1966 Oct. 13 [JOSEPHIDES, STAVRIMDUs JJ AND HADJIANASTASSIOU, A G . J ] MulJI.iiTOS SAVVA 1'ITSILLOS V. T H E POLICE MODI SIOS SAVVA IM'ISU 1OS Appellant, THE POLICE, Respondents {Criminal Appeal No 2832) Criminal Law — Disturbance contrar\ to section 95 oj the Criminal Code, Cap 154--Ingredients oj the offence treating in a public place a noise without reasonable cause, in a manner likely to cause a Ineach oj thepeace—I adurc of the prosecution at the trial to establish the ingredients o) the offence—Place where the appellant-accused was found at the material time not a "public place" within the meaning of section 4 of the Criminal Code (supra)—" Reasonable cause " within section 95 (supra) *'Public place ' within the meaning of section 4 of the Criminal Code (supra)—See above " Reasonable cause " within section95oj theLuminal Code(supra)— See above Constitutional Law—/ mtdamental rights and liberties of the citizen— Guaranteed b\ the Constitution—Article 11 3 and 114 oj the Constitution Aperson about tobearrested must beinformed at the time of hisarrest of the reasonsof his arrest— 4rticle 1 i 3 of the Constitution and section 9
(3)of the Criminal Procedure Law, Cap 15^ Arrest without warrant allowed only in the cases provided In· Article 114 of the Constitution—Right of resistance in case of an unlawful arrest Human rights—f umlamental human rights guaranteed by the Constitution—Si i' tinder Constitutional Law above Resistance to an unlawjul arrest—Right of a man to resist an unlawful arrest- Proper balance between personal freedom on the one hand and socialsecurity on the other—Social secuntx requires that the police should have power to make a lawful arrest - Hut individual jreedom requires ihat a man should have the power as indeed, he ha\, in law, the right, to resist an unlawfW uiresi 50 1966 Oct. 13 IMWJ'UIarrest—See above. Unlawful arrest and the right of the person concernedtoresistthe unlawful arrest—Duty of the Courts—See above and infra the observations which follow. Observations by the Supreme Court on the duty of the Courts to see that a true balance is kept between personal freedom on the one hand and social security on the other. Social security requires that the police should have power to make a lawful arrest, but individual freedom requires that a man should have power to resist an unlawful arrest. Ifthe police, should overstep the mark and arrest a man when they have no lawful authority to do so, he isentitled to resist the unlawful arrest. Appeal against conviction. Appeal against conviction by appellant who was convicted on the 12th July, 1966, at the District Court of Nicosia (Criminal Case No. 6998/66) on one count of the offence of disturbance contrary to section 95 of the Criminal Code, Cap. 154, and was sentenced by Demetriou, D.J., to pay ;i fine of £ 8 . Appellant in person. A. Frangos, Counsel ofthe Republic, forthe respondents. T h e facts sufficiently appear in the judgment of t h e Court which was delivered by : JOSEPHIDES, J.: T h e appellant, who was convicted of disturbance, contrary to the provisions of section 95 of the Criminal Code, and sentenced to pay a fine of £ 8 , now appeals against his conviction. T h e particulars of offence given in the charge were as follows : " T h e accused on the 5th day of February, 1966,"at Nicosia, in the District of Nicosia, in a public place, to wit in a parking place by the Pancyprian Academy of Girls, did create a noise without reasonable cause, in a manner likely to cause a breach of t h e peace." T h e ingredients which had to be proved by the prosecution in this case were : (a) a noise, (b) in a public place, (c) without reasonable cause, and (d) in a manner likely to cause a breach of the peace. 51 MODESTOS SAVVA PlTPlLLOS I·. T H K POLICE 1966 O c t . 13 MODRSTOS * SAVVA PlTSII.l.OS I'. THB POLIO; Unfortunately, the appellant was not legally represented either in the Court below or before us and we did not have the benefit of legal argument on his behalf. In the notice of appeal he put forward several grounds which may be summarised under three heads :
(1)failure of the trial Court to adjourn the case as some of the witnesses did not attend Court ;
(2)irregularities by the police from the day of the offence until the day of trial ; and
(3)errors and omissions in the notes of evidence kept by the trial Judge. However, after hearing him address us in person, we allowed him to add a new ground to the effect that the prosecution had failed to prove the ingredients of the offence and particularly that the alleged " noise " had not been created by the appellant in a " public place ". The expression " public place " is defined in section 4 of the Criminal Code as including " any public way and building, place or convenience to which the public are entitled or permitted to have access either without any condition or upon condition ofmaking any payment . . . ." The only evidence against the appellant on this point was that of two policemen. P. C. 103 Michael A. Tsa'ngaris stated : " I went up to the accused who was in the parking place for cars of the Land Registry and the District Office, just outside the yard of the Pancyprian Academy for Girls. The school-yard is separated from the parking place by wire. The accused was selling cakes, known :is ' bombes *, to the girl-students of the Academy." P. C. 2829 Christiikis Constantinides staled : " Upon information, in company with P. C. 103, J visited the Pancyprian Academy for Girls. There, near the wire fencing of the yard, the accused had his motor-cycle and he was there." The Judgment of the learned Judge, which was a short one, was as follows : " From the evidence before the Court it is evident that the offence of which accused is charged has been proved. I believe the prosecution witnesses who stated thev went to the locus and accused for no 52 reason started shouting etc. in a public place. I discard the evidence of accused and do not believe his version ; his witnesses were no help at all. Kassianides was present only for a short time when accused left for the police station. Therefore I find accused guilty as charged." 1966 * MODBSTOS SATτA PITSILLOS v - T H E Poi.tcK It will be observed that the learned trial Judge found as a fact that " accused for no reason started shouting etc., in a public place". In the course of the argument Mr. Frangos, Counsel for the respondent, very fairly, we think, conceded that there was no definite direct evidence that the incident took place in a public place within the meaning of the law. But, he added, the trial Judge may have inferred this from other evidence, With great respect to the learned Judge, we do not think that there was anything in the evidence to show that the parking place in which the accused was found at the time was a " public place " within the meaning of section 4 of the Criminal Code, and not a private parking place. For this reason the accused would be entitled to be acquitted. It would also appear that, even on the police version of the facts, the appellant may have had " reasonable cause " . for creating a noise. The police stated that they asked him to " leave the place " where he was lawfully practising his trade as a hawker of cakes, and the only reason given to him was that " his presence was undesirable", and that he caused " annoyance " (see evidence of P.C. 103— Tsangaris, at page 2C and 3B of the record). The appellant was not charged with any offence, he was not told why his presence was undesirable, nor why, how and to whom he caused annoyance ; nor was he told that he was doing anything contrary to any law. He very naturally started protesting, shouting and weeping. According to the evidence of P.C. 2829 Constantinides, the accused said " why does the Government persecute me wherever I go ? What have I done to the Police and you are after me wherever I go ?" " Itoldhim ", P.C. Constanti nides stated " to stop shouting about the Government and the Police because if he continued to shout we would take him to the Police Station". (see page 3E of the record). Under these circumstances could it be reasonably said that the appellant created a noise without reasonable cause ? We think not. 53 1966 Oct. υ MODPSTOS SAWA PITSIM.OS '• ιHE POI.ICK Normally this should conclude the appeal, but as the | a c t s () f ( ^ · 8 c a s c w ( ) l l | t i a p p C a r l 0 touch upon one of the fundamental rights and liberties of the citizen guaranteed hy the Constitution, namely, the right to liberty and security of person (Article 11), we feel that we ought to put the facts on record to enable the appropriate authority ] 0 0 k j m o ( n e m a t u . r ; l s w c a r e 0 f the.view that further t o investigation is neccs^uy. T h e incident for winch the appellant was accused before the Court took place on the 5th February, 1966, but although he was taken to the Police Station immediately by the two policemen no written statement was taken from him, nor was he charged-with any offence, in fact he was not formally charged until some 40 days later, that is, on the 16th March, 1966, which was about a month after he had made a written complaint to the Commissioner of Police against the two policemen for breaking his glass-case in which he was carrying cakes on that day. T h e charge was eventually filed in Court on the 28th April, 1966, that is, two m o n t h s and 23 days after the alleged offence. It was the version of the appellant, who is a licensed hawker of cakes, that this was a made up case against him and that he was charged by the police some 40 days after the alleged offence, long after he had complained to the police authorities that the two policemen had broken his glass-case, and that this was done in order to cover u p their wrongful action. We quote in an appendix at the end of this j u d g m e n t * the material part of the evidence (examinationin-chief) of the two policemen and that of the appellant. Considering thai when the appellant was taken to the Police Station on the day of the incident no statement was taken from him and that he was not formally charged until after the lapse of 40 days and long after he had made a complaint againit the policemen, even on the police version of the facts, .ι number of questions seem to netd investigation. Inter alia, the following matters would have to be looked into : (a) Did the policemen have lawful authority to ask the appellant to leave the place, where he was carrying on his lawful trade, for the reason given by them ? (b) If the policemen were purporting to arrest the appellant, they do not appear to have informed him of the reasons for his arrest in compliance with the provisions of Article 11.4 of the Constitution and section 9
(3)";" Vide post. ;ιί |». 5> ri srij. 54 of the Criminal Procedure Law, Cap. 155 ; and (c)on what lawful authority did the policemen purport to arrest the appellant without a warrant (Article 11.3 of theConstitution). 1966 Oct. 13 MODESTOS SAVVA It should not be supposed that, in raising these matters, we have any desire to encourage citizens to resist lawful authority. It is the duty of the Courts, however, to see that a true balance is kept between personal freedom on the one hand and social security on the other. Social security requires that the police should have power to make a lawful arrest, but individual freedom requires that a man should have power to resist an unlawful arrest. If the police should overstep the mark and arrest a man when they have no lawful authority to do so, he is entitled to resist the unlawful arrest. In the result the appeal is allowed and the conviction and sentence quashed. The sum of £8 fine, paid by the appellant, to be refunded to him. Appeal allowed. Conviction and sentencequashed. Fine paid by appellant to be refunded. APPENDIX Exctract from the evidence before the trial Court. M.K.I Άστ. 103 Μιχαήλ Α. Τσαγγάρης έκ Λευκωσίας ορκίζεται και λέγει: Σταθμεύω- στον Άστυνομικόν Σταθμόν όδοϋ Λάρνακος. Στις 5.2 66 και περί 10.55 π.μ. κατόπιν πληροφορίας έπεσκέφθην μέ τόν Άστ. 2828 Τάκην Κατσαντώνην τήν Παγκύπριον Άκαδημίαν θηλέων, είδα τήν διευθύντριαν Καν. Ίωαννίδου ή οποία μοϋ εΐπε κάτι. Έπλησίασατόν κατηγορούμενον ό όποιος εύρίσκετο στον χώρον σταθμεύσεως τών αυτοκινήτων Κτηματολογίου και Διοικητηρίου,ακριβώς εξω άπό τήν αύλήν της Παγκυπρίου 'Ακαδημίας θηλέων. Χωρίζεται μέ σύρμα ή αυλή της σχολής άπό τό «τπτάρκιγ1( πλέϊς». Ό κατηγορούμενος έπωλοϋσε στάς μαθήτριας της Ακαδημίας γλυκίσματα,γνωστά ως πόμπες. Ταγλυκίσματα τά εΐχε σε υάλινο κασονάκισε μιάμοτοσυκλέττα. Έπλησίασα τόν κατηγορούμενον καΐ τοϋ ανέφερα δτι ή παρουσία του 55 PlTSILLOS V. Tun POLICE 1966 *--t. 1.1 (J ODESTOJS ΡΙΤΜΙ ι os r THR Poi.ici! είναι ανεπιθύμητος και πρέπει νά εγκατάλειψη τόν τόπον. Ό κατηγορούμενος μόλις μας εΐδε εκνευρίστηκε και είπε δέν πρόκειται νά φύγω δέν φεύγω, γιατί μέ καταδιώκετε ή αστυνομία, γιατί μέ καταδιώκει ή κυβέρνησις και δποιο σχολείο πάω δέν μέ αφήνουν νά δουλέψω. "Εσυνέχιζε νά φωνάζη και νά βγάλη αφρούς άπό τό στόμα του δταν ό Αστυνομικός 2828 Τάκης Κατσαντώνης τόν επήρε άπό τό χέρι και τοΰ είπε αν συνεχίζης νά φωνάζης έτσι θά σε πάρω μέσα. Ό κατηγορούμενος εκνευρίστηκε περισσότερο και τοΰ είπε «μέ ποιο δικαίωμα νά μέ πάρης μέσα» καί ένώ τά έλεγε έκτυποϋσε συνέχεια μέ τόν γρόνθον του στό γυάλινο κασονάκι καί έσπασε τό γυαλί και πήγε πάνω στά γλυκίσματα. Στές φωνές τού κατηγορουμένου έσυνάχτηκαν μαθήτριες μέσα στην αυλή καΐ επίσης 8-10 πρόσωπα στό χώρο σταθμεύσεως ήρθαν έκεΐ μόλις επήγα ήρχισε νά φωνάζη έμεινα 5 λεπτά μέ τήν Καν. επέστρεψα καΐ διήρκεσε ακόμη 10 λεπτά δηλαδή διήρκεσε 20 λεπτά περίπου. Κατόπιν τούτου δταν ίίσπασε τά γυαλιά, ό κατηγορούμενος έκαθάριζε τά γλυκίσματα του, τού είπαμε νά προχώρηση στην Αστυνομία όδοΰ Λάρνακος, δηλαδή ό κατηγορούμενος έπροχώρησε μέ τήν μοτοσυκλέττα του καί έμεΐς μέ τό «λάντ ρόβερ». Έκεΐ ήρθε ό γιατρός τοΰ Δημαρχείου Νίκος Θεμιστοκλέους και κατέσχε τά γλυκίσματα. Μ.Κ.2 Ά σ τ . 2829 Χριστάκης Κωνσταντινίδης έκ Λευκωσίας ορκί ζεται καί λέγει : Στις 5.2.66 έστάθμευα στον σταθμό Λάρνακος. Κατόπιν πληροφορίας έπεσκέφθημεν μαζΰ μέ τόν Ά σ τ . 103 τήν Παγκύπριον Ακαδημία Θηλέων. Έκεΐ κοντά στά τέλια τής αυλής είχε ό κατηγορούμενος τήν μοτοσυκλέττα του και ό κατηγορούμενος ήτο έκεΐ. Μόλις μας είδε άρχισε νά φωνάζη : «Γιατί ή κυβέρνησις νά μέ καταδιώκη δπου πάω. Τί έκαμα τής αστυνομίας καΐ δπου πάω βουράτε με». Τοΰ είπα νά σταματήση νά φωνάζη γιά τήν Κυβέρνησιν καΐ αστυνομία γιατί αν συνέχιση νά φωνάζη θά τόν πάρουμε στην αστυνομία. Μετά ό 103 έπηγε μέσα στην. σχολήν νά δη τήν διευθύντριαν καί επέστρεψε μετά 10 λεπτά. Κατά τήν διάρκειαν αυτήν εγώ έπερίμενα κοντά στον κατηγορού μενο. Τόν συνεβούλευσα νά μή φωνάζη καΐ νά σταματήση νά κλαίη. Ό κατηγορούμενος έκλαιε καΐ έφώναζε καΐ τό στόμα του ήτο αφρισμένο γύρω. Μετά ήρθε ό Ά σ τ . 103 και ό κατηγορούμενος συνέχιζε ακόμα νά φωνάζη οπότε έγώ τόν επήρα άπό τό μανίκι τοΰ υποκαμίσου του καί τοΰ είπα νά σταματήση άλλως θά τόν επερνα μέσα τήν ϊδιαν ώραν. Μοΰ είπε έν τάξει έν νά πάω νά πάρω τήν μοτοσυκλέττα μου. Ό κατηγορούμενος συνεχώς έκτυποϋσε στό αμαξάκι συνεχώς μέ τό χέρι του. "Οταν τοΰ είπα δτι θά τόν πάρω μέσα έκόντεψε νά πάρη τήν μοτοσυκλέττα. Έκτύπησε μέ δλην του τήν δύναμιν στό γυαλί λέγοντας γιατί νά μέ πάρετε μέσα. Τό γυαλί έσπασε και τά μικρά τεμάχια 56 γυαλιού έπεσαν στά γλυκίσματα. Ό κατηγορούμενος ήρχισε νά μαζεύη τά γυαλλάκια άπό τά γλυκίσματα. Έν συνεχεία τοΰ είπαμε νά μας άκολουθήση στην αστυνομία καί τό έπραξε. Ό κατηγορούμενος έφώναζε πολύ δυνατά καί έκτυποϋσε τό αμαξάκι περί 15 λεπτά Έμαζεύτη κόσμος, περί 10 άτομα γύρω μας και μέσα στά τέλια οί μαθήτριες τοΰ σχολείου. Μόδεστος Σάββα Πίτσιλλος έξ Αγίου Δομετίου ορκίζεται καΐ λέγει: Είμαι πλανοδιοπώλης 47 ετών. Στές 52.66 περί 10.20 π.μ. επήγα στό προαύλιον διοικητηρίου υπάρχει τέλωμα. Δέν γνωρίζω τήν αυλή τοΰ σχολείου Παγκ. 'Ακαδημία θηλέων. Οί μαθήτριες ήγόραζαν καθημερινώς άπό τά πράγματα πού έπουλοϋσα. Ή κ. Αθηνά Ίωαννίδου μόλις μιά μαθήτρια επήρε Ι γλύκισμα τής έφώναξε καί τής είπε θά σε πάρω στο διευθυντήριο. Νά παίρνετε πράγματα άπό τό περί πτερο. Μετά 10 λεπτά ήρθε τό αυτοκίνητο τής αστυνομίας δίπλα άπό τήν μοτοσυκλέττα μου. Ό αστυνομικός 103 επήγε πάνω καί ό Κατσαντώνης έμεινε κοντά μου. Μοϋ είπε νά φύγης νά μή έρχεσαι έδώ. Έχουν παράπονον άπό τό περίπτερο. Τοΰ είπα είναι ή δουλειά μας. Μσΰ είπε οχι ή θά φύγης ή θά πάης μέσα. Τοΰ είπα δέν θά φύγω μέχρι πού θά παίξη ό κώδωνας εισόδου. Τό διάλειμμα είναι 20 λεπτά. Ό Κατσαντώνης αγρίεψε τό βλέμμα του καΐ μέ έτράβηξε άπό τό χέρι. Τότε ήρθε Ενας άλλος διευθυντής τού σχολείου καί κάτι τοΰ έλεγε τοΰ Κατσαντώνη Αγγλικά. Τοϋ λέγω θά φύγω μετά 20 λεπτά καί θά έρθω στην αστυνο μία νά δώσω κατάθεσιν γιατί τούτο συνέβη πολλές φορές. Ό καθηγητής έφυγε και ό Κατσαντώνης μέ έτράβηξε νά μέ βάλη στό αυτοκίνητο. Τοϋ είπα έχω τήν μοτοσυκλέττα μου δαμαί. Μοϋ εΐπε νά σού τήν πάρουμε έμεϊς. Έγώ είπα δέν τους έχω εμπιστοσύνη. Τότε ήρθε τό χέρι τοΰ Κατσαντώνη πουπάνω καΐ έσπασε τό τζάμι καί τά γυαλιά επήγαν στά γλυκίσματα. "Ολες οί μαθήτριες ήταν έκεΐ καΐ έβλεπαν. Τοΰ είπα θά τόν καταγγείλω στό αρχηγείο. Δέν μοϋ απάντησε γιά τόν σκοπόν πού ήθελε νά μέ διώξη, ήθελα νά μάθω τι τοϋ έλεγε ό καθηγητής. *Ηθελα νά μέ βοηθήση νά ευρω τό όνομα τής μαθήτριας καί άλλες μαθήτριες νά πουν γιά τήν διαγωγή μου. Τότε ήρθε ό άλλος αστυνο μικός κάτω. Τοϋ είπα δτι ό Κατσαντώνης έσπασε τό τζάμι τής βιτρίνας και θά πάω στό άρχηγεϊον νά έρθουν νά εξετάσουν τήν ύπόθεσιν. "Οσα είπαν οί αστυνομικοί δτι έφώναζα εναντίον τής Κυβερνήσεως είναι αναληθή Έκαμα παράπονο στό αρχηγείο μέ επιστολές. "Εκαμα παράπονον καί ό κ. Μιχαηλίδης είπε δτι θά μοϋ πληρώσουν τά γλυκί σματα καί θά κανονίσουν μέ τόν γιατρό τοϋ Δήμου. Δέν έφώναζα τήν ήμερα εκείνη. Ή παροϋσα ύπόθεσις είναι τεχνική. Στάν Κύκκο ό Αστυνομικός δέν μοϋ επέστησε τήν προσοχή στον Νόμον. Μοΰ είπε θά σέ κατηγορήσω άλλα όχι γιά ανησυχία. Δέν έσημείωσε δσα τοΰ είπα καί έγώ δέν τοϋ τό υπόγραψα. 57 ()t iW.fi ' Μ MOUKMOS νΑ .,***** . Tin: Pouci