is not needed to comply with the limit values below and it can be shown that limit values are not exceeded.

The purpose of a reduction scheme is to give the operator the possibility to achieve by other means emission reductions equivalent to those achieved if given limit values were to be applied; (b) for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs, the fugitive emission values set out below shall be applied as a limit value. However, where it is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent authority that for an individual installation this value is not technically and economically feasible, the competent authority may exempt that installation provided that significant risks to human health or the environment are not expected. For each derogation, the operator must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the competent authority that the best available technique is used.

Table 1. Limit values for VOC emissions released from the storage and distribution of petrol, excluding the loading of seagoing ships >TABLE POSITION> Note:

The vapour displaced by the filling of petrol storage tanks shall be displaced either into other storage tanks or into abatement equipment meeting the limit values in the table above.

Table 2. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from adhesive coating >TABLE POSITION> 10. Wood and plastic lamination:

Table 3. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from wood and plastic lamination >TABLE POSITION> 11. Coating processes (metal and plastic surfaces in passenger cars, truck cabins, trucks, buses, wooden surfaces):

Table 4. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from coating processes in the car industry >TABLE POSITION> Table 5. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from coating processes in various industrial sectors >TABLE POSITION> 12. Coil coating:

Table 6. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from coil coating >TABLE POSITION> 13. Dry cleaning:

Table 7. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from dry cleaning >TABLE POSITION> 14. Manufacturing of coatings, varnishes, inks and adhesives:

Table 8. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from manufacturing of coatings, varnishes, inks and adhesives >TABLE POSITION> 15. Printing (flexography, heat set web offset, publication rotogravure etc.):

Table 9. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from printing processes >TABLE POSITION> 16. Manufacturing of pharmaceutical products:

Table 10. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from manufacturing of pharmaceutical products >TABLE POSITION> 17. Conversion of natural or synthetic rubber:

Table 11. Limit values for NMVOC emission released from conversion of natural or synthetic rubber >TABLE POSITION> 18. Surface cleaning:

Table 12. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from surface cleaning >TABLE POSITION> 19. Vegetable oil and animal fat extraction and vegetable oil refining processes:

Table 13. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from extraction of vegetable and animal fat and refining of vegetable oil >TABLE POSITION> 20. Vehicle refinishing:

Table 14. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from vehicle refinishing >TABLE POSITION> 21. Impregnation of wooden surfaces:

Table 15. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from impregnation of wooden surfaces >TABLE POSITION> B. Canada 22. Limit values for controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from new stationary sources in the following stationary source categories will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and levels, including limit values applied in other countries, and the following documents: (a) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME).

Environmental Code of Practice for the Reduction of Solvent Emissions from Dry Cleaning Facilities. December 1992. PN1053; (b) CCME. Environmental Guideline for the Control of Volatile Organic Compounds Process Emissions from New Organic Chemical Operations. September 1993. PN1108; (c) CCME. Environmental Code of Practice for the Measurement and Control of Fugitive VOC Emissions from Equipment Leaks. October 1993. PN1106; (d) CCME. A Program to Reduce Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by 40 Percent from Adhesives and Sealants. March 1994. PN1116; (e) CCME. A Plan to Reduce Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by 20 Percent from Consumer Surface Coatings. March 1994. PN1114; (f) CCME. Environmental Guidelines for Controlling Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aboveground Storage Tanks. June 1995. PN1180; (g) CCME. Environmental Code of Practice for Vapour Recovery during Vehicle Refueling at Service Stations and Other Gasoline Dispersing Facilities. (Stage II) April 1995. PN1184; (h) CCME. Environmental Code of Practice for the Reduction of Solvent Emissions from Commercial and Industrial Degreasing Facilities. June 1995. PN1182; (i) CCME. New Source Performance Standards and Guidelines for the Reduction of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Canadian Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Coating Facilities.

August 1995. PN1234; (j) CCME. Environmental Guideline for the Reduction of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from the Plastics Processing Industry.

July 1997. PN1276; and (k) CCME. National Standards for the Volatile Organic Compound Content of Canadian Commercial/Industrial Surface Coating Products - Automotive Refinishing. August 1997. PN1288.

C. United States of America23. Limit values for controlling emissions of VOCs from new stationary sources in the following stationary source categories are specified in the following documents: (a) Storage Vessels for Petroleum Liquids - 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 60, Subpart K, and Subpart Ka; (b) Storage Vessels for Volatile Organic Liquids - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Kb; (c) Petroleum Refineries - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart J; (d) Surface Coating of Metal Furniture - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart EE; (e) Surface Coating for Automobile and Light Duty Trucks - 40 C.F.R.

Part 60, Subpart MM;

(f) Publication Rotogravure Printing - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart QQ; (g) Pressure Sensitive Tape and Label Surface Coating Operations - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart RR; (h) Large Appliance, Metal Coil and Beverage Can Surface Coating - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart SS, Subpart TT and Subpart WW; (i) Bulk Gasoline Terminals - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart XX; (j) Rubber Tire Manufacturing - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart BBB; (k) Polymer Manufacturing - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart DDD; (l) Flexible Vinyl and Urethane Coating and Printing - 40 C.F.R.

Part 60, Subpart FFF;

(m) Petroleum Refinery Equipment Leaks and Wastewater Systems - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart GGG and Subpart QQQ; (n) Synthetic Fiber Production - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart HHH; (o) Petroleum Dry Cleaners - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart JJJ; (p) Onshore Natural Gas Processing Plants - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart KKK; (q) SOCMI Equipment Leaks, Air Oxidation Units, Distillation Operations and Reactor Processes - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart VV, Subpart III, Subpart NNN and Subpart RRR; (r) Magnetic Tape Coating - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart SSS; (s) Industrial Surface Coatings - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart TTT; and (t) Polymeric Coatings of Supporting Substrates Facilities - 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart VVV.

Appendix I SOLVENT MANAGEMENT PLAN Introduction 1. This Appendix to the Annex on limit values for emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from stationary sources provides guidance on carrying out a solvent management plan.

It identifies the principles to be applied (paragraph (2)), provides a framework for the mass balance (paragraph (3)) and provides an indication of the requirements for verification of compliance (paragraph (4)).

Principles 2. The solvent management plan serves the following purposes: (a) verification of compliance, as specified in the Annex; (b) identification of future reduction options.

Definitions 3. The following definitions provide a framework for the mass balance exercise: (a) Inputs of organic solvents:

I1. The quantity of organic solvents or their quantity in preparations purchased that are used as input into the process in the time-frame over which the mass balance is being calculated.

I2. The quantity of organic solvents or their quantity in preparations recovered and reused as solvent input into the process. (The recycled solvent is counted every time it is used to carry out the activity.) (b) Outputs of organic solvents:

O1. Emission of NMVOCs in waste gases.

O2. Organic solvents lost in water, if appropriate taking into account waste-water treatment when calculating O5.

O3. The quantity of organic solvents that remains as contamination or residue in output of products from the process.

O4. Uncaptured emissions of organic solvents to air. This includes the general ventilation of rooms, where air is released to the outside environment via windows, doors, vents and similar openings.

O5. Organic solvents and/or organic compounds lost due to chemical or physical reactions (including, for example, those that are destroyed, e.g. by incineration or other waste-gas or waste-water treatments, or captured, e.g. by adsorption, as long as they are not counted under O6, O7 or O8).

O6. Organic solvents contained in collected waste.

O7. Organic solvents, or organic solvents contained in preparations, that are sold or are intended to be sold as a commercially valuable product.

O8. Organic solvents contained in preparations recovered for reuse but not as input into the process, as long as they are not counted under O7.

O9. Organic solvents released in other ways.

Guidance on use of the solvent management plan for verification of compliance 4. The use of the solvent management plan will be determined by the particular requirement which is to be verified, as follows: (a) Verification of compliance with the reduction option mentioned in paragraph (6)(a) of the Annex, with a total limit value expressed in solvent emissions per unit product, or as otherwise stated in the Annex. (i) For all activities using the reduction option mentioned in paragraph (6)(a) of the Annex, the solvent management plan should be put into effect annually to determine consumption. Consumption can be calculated by means of the following equation: >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> A parallel exercise should also be undertaken to determine solids used in coating in order to derive the annual reference emission and the target emission each year; (ii) for assessing compliance with a total limit value expressed in solvent emissions per unit product or as otherwise stated in the Annex, the solvent management plan should be put into effect annually to determine emission of NMVOCs. Emission of NMVOCs can be calculated by means of the following equation: >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> Where F is the fugitive emission of NMVOC as defined in subparagraph (b)(i) below. The emission figure should be divided by the relevant product parameter; (b) Determination of fugitive emission of NMVOCs for comparison with fugitive emission values in the Annex: (i) Methodology: The fugitive emission of NMVOC can be calculated by means of the following equation: >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> or >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> This quantity can be determined by direct measurement of the quantities. Alternatively, an equivalent calculation can be made by other means, for instance by using the capture efficiency of the process.

The fugitive emission value is expressed as a proportion of the input, which can be calculated by means of the following equation: >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> (ii) Frequency: Fugitive emission of NMVOCs can be determined by a short but comprehensive set of measurements. This need not to be done again until the equipment is modified.

Appendix II REDUCTION SCHEME Principles 1. The purpose of the reduction scheme is to allow the operator the possibility to achieve by other means emission reductions equivalent to those achieved if the limit values were to be applied. To that end the operator may use any reduction scheme specially designed for his installation, provided that in the end an equivalent emission reduction is achieved. Parties shall report on progress in achieving the same emission reduction, including experience with the application of the reduction scheme.

Practice 2. If applying coatings, varnishes, adhesives or inks, the following scheme can be used. Where it is inappropriate, the competent authority may allow an operator to apply any alternative exemption scheme which it is satisfied fulfils the principles outlined here.

The design of the scheme takes into account the following facts: (a) where substitutes containing little or no solvent are still under development, a time extension must be given to the operator to implement his emission reduction plans; (b) the reference point for emission reductions should correspond as closely as possible to the emissions that would have resulted had no reduction action been taken.

ANNEX VII TIMESCALES UNDER ARTICLE 3 1. The timescales for the application of the limit values referred to in Article 3(2) and (3), shall be: (a) for new stationary sources, one year after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for the Party in question; (b) for existing stationary sources: (i) in the case of a Party that is not a country with an economy in transition, one year after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol or 31 December 2007, whichever is the later; (ii) in the case of a Party that is a country with an economy in transition, eight years after the entry into force of the present Protocol.

This timescale shall not apply to a Party to the present Protocol to the extent that that Party is subject to a shorter timescale with regard to gas oil under the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions.

ANNEX VIII LIMIT VALUES FOR FUELS AND NEW MOBILE SOURCES INTRODUCTION 1. Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America Passenger cars and light-duty vehicles 4. Limit values for power-driven vehicles with at least four wheels and used for the carriage of passengers (category M) and goods (category N) are given in Table 1.

Heavy-duty vehicles 5. Limit values for engines for heavy-duty vehicles are given in Tables 2 and 3 depending on the applicable test procedures.

Motorcycles and mopeds 6. Limit values for motorcycles and mopeds are given in Table 6 and Table 7.

Non-road vehicles and machines 7. Limit values for agricultural and forestry tractors and other non-road vehicle/machine engines are listed in Tables 4 and 5. Stage I (Table 4) is based on ECE Regulation 96, "Uniform provisions concerning the approval of compression-ignition (CI) engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors with regard to the emissions of pollutants by the engine".

Fuel quality 8. Environmental quality specifications for petrol and diesel are given in Tables 8 to 11.

Table 1. Limit values for passenger cars and light-duty vehicles >TABLE POSITION> Table 2. Limit values for heavy-duty vehicles - European steady-state cycle (ESC) and European load-response (ELR) tests >TABLE POSITION> Table 3. Limit values for heavy-duty vehicles - European transient cycle (ETC) test((The conditions for verifying the acceptability of the ETC tests when measuring the emissions of gas-fuelled engines against the limit values applicable in row A shall be re-examined and, where necessary, modified in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13 of Directive 70/156/EEC.)) >TABLE POSITION> Table 4. Limit values (stage I) for diesel engines for non-road mobile machines (measurement procedure ISO 8178) >TABLE POSITION> Note:

These limits are engine-out limits and shall be achieved before any exhaust after-treatment service.

Table 5. Limit values (stage II) for diesel engines for non-road mobile machines (measurement procedure ISO 8178) >TABLE POSITION> Table 6. Limit values for motorcycles and three- and four-wheelers ( > 50 cm3; > 45 km/h) to be applied from 17 June 1999((Type approval shall be refused as from the given date if the vehicle's emissions do not meet the limit values.)) >TABLE POSITION> Note:

For three- and four-wheelers, the limit values have to be multiplied by 1,5.

Table 7. Limit values for mopeds (< = 50 cm3; < 45 km/h) >TABLE POSITION> Table 8. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped with positive-ignition engines Type: Petrol >TABLE POSITION> Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2000, petrol can be marketed within their territory only if it complies with the environmental specifications set out in Table 8. Where a Party determines that banning petrol with a sulphur content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 8, but does not exceed the current content, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their manufacturing facilities by 1 January 2000, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until 1 January 2003 at the latest. In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present written information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

Table 9. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped with compression-ignition engines Type: Diesel fuel >TABLE POSITION> Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2000, diesel fuel can be marketed within their territory only if it complies with the environmental specifications set out in Table 9. Where a Party determines that banning diesel fuel with a sulphur content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 9, but does not exceed the current content, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their manufacturing facilities by 1 January 2000, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until 1 January 2003 at the latest. In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present written information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

Table 10. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped with positive-ignition engines Type: Petrol >TABLE POSITION> Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2005, petrol can be marketed within their territory only if it complies with the environmental specifications set out in Table 10. Where a Party determines that banning petrol with a sulphur content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 10, but does comply with Table 8, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their manufacturing facilities by 1 January 2005, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until 1 January 2007 at the latest.

In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present written information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

Table 11. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped with compression-ignition engines Type: Diesel fuel >TABLE POSITION> Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2005, diesel fuel can be marketed within their territory only if it complies with the environmental specifications set out in Table 11. Where a Party determines that banning diesel fuel with a sulphur content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 11, but does comply with Table 9, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their manufacturing facilities by 1 January 2005, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until 1 January 2007 at the latest. In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present written information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

B. Canada 9. New vehicle emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles, heavy-duty engines and motorcycles: Motor Vehicle Safety Act (and successor legislation), Schedule V of the Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations: Vehicle Emissions (Standard 1100), SOR/97-376, (28 July, 1997), as amended from time to time.

C. United States of America 13. Implementation of a mobile source emission control programme for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks and fuels to the extent required by sections 202(a), 202(g) and 202(h) of the Clean Air Act, as implemented through: (a) 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 80, Subpart D - Reformulated Gasoline; (b) 40 C.F.R. Part 86, Subpart A - General Provisions for Emission Regulations; (c) 40 C.F.R. Part 80, section 80.29 - Controls and Prohibitions on Diesel Fuel Quality.

ANNEX IX MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF EMISSIONS OF AMMONIA FROM AGRICULTURAL SOURCES 1. The Parties that are subject to obligations in Article 3(8)(a), shall take the measures set out in this Annex.

A. Advisory code of good agricultural practice 3. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall establish, publish and disseminate an advisory code of good agricultural practice to control ammonia emissions. The code shall take into account the specific conditions within the territory of the Party and shall include provisions on:

Parties should give a title to the code with a view to avoiding confusion with other codes of guidance.

B. Urea and ammonium carbonate fertilisers 4. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall take such steps as are feasible to limit ammonia emissions from the use of solid fertilisers based on urea.

C. Manure application 6. Each Party shall ensure that low-emission slurry application techniques (as listed in guidance document V adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto) that have been shown to reduce emissions by at least 30 % compared to the reference specified in that guidance document are used as far as the Party in question considers them applicable, taking account of local soil and geomorphological conditions, slurry type and farm structure. The timescales for the application of these measures shall be: 31 December 2009 for Parties with economies in transition and 31 December 2007 for other Parties(1).

D. Manure storage 8. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall use for new slurry stores on large pig and poultry farms of 2000 fattening pigs or 750 sows or 40000 poultry, low-emission storage systems or techniques that have been shown to reduce emissions by 40 % or more compared to the reference (as listed in the guidance document referred to in paragraph (6)), or other systems or techniques with a demonstrably equivalent efficiency(2).

The timescales for the application of these measures shall be: 31 December 2009 for Parties with economies in transition and 31 December 2007 for all other Parties(4).

E. Animal housing 10. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall use, for new animal housing on large pig and poultry farms of 2000 fattening pigs or 750 sows or 40000 poultry, housing systems which have been shown to reduce emissions by 20 % or more compared to the reference (as listed in the guidance document referred to in paragraph (6)), or other systems or techniques with a demonstrably equivalent efficiency(5).

Applicability may be limited for animal welfare reasons, for instance in straw-based systems for pigs and aviary and free-range systems for poultry.