of the Constitution-Acts or decisions which alone can be made the subject-matter of the recourse-Executory acts as distinct from merely confirmatory of previous ones-Subsequent act confirmatory of a previous executory decision-No new inquiry on the basis of new factors intervening between the two-No recourse lies against the latter act-See further infra. Executory decisions-Confirmatory acts-Distinction-Test-See supra-Re-examination from the legal aspect only of a matter in relation to which an executory decision has already been reached-Does not amount to a new inquiry on the basis of new factors resulting in a new executory act or decision, but results only in a mere confirmatory act. Confirmatory acts-See supra. Acts or decisions-Within the ambit of Article 146.1 of the Constitution-Confirmatory acts of previous executory decisions-Recourse against the former not maintainable-See also supra. Administrative acts or decisions-Which alone can be challenged by the recourse
.1 of the Constitution-Confirmatory acts-Executory acts or decisions-Distinction-Test-See supra. This case was decided on a preliminary point taken by counsel for the Respondent to the effect that the act or decision dated May 13, 1968 challenged by this recourse, is merely confirmatory of an earlier decision dated October 21, 1967, and as such it cannot be made the subject of a recourse
of the Constitution; and that consequently, the recourse filed on May 21, 1968 is not maintainable. The facts are very shortly as follows: The Applicant who is a public officer was refused education grants for his children on the ground that when he was promoted some time in 1963 to the post of Foreman, 1st Grade, the offer made to him by the Public Service Commission stated expressly that in case he accepted the promotion he would not be entitled to an education grant. This refusal was communicated to the Applicant by letter dated October 21, 1967. To this letter the Applicant replied protesting by letter dated November 2, 1967 to which letter the Respondent replied by letter dated November 7, 1967, insisting on the said refusal. About six months later, on April 29, 1968 counsel for Applicant wrote to the Respondent whereby, after referring to the past correspondence he proceeded to state that his client was entitled to education grants in respect of both his sons and that the fact that the Applicant on his aforesaid promotion had signed a statement declaring that he would not be entitled to education grants, did not affect in the least his relevant right; Counsel relied in this respect on the first instance decision of this Court in Constantinides and The Republic
It is not at all the product of a new enquiry on the basis of new factors. It is a reply confirming the earlier executory decision which had been communicated to the Applicant by the letter of October 21, 1967. The position is clearly the same as that in a great number of cases in which the Greek Council of State has found that subsequent administrative action was merely confirmatory of a previous executory decision in that there had intervened between the two no new inquiry on the basis of new factors (see inter alia, case No. 21/66). The relevant principle governing the point is to be found in, inter alia the Conclusions from the Jurisprudence of the (Greek) Council of State 1929-1959 p. 241; and it has been, also, expounded in the Ktena case (infra).
of the Constitution, against the refusal to pay to the Applicant education grants in relation to the studies, in Greece, of his two sons-Theodoros and Andreas-counsel for the Respondent objected that the recourse was out of time,
.3, because it was not filed within seventy-five days after the Applicant came to know of the last executory decision in the matter, by means of letters dated the 21st October, 1967 and the 7th November, 1967 (exhibits 3 and 5), respectively); he, furthermore, objected that the recourse could not be made,
, against the refusal of the grants, as set out in a letter dated the 13th May, 1968 (exhibit 7), because such refusal was an act merely confirmatory of the earlier decision in the matter, which had already been communicated, as aforesaid, to the Applicant. Counsel for the Applicant did not dispute that the recourse was out of time in so far as what had been communicated to the Applicant by the said 1967 letters was concerned; and, actually, this recourse, as it appears from the motion for relief, was made only in respect of the letter of the 13th May, 1968, which, according to the submission of counsel for the Applicant, did not amount to a merely confirmatory act, but it communicated to the Applicant a decision of an executory nature. The history of events in this case is as follows:- The Applicant applied in the appropriate form, on the 6th September, 1967, for education grants in relation to the studies of his two sons; one of such applications has been produced by way of a specimen (exhibit 1). On the 27th September, 1967, the Applicant was informed, by letter of the Accountant-General, that an education grant, in respect of his son Theodoros, for the academic year 1966/1967, had been approved; and he was sent a cheque of £60 for the purpose (see exhibit 2). On the 21st October, 1967, he received a letter from the Accountant-General (referring to his applications, of the 6th September, 1967, for education grants in relation to both his sons) whereby he was informed that the aforementioned payment of £60 had been made to him through an oversight, without the Applicant being entitled to it, because when he was promoted from the post of Foreman, 2nd grade, to that of Foreman, 1st grade, on the 1st December, 1963, the offer made to him by the Public Service Commission stated expressly that in case he accepted the promotion he would not be entitled to an education grant; he was, therefore, requested to refund the amount of £60 by the 27th October, 1967 (see exhibit 3). To this letter the Applicant replied on the 2nd November, 1967, stating that, in the meantime, he had spent the amount of £60, in connection with the studies of his son-Theodoros-and that it was, thus, impossible for him to refund it. He went on to contend that according to Article 192.1 of the Constitution he had a vested right in relation to the education grant and that the Public Service Commission was not entitled to deprive him of such right; and he concluded by stating that, in view of the letter of the Accountant-General (dated the 21st October, 1967) which informed him that he was not entitled to an education grant, he intended to take the case to the "Constitutional Court", and that the refund of the £60 would depend on the decision of the Court (see exhibit 4). Yet, though by letter dated the 7th November, 1967, the Applicant was informed by the Accountant-General-in answer to his said letter of the 2nd November, 1967-that, because of his refusal to refund the £60, there would be deducted from his salary an amount of £5 per month for twelve months (see exhibit 5), the Applicant did not, eventually, take any legal proceedings. About six months later, on the 29th April, 1968, counsel for the Applicant wrote to the Accountant-General's Office (in the Ministry of Finance). After referring to the past correspondence in the matter, he proceeded to state that he had advised the Applicant that he was entitled to education grants in respect of both his sons and that the fact that the Applicant, on promotion, had signed a statement declaring that he would not be entitled to an education grant, did not affect his relevant right; counsel for the Applicant relied in this respect on the first instance decision of this Court in Constantinides and The Republic (
the Ministry of Finance) confirmed the contents of the letter already addressed to the Applicant by the Accountant-General's Office on the 21st October, 1967 (exhibit 3), to the effect that the Applicant was not entitled to an education grant; he, furthermore, pointed out that the Constantinides case (supra) did not resolve the issue of the loss or not, on promotion, of the Applicant's entitlement to an education grant; and I might, observe, while I am on this point, that the Director of Personnel was right in this respect, because in the said case such issue was left open (see at p. 495 of the report in
, depends on the nature of the administrative action set out in the letter of the 13th May, 1968, against which the recourse has been made; in other words, whether such action is of an executory or of a confirmatory nature. That a recourse,
, can be made only against an act or decision which is of an executory nature, and that a confirmatory act lacks executory nature, was not in issue between learned counsel at the hearing before me; and correctly so, in view of the relevant administrative law principles (see Conclusions from Decisions of the Greek Council of State, 1929-1959 at p. 237 and p. 240; Kolokassides and The Republic
It is not at all the product of a new enquiry on the basis of new factors. It is a reply confirming the earlier executory decision which had been communicated by the letter of the 21st October, 1967; the position is clearly the same as that in a great number of cases in which it was found by the Greek Council of State that subsequent administrative action was confirmatory of a previous executory decision, in that there had not intervened between the two a new inquiry (see, inter alia, case 21/66). Also, I do not find any substance in the complaint, contained in the letter of the 29th April, 1968, to the effect that the Applicant had, not received a reply to his application for education grants; by the letter written on the 21st October, 1967, such a reply was given, with express reference to the relevant formal applications of the Applicant dated the 6th September, 1967, and that reply was, also, duly reasoned. On the basis of the foregoing this recourse fails, as it has been made against an act which could not be the subject-matter of a recourse
. Of course, in this judgment I am leaving entirely open, as it is not necessary to decide it, the issue as to whether or not the Respondent refused validly to the Applicant the education grants for the reason stated in the letter of the 21st October, 1967. I trust that if in future, in another case, it is found that this reason is an invalid one, then the appropriate authority will not fail to redress the position and proceed to deal with the case of the Applicant on the proper basis. In the result the recourse is dismissed; but there shall be no order as to costs. Application dismissed; no order as to costs. cylaw.org: Από το ΚΙΝOΠ/CyLii για τον Παγκύπριο Δικηγορικό Σύλλογο
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