Lag (2005:456) om skatteavtal mellan Sverige och Nigeria

Lag (2005:456) om skatteavtal mellan Sverige och Nigeria SFS nr: 2005:456 Departement/myndighet: Finansdepartementet S3 Utfärdad: 2005-06-09 Omtryck: Ändrad: t.o.m. SFS 2014:1365 Övrig text: Källa: Regeringskansliet / Lagrummet 1 § Det avtal för undvikande av dubbelbeskattning och förhindrande av skatteflykt beträffande skatter på inkomst och på kapitalvinst som Konungariket Sverige och Federala Republiken Nigeria undertecknade den 18 november 2004 skall gälla som lag här i landet. Avtalet är avfattat på engelska språket. Den engelska texten och en svensk översättning av avtalet framgår av bilaga till denna lag. 2 § Avtalets beskattningsregler skall tillämpas endast till den del dessa medför inskränkning av den skattskyldighet i Sverige som annars skulle föreligga. 3 § Har utgått genom lag (2011:1416). 4 § Oberoende av bestämmelserna i artikel 8 i avtalet skall inkomst som förvärvas av en person med hemvist i Nigeria genom användning av skepp eller luftfartyg i internationell trafik inte beskattas i Sverige. Övergångsbestämmelser 2005:456 1. Denna lag träder i kraft den dag regeringen bestämmer. 2. Denna lag skall tillämpas a) beträffande källskatter, på inkomst som betalas eller tillgodoförs den 1 januari året efter det år då lagen träder i kraft eller senare, och b) beträffande andra skatter, på beskattningsår som börjar den 1 januari året efter det år då lagen träder i kraft eller senare. Bilaga (Översättning) Agreement between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital gains The Government of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, desiring to conclude an Agreement for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital gains, have agreed as follows: Article 1 Persons covered This Agreement shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States. Article 2 Taxes covered 1. This Agreement shall apply to taxes on income and on capital gains imposed on behalf of a Contracting State or of its political subdivisions or local authorities, irrespective of the manner in which they are levied. 2. There shall be regarded as taxes on income and on capital gains all taxes imposed on total income, or on elements of income, including taxes on gains from the alienation of movable or immovable property, as well as taxes on capital appreciation. 3. The existing taxes to which this Agreement shall apply are: (a) in Nigeria: (i) the Personal Income Tax; (ii) the Companies Income Tax; (iii) the Petroleum Profits Tax; (iv) the Capital Gains Tax; and (v) the Education Tax; (hereinafter referred to as "Nigerian tax"); (b) in Sweden: (i) the national income tax (den statliga inkomstskatten); (ii) the withholding tax on dividends (kupongskatten); (iii) the income tax on non-residents (den särskilda inkomstskatten för utomlands bosatta); (iv) the income tax on non-resident artistes and athletes (den särskilda inkomstskatten för utomlands bosatta artister m.fl.); and (v) the municipal income tax (den kommunala inkomstskatten); (hereinafter referred to as "Swedish tax"). 4. The Agreement shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed after the date of signature of the Agreement in addition to, or in place of, the taxes referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any significant changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws. Article 3 General definitions 1. For the purposes of this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires: (a) the term "Nigeria" means the Federal Republic of Nigeria including any area outside the territorial waters of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which in accordance with international law has been or may hereafter be designated, under the laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria concerning the continental shelf, as an area within which the rights of the Federal Republic of Nigeria with respect to the sea-bed and subsoil and their natural resources may be exercised; (b) the term "Sweden" means the Kingdom of Sweden and, when used in a geographical sense, includes the national territory, the territorial sea of Sweden as well as other maritime areas over which Sweden in accordance with international law exercises sovereign rights or jurisdiction; (c) the terms "a Contracting State" and "the other Contracting State" mean Nigeria or Sweden, as the context requires; (d) the term "person" includes an individual, a company and any other body of persons; (e) the term "company" means any body corporate or any entity that is treated as a body corporate for tax purposes; (f) the term "enterprise" applies to the carrying on of any business; (g) the terms "enterprise of a Contracting State" and "enterprise of the other Contracting State" mean respectively an enterprise carried on by a resident of a Contracting State and an enterprise carried on by a resident of the other Contracting State; (h) the term "competent authority" means: (i) in Nigeria, the Minister of Finance or his authorised representative; (ii) in Sweden, the Minister of Finance, his authorised representative or the authority which is designated as a competent authority for the purposes of this Agreement; (i) the term "international traffic" means any transport by a ship or aircraft operated by an enterprise of a Contracting State, except when the ship or aircraft is operated solely between places in the other Contracting State; (j) the term "national" means: (i) any individual possessing the citizenship or nationality of a Contracting State; (ii) any legal person, partnership, association or other entity deriving its status as such from the laws in force in a Contracting State; (k) the term "business" includes the performance of professional services and of other activities of an independent character. 2. As regards the application of this Agreement at any time by a Contracting State, any term not defined therein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning that it has at that time under the law of that State for the purposes of the taxes to which the Agreement applies, any meaning under the applicable tax laws of that State prevailing over a meaning given to the term under other laws of that State. Article 4 Resident 1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "resident of a Contracting State" means any person who, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of management, place of incorporation or any other criterion of a similar nature, and also includes that State, any governmental body or agency, political subdivision or local authority thereof. This term, however, does not include any person who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State or capital situated therein. 2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then his status shall be determined as follows: (a) he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State in which he has a permanent home available to him; if he has a permanent home available to him in both States, he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State with which his personal and economic relations are closer (centre of vital interests); (b) if the State in which he has his centre of vital interests cannot be determined, or if he has not a permanent home available to him in either State, he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State in which he has an habitual abode; (c) if he has an habitual abode in both States or in neither of them, he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State of which he is a national; (d) if he is a national of both States or of neither of them, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to settle the question by mutual agreement. 3. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article a person other than an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to settle the question by mutual agreement. Article 5 Permanent establishment 1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "permanent establishment" means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. 2. The term "permanent establishment" includes especially: (a) a place of management; (b) a branch; (c) an office; (d) a factory; (e) a workshop; (f) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources; (g) a building site, a construction, assembly or installation project or supervisory activities in connection therewith, but only if such site, project or activities last more than six months; and (h) the furnishing of services, including consultancy services, by an enterprise through employees or other personnel engaged by the enterprise for such purpose, but only if activities of that nature continue (for the same or a connected project) within a Contracting State for a period or periods aggregating more than six months within any twelve-month period. 3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term "permanent establishment" shall be deemed not to include: (a) the use of facilities solely for the purpose of storage or display of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise; (b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage or display; (c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise; (d) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise or of collecting information, for the enterprise; (e) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, any other activity of a preparatory or auxiliary character; (f) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for any combination of activities mentioned in sub-paragraphs (a) to (e) of this paragraph, provided that the overall activity of the fixed place of business resulting from this combination is of a preparatory or auxiliary character. 4. The term "permanent establishment" shall include a fixed place of business used as a sales outlet notwithstanding the fact that such fixed place of business is otherwise maintained for any of the activities mentioned in paragraph 3 of this Article. 5. An enterprise of a Contracting State shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State merely because it carries on business in that other State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, provided that such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business. 6. A person, other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 5 of this Article applies, who acts in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise of the other Contracting State shall, unless the activities of such person are limited to those mentioned in paragraph 3 of this Article which, if exercised through a fixed place of business, would not make this fixed place of business a permanent establishment under the provisions of that paragraph, be deemed to be a permanent establishment of that enterprise in the first- mentioned State if: (a) he has, and habitually exercises in that State, an authority to conclude contracts or carries on any business activities on behalf of the enterprise, or (b) he habitually secures orders for the sales of goods or merchandise in that State exclusively or almost exclusively on behalf of the enterprise or other enterprises controlled by it or which have a controlling interest in it. 7. The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise) shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other. Article 6 Income from immovable property 1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State from immovable property (including income from agriculture or forestry) situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 2. The term "immovable property" shall have the meaning which it has under the law of the Contracting State in which the property in question is situated. The term shall in any case include property accessory to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture and forestry, rights to which the provisions of general law respecting landed property apply, buildings, usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments as consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits, sources and other natural resources; ships, boats and aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property. 3. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall apply to income derived from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of immovable property. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 of this Article shall also apply to the income from immovable property of an enterprise. Article 7 Business profits 1. The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to: (a) that permanent establishment; (b) sales in that other State of goods or merchandise of the same or similar kind as those sold through that permanent establishment; or (c) other business activities carried on in that other State of the same or similar kind as those effected through that permanent establishment. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment. 3. In determining the profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses which are shown to have been incurred for the purposes of the business of the permanent establishment, including executive and general administrative expenses so incurred, whether in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere. However, no such deduction shall be allowed in respect of amounts, if any, paid (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices, by way of royalties, fees or other similar payments in return for the use of patents or other rights, or by way of commission, for specific services performed or for management, or, except in the case of a banking enterprise, by way of interest on moneys lent to the permanent establishment. Likewise, no account shall be taken, in the determination of the profits of a permanent establishment, for amounts charged (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices, by way of royalties, fees or other similar payments in return for the use of patents or other rights, or by way of commission for specific services performed or for management, or, except in the case of a banking enterprise, by way of interest on moneys lent to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices. 4. No profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise. Provided that where that permanent establishment is also used as a sales outlet for the goods or merchandise so purchased the profits on such sales may be attributed to that permanent establishment. For the purpose of this paragraph sales outlet shall be deemed to have the same meaning as in paragraph 4 of Article 5. 5. For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs, the profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary. 6. Where profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Agreement, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article. Article 8 Shipping and air transport 1. A resident of a Contracting State shall on reciprocal basis be exempt from tax in the other Contracting State in respect of profits or gains derived from the operations of ships or aircraft in international traffic. 2. With respect to profits derived by the air transport consortium Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall apply only to such part of the profits as corresponds to the participation held in that consortium by SAS Sverige AB, the Swedish partner of SAS. 3. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall also apply to profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business or an international operating agency. Article 9 Associated enterprises 1. Where: (a) an enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, or (b) the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State, and in either case conditions are made or imposed between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which would be made between independent enterprises, then any profits which would, but for those conditions, have accrued to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly. 2. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that State - and taxes accordingly - profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other State and the profits so included are profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of the tax charged therein on those profits. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Agreement and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall if necessary consult each other. Article 10 Dividends 1. Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 2. However, such dividends may also be taxed in the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the dividends is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed: (a) 7.5 per cent of the gross amount of the dividends if the beneficial owner is a company (other than a partnership) which holds directly at least 10 per cent of the capital of the company paying the dividends; (b) 10 per cent of the gross amount of the dividends in all other cases. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may by mutual agreement settle the mode of application of these limitations. This paragraph shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid. 3. The term "dividends" as used in this Article means income from shares or other rights, not being debt-claims, participating in profits, as well as income from other corporate rights which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by the laws of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein and the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment. In such case the provisions of Article 7 shall apply. 5. Where a company which is a resident of a Contracting State derives profits or income from the other Contracting State, that other State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by the company, except insofar as such dividends are paid to a resident of that other State or insofar as the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with a permanent establishment situated in that other State, nor subject the company's undistributed profits to a tax on the company's undistributed profits, even if the dividends paid or the undistributed profits consist wholly or partly of profits or income arising in such other State. 6. The provisions of this Article shall not apply if the right giving rise to the dividend was created or assigned mainly for the purpose of taking advantage of this Article and not for bona-fide commercial reasons. Article 11 Interest 1. Interest arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 2. However, such interest may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which it arises, and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the interest is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed 7.5 per cent of the gross amount of the interest. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may by mutual agreement settle the mode of application of this limitation. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, interest mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be taxable only in the Contracting State where the beneficial owner of the interest is a resident if one of the following requirements is fulfilled: (a) the recipient of the interest is the Contracting State itself, a statutory body, a political subdivision, a local authority thereof or any other agency or instrumentality thereof; or (b) the interest is paid in respect of a loan which has been guaranteed by the Government of the Contracting State where the payer of the interest is a resident; or (c) in the case of Sweden, the interest is paid in respect of a loan granted or guaranteed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the Swedish Export Credit Corporation (SEK), Swedfund International AB, the Swedish Export Credits Guarantee Board (Exportkreditnämnden) or any other institution of a public character with the objective to promote exports or development. 4. The term "interest" as used in this Article means income from debt claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage and whether or not carrying a right to participate in the debtor's profits, and in particular, income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures, including premiums and prizes attaching to such securities, bonds or debentures. Penalty charges for late payment shall not be regarded as interest for the purpose of this Article. 5. The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the interest, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the interest arises, through a permanent establishment situated therein and the debt-claim in respect of which the interest is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment. In such case the provisions of Article 7 shall apply. 6. Interest shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment in connection with which the indebtedness on which the interest is paid was incurred, and such interest is borne by such permanent establishment, then such interest shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated. 7. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest, having regard to the debt- claim for which it is paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Agreement. 8. The provisions of this Article shall not apply if the right or property giving rise to the interest was created or assigned mainly for the purpose of taking advantage of this Article and not for bona-fide commercial reasons. Article 12 Royalties 1. Royalties arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 2. However, such royalties may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the royalties is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed 7.5 per cent of the gross amount of the royalties. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may by mutual agreement settle the mode of application of this limitation. 3. The term "royalties" as used in this Article means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work including cinematograph films and films or tapes for radio or television broadcasting, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or for the use of, or the right to use industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the royalties, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the royalties arise, through a permanent establishment situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the royalties are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment. In such case the provisions of Article 7 shall apply. 5. Royalties shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and such royalties are borne by such permanent establishment, then such royalties shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated. 6. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties, having regard to the use, right or information for which they are paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last- mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Agreement. 7. The provisions of this Article shall not apply if the right or property giving rise to the royalties was created or assigned mainly for the purpose of taking advantage of this Article and not for bona-fide commercial reasons. Article 13 Capital gains 1. Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of immovable property referred to in Article 6 and situated in the other Contracting State, or from the alienation of shares in a company the assets of which consist principally of such property, may be taxed in that other State. 2. Gains from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or with the whole enterprise), may be taxed in that other State. 3. Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of ships or aircraft operated in international traffic or movable property pertaining to the operation of such ships or aircraft, shall be taxable only in that State. With respect to gains derived by the air transport consortium Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), the provisions of this paragraph shall apply only to such part of the gains as corresponds to the participation held in that consortium by SAS Sverige AB, the Swedish partner of SAS. 4. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of shares in a company shall be taxable only in that State except if the alienator is an individual who has been a resident of the other Contracting State and who has become a resident of the first-mentioned Contracting State. In such case the gains may be taxed in the other Contracting State but only if the company, which shares are being alienated, is a resident of that other State and if the alienation of the shares occurs at any time during the ten years next following the date on which the individual has ceased to be a resident of that other State. Article 14 Income from employment 1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 15, 17 and 18, salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other State. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State if: (a) the recipient is present in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any twelve- month period commencing or ending in the fiscal year concerned; and (b) the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of the other State; and (c) the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment which the employer has in the other State. 3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration derived in respect of an employment exercised aboard a ship or aircraft operated in international traffic by an enterprise of a Contracting State may be taxed in that State. Where a resident of Sweden derives remuneration in respect of an employment exercised aboard an aircraft operated in international traffic by the air transport consortium Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), such remuneration shall be taxable only in Sweden. Article 15 Directors' fees Directors' fees and other similar payments derived by a resident of a Contracting State in his capacity as a member of the board of directors of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. Article 16 Artistes and sportspersons 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 14, income derived by a resident of a Contracting State as an artiste, such as a theatre, motion picture, radio or television artiste, or a musician, or as a sportsperson, from his personal activities as such exercised in the other Contracting State, may be taxed in that other State. 2. Where income in respect of personal activities exercised by an artiste or a sportsperson in his capacity as such accrues not to the artiste or sportsperson himself but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7 and 14, be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the artiste or sportsperson are exercised. Article 17 Pensions, annuities and similar payments 1. Pensions and other similar remuneration, disbursements under the Social Security legislation and annuities arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in the first-mentioned Contracting State. 2. The term "annuity" means a stated sum payable periodically at stated times during life or during a specified or ascertainable period of time under an obligation to make the payments in return for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth. Article 18 Government service 1. (a) Salaries, wages and other remuneration, other than a pension, paid by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or a local authority thereof to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or subdivision or authority shall be taxable only in that State. (b) However, such salaries, wages and other remuneration shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the services are rendered in that other State and the individual is a resident of that State who: (i) is a national of that State; or (ii) did not become a resident of that State solely for the purpose of rendering the services. 2. The provisions of Articles 14, 15 and 16 shall apply to remuneration in respect of services rendered in connection with a business carried on by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or a local authority thereof. Article 19 Students and trainees Payments which a student or business trainee or apprentice who is or was immediately before visiting a Contracting State a resident of the other Contracting State and who is present in the first-mentioned State solely for the purpose of his education or training receives for the purpose of his maintenance, education or training shall not be taxed in that State, provided that such payments arise from sources outside that State. Article 20 Teachers and researchers 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 14, a professor or teacher who visits a Contracting State for the purpose of teaching or research at a university or any other similarly recognized educational institution in that State and who, immediately before that visit, was a resident of the other Contracting State shall be exempt from tax in the first- mentioned State in respect of any remuneration for such teaching and research for a period not exceeding one year from the date of his first arrival in the first-mentioned State for such purposes, provided that such remuneration is derived by him from sources in the other Contracting State. 2. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to income from research if such research is undertaken not in the public interest but wholly or mainly for the benefit of a specific person or persons. Article 21 Other income 1. Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State, wherever arising, not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Agreement shall be taxable only in that State. 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to income, other than income from immovable property as defined in paragraph 2 of Article 6, if the recipient of such income, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the income is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment. In such case the provisions of Article 7 shall apply. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, items of income of a resident of a Contracting State not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Agreement and arising in the other Contracting State may also be taxed in that other State. Article 22 Elimination of double taxation 1. In the case of Nigeria: Subject to the provisions of the laws of Nigeria regarding the allowance as a credit against Nigerian tax of tax payable in a territory outside Nigeria (which shall not affect the general principle thereof) Swedish tax payable under the laws of Sweden and in accordance with this Agreement, whether directly or by deduction, on profits, income or chargeable gains from sources within Sweden (excluding in the case of a dividend, tax payable in respect of the profits out of which dividend is paid) shall be allowed as a credit against any Nigerian tax computed by reference to the same profits, income or chargeable gains by reference to which Swedish tax is computed. 2. In the case of Sweden: (a) Where a resident of Sweden derives income which under the laws of Nigeria and in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement may be taxed in Nigeria, Sweden shall allow - subject to the provisions of the laws of Sweden concerning credit for foreign tax (as it may be amended from time to time without changing the general principle hereof) - as a deduction from the tax on such income, an amount equal to the Nigerian tax paid in respect of such income. (b) Where a resident of Sweden derives income which, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, shall be taxable only in Nigeria, Sweden may, when determining the graduated rate of Swedish tax, take into account the income which shall be taxable only in Nigeria. (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, dividends paid by a company which is a resident of Nigeria to a company which is a resident of Sweden shall be exempt from Swedish tax according to the provisions of Swedish laws governing the exemption of tax on dividends paid to Swedish companies by companies abroad. (d) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, when a Swedish company has a permanent establishment in Nigeria, the term "Nigerian tax paid" shall be deemed to include the Nigerian tax which would have been paid but for any reduction or time-limited exemption of tax granted under incentive provisions contained in Nigerian laws designed to promote economic development to the extent that such exemption or reduction is granted for profits from the export of Nigerian products, the mining industry, the installation, operation or maintenance of fixed or mobile telecommunication systems and related equipment, industrial and manufacturing activities, oil and gas industry as well as agriculture and tourism (including restaurants and hotels), provided that the activities have been carried out in Nigeria. For the purpose of sub-paragraph (c) of this paragraph, a tax of 15 per cent shall be considered to have been paid for such activities under those conditions mentioned in the previous sentence. (e) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph the Nigerian tax paid in respect of royalties received as a consideration for the use of any patent, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience, shall, where it has been used in the export of Nigerian products, the mining industry, the installation, operation or maintenance of fixed or mobile telecommunication systems and related equipment, industrial and manufacturing activities, oil and gas industry as well as agriculture and tourism (including restaurants and hotels), provided that the activities have been carried out in Nigeria, in addition to the Nigerian tax actually paid be considered to have been paid with an additional amount of 5 per cent, or if no such tax has been charged be considered to have been paid with 5 per cent, of the gross amount of such royalties. (f) The provisions of sub-paragraphs (d) and (e) shall apply only for the first ten years during which this Agreement is effective. This period may be extended by a mutual agreement between the competent authorities. Article 23 Non-discrimination 1. Nationals of a Contracting State shall not be subjected in the other Contracting State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith, which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which nationals of that other State in the same circumstances are or may be subjected. This provision shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 1, also apply to persons who are not residents of one or both of the Contracting States. 2. The taxation on a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State shall not be less favourably levied in that other State than the taxation levied on enterprises of that other State carrying on the same activities. This provision shall not be construed as obliging a Contracting State to grant to residents of the other Contracting State any personal allowances, reliefs or reductions for taxation purposes on account of civil status or family responsibilities which it grants to its own residents. 3. Except where the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 9, paragraph 7 of Article 11, or paragraph 6 of Article 12, apply, interest, royalties and other disbursements paid by an enterprise of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State shall, for the purpose of determining the taxable profits of such enterprise, be deductible under the same conditions as if they had been paid to a resident of the first-mentioned State. 4. Enterprises of a Contracting State, the capital of which is wholly or partly owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more residents of the other Contracting State, shall not be subject in the first-mentioned State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which other similar enterprises of the first-mentioned State are or may be subjected. 5. The provisions of this Article shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 2, apply to taxes of every kind and description. Article 24 Mutual agreement procedure 1. Where a person considers that the actions of one or both of the Contracting States result or will result for him in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, he may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those States, present his case to the competent authority of the Contracting State of which he is a resident or, if his case comes under paragraph 1 of Article 23, to that of the Contracting State of which he is a national. The case must be presented within six years from the first notification of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement. 2. The competent authority shall endeavour, if the objection appears to it to be justified and if it is not itself able to arrive at a satisfactory solution, to resolve the case by mutual agreement with the competent authority of the other Contracting State, with a view to the avoidance of taxation which is not in accordance with the Agreement. Any agreement reached shall be implemented notwithstanding any time limits in the domestic law of the Contracting States. 3. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to resolve by mutual agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the interpretation or application of the Agreement. They may also consult together for the elimination of double taxation in cases not provided for in the Agreement. 4. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may communicate with each other directly for the purpose of reaching an agreement in the sense of the preceding paragraphs. Article 25 Exchange of information 1. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall exchange such information as is necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Agreement or of the domestic laws concerning taxes of every kind and description imposed on behalf of the Contracting States, or of their political subdivisions or local authorities, insofar as the taxation thereunder is not contrary to the Agreement. The exchange of information is not restricted by Articles 1 and 2. Any information received by a Contracting State shall be treated as secret in the same manner as information obtained under the domestic laws of that State and shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) concerned with the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of, or the determination of appeals in relation to the taxes referred to in the first sentence. Such persons or authorities shall use the information only for such purposes. They may disclose the information in public court proceedings or in judicial decisions. The competent authorities may through consultation, develop appropriate conditions, methods and techniques concerning the matters in respect of which such exchanges of information shall be made including, where appropriate, exchanges of information regarding tax avoidance. 2. In no case shall the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article be construed so as to impose on a Contracting State the obligation: (a) to carry out administrative measures at variance with the laws and administrative practice of that or of the other Contracting State; (b) to supply information which is not obtainable under the laws or in the normal course of the administration of that or of the other Contracting State; (c) to supply information which would disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret or trade process, or information, the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy (ordre public). Article 26 Limitations on benefits Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, where: (a) a company that is a resident of a Contracting State derives its income primarily from other States (i) from activities such as banking, shipping, financing or insurance or (ii) from being the headquarters, co-ordination centre or similar entity providing administrative services or other support to a group of companies which carry on business primarily in other States; and (b) such income would bear a significantly lower tax under the laws of that State than income from similar activities carried out within that State or from being the headquarters, co- ordination centre or similar entity providing administrative services or other support to a group of companies which carry on business in that State, as the case may be, any provisions of this Agreement conferring an exemption or a reduction of tax shall not apply to the income of such company or to the dividends paid by such company. Article 27 Members of diplomatic missions and consular posts Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the fiscal privileges of members of diplomatic missions and consular posts under the general rules of international law or under the provisions of special agreements. Article 28 Entry into force 1. Each of the Contracting States shall notify the other of the completion of the procedures required by its laws for the entry into force of this Agreement. 2. The Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the receipt of the later of these notifications and shall thereupon have effect: (a) in Nigeria: (i) in respect of withholding tax on income and taxes on capital gains derived by a non-resident, in relation to income and capital gains derived on or after the first day of January in the calendar year immediately following that in which the Agreement enters into force; (ii) in respect of other taxes, in relation to income of any basis period beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year immediately following that in which the Agreement enters into force; (b) in Sweden: (i) in respect of taxes withheld at source, for amounts paid or credited on or after the first day of January of the year next following the date on which the Agreement enters into force; (ii) in respect of other taxes on income and on capital gains, on taxes chargeable for any tax year beginning on or after the first day of January of the year next following the date on which the Agreement enters into force. Article 29 Termination This Agreement shall remain in force until terminated by a Contracting State. Either Contracting State may terminate the Agreement, through diplomatic channels, by giving written notice of termination at least six months before the end of any calendar year. In such case, the Agreement shall cease to have effect: (a) in Nigeria: (i) in respect of withholding tax on income and taxes on capital gains derived by a non-resident, in relation to income and capital gains derived on or after the first day of January in the calendar year immediately following the end of the six- month period; (ii) in respect of other taxes, in relation to income of any basis period beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year immediately following the end of the six- month period; (b) in Sweden: (i) in respect of taxes withheld at source, for amounts paid or credited on or after the first day of January of the year next following the end of the six-month period; (ii) in respect of other taxes on income and on capital gains, on income chargeable for any tax year beginning on or after the first day of January of the year next following the end of the six-month period. In witness whereof the undersigned being duly authorised thereto have signed this Agreement. Done at Stockholm, this 18th day of November, 2004, in duplicate in the English language. For the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden Thomas Östros For the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Alhaji Abubakar A. Tanko Protocol to the Agreement between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital gains At the moment of signing the Agreement for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital gains between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Contracting States have agreed that the following provisions shall form an integral part of the Agreement: Article 5 1. It is agreed that if any agreement or convention between Nigeria and a member state of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provides for a longer time period than any of those provided for in sub-paragraph (g) or (h) of paragraph 2 of Article 5 (either generally or in respect of specific activities), such longer time period or periods shall automatically apply (either generally or in respect of specific activities) if a resident of Nigeria carries on any such activities in Sweden or if a resident of Sweden carries on any such activities in Nigeria, under the same conditions as if such longer time period or periods had been specified in those sub-paragraphs. 2. It is agreed that if in any agreement or convention between Nigeria and a member state of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) signed after the signing of this Agreement the word "delivery" is included in a provision or provisions corresponding to sub-paragraph (a) or sub- paragraph (b) of paragraph 3 of Article 5, or both sub- paragraphs, sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) of paragraph 3 of Article 5 of this Agreement shall automatically be applied as if the word "delivery" had been so included from the same time when the agreement or convention between Nigeria and the third state becomes effective. Article 7 It is agreed that the provisions of sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) of paragraph 1 of Article 7 shall apply only where sales and business activities are effected directly by the enterprise in the other Contracting State through other outlets than the permanent establishment for the purpose of depleting the profits that would otherwise have been attributable to the permanent establishment and (i) the profits of the permanent establishment are not determined on the basis of the total amount received by the enterprise, but are determined on the basis of the remuneration which it is expected to make if it were a distinct and independent enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions; (ii) the profits of such permanent establishment are not determined on the basis of the total amount of the contract, but are determined on the basis of that part of the contract which is effectively carried out by the permanent establishment. Article 8 1. If the competent authorities of the Contracting States by mutual agreement conclude that profits are derived by a resident or residents of a Contracting State from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic to or from places in the other Contracting State and that such profits are not derived by a resident or residents of the other Contracting State from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic to or from places in the first-mentioned State, and that such situation has a permanent nature, then the condition of reciprocity envisaged in paragraph 1 of Article 8 for tax exemption is not met. In such case the tax charged shall not exceed 1 per cent of the earnings of the enterprise derived from the other Contracting State. For the purpose of the foregoing sentence, the term "earnings" means income derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the carriage of passengers, mail, livestock or goods boarded or loaded in the other Contracting State, less refunds and payments of wages and salaries of ground staff and excluding income derived from the carriage of passengers, mail, livestock or goods which are brought to that other State solely for transhipments or transfers. 2. If any agreement or convention for the avoidance of double taxation, or protocol thereto, or any other international arrangement concluded after the date of the signing of this Agreement between Nigeria and a third State provides for rates of taxation (including nil rates) on the profits derived from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic which are lower than the rate provided for under this Protocol, then the same lower rate shall apply under this Agreement and shall have effect from the latter of the dates of which this Agreement or the relevant convention, agreement, protocol or other international arrangement between Nigeria and a third state becomes effective. Articles 10, 11 and 12 In respect of paragraph 6 of Article 10, paragraph 8 of Article 11 and paragraph 7 of Article 12, it is agreed that when a Contracting State contemplates to deny benefits to a resident of the other Contracting State, the competent authorities should consult with each other. It is agreed that if any agreement or convention between Nigeria and a member state of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provides that Nigeria shall exempt from tax dividends, interest or royalties (either generally or in respect of specific categories of dividends, interest or royalties) arising in Nigeria, or limit the tax charged in Nigeria on such dividends, interest or royalties (either generally or in respect of specific categories of dividends, interest or royalties) to a rate lower than that provided for in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 2 of Article 10, paragraph 2 of Article 11 or paragraph 2 of Article 12 of the Agreement, such exemption or lower rate shall automatically apply to dividends, interest or royalties (either generally or in respect of those specific categories of dividends, interest or royalties) arising in Nigeria and beneficially owned by a resident of Sweden and dividends, interest or royalties (either generally or in respect of those specific categories of dividends, interest or royalties) arising in Sweden and beneficially owned by a resident of Nigeria, under the same conditions as if such exemption or lower rate had been specified in those sub-paragraph or paragraphs. In witness whereof the undersigned being duly authorised thereto have signed this Protocol. Done at Stockholm, this 18th day of November, 2004, in duplicate in the English language. For the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden Thomas Östros For the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Alhaji Abubakar A. Tanko Avtal mellan Konungariket Sverige och Federala Republiken Nigeria för undvikande av dubbelbeskattning och förhindrande av skatteflykt beträffande skatter på inkomst och på kapitalvinst Konungariket Sveriges regering och Federala Republiken Nigerias regering, som önskar ingå ett avtal för undvikande av dubbelbeskattning och förhindrande av skatteflykt beträffande skatter på inkomst och på kapitalvinst, har kommit överens om följande: Artikel 1 Personer på vilka avtalet tillämpas Detta avtal tillämpas på personer som har hemvist i en avtalsslutande stat eller i båda avtalsslutande staterna. Artikel 2 Skatter som omfattas av avtalet 1. Detta avtal tillämpas på skatter på inkomst och på kapitalvinst som påförs för en avtalsslutande stats, dess politiska underavdelningars eller lokala myndigheters räkning, oberoende av det sätt på vilket skatterna tas ut. 2. Med skatter på inkomst och på kapitalvinst förstås alla skatter som tas ut på inkomst i dess helhet, eller på delar av inkomst, däri inbegripet skatter på vinst på grund av överlåtelse av lös eller fast egendom samt skatter på värdestegring. 3. De för närvarande utgående skatter på vilka detta avtal tillämpas är: a) i Nigeria: 1) den personliga inkomstskatten, 2) bolagsskatten, 3) skatten på petroleumvinster, 4) skatten på kapitalvinster, och 5) utbildningsskatten, (i det följande benämnda "nigeriansk skatt"), b) i Sverige: 1) den statliga inkomstskatten, 2) kupongskatten, 3) den särskilda inkomstskatten för utomlands bosatta, 4) den särskilda inkomstskatten för utomlands bosatta artister m.fl., och 5) den kommunala inkomstskatten, (i det följande benämnda "svensk skatt"). 4. Avtalet tillämpas även på skatter av samma eller i huvudsak likartat slag, som efter undertecknandet av avtalet påförs vid sidan av eller i stället för de i punkt 3 i denna artikel nämnda skatterna. De behöriga myndigheterna i de avtalsslutande staterna skall meddela varandra de väsentliga ändringar som gjorts i respektive skattelagstiftning. Artikel 3 Allmänna definitioner 1. Om inte sammanhanget föranleder annat, har vid tillämpningen av detta avtal följande uttryck nedan angiven betydelse: a) " …