1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) [HADJIANASTASSIOU, J.] IN THE MATTER OF ARTICLE 146OF THE CONSTITUTION DINOS KONTOS, Applicant, and THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THROUGH THE PERMITS AUTHORITY (LICENSING AUTHORITY), Respondent. (Case No. 480/71). Motor Transport—Licensing Authority—Taxi—Parking station—Permit to use the airport Nicosia as a parking station—Permit refused—Refusal annulled on theground of misconception of fact andforfaulty evaluationof the materialfacts—Licensing authority acting under a misconception offact by disregarding,orfailing to give proper weight to, the letter of the Manager of the airport, fully supported by a letter of the Ministry of Communications and Works, clearly stating that the needs of the airport werenot served properly by the existing licensed taxis ^ic.-Sub judice decision (refusal) has, therefore, to be annulledas taken inabuse and excess of powers—Cf. The Motor Transport (Regulation) Law, 1964(Law 16/1964), sections 4and 9—And Regulation 13(h) of the Motor Transport Regulations, 1968. Abuse and excess of powers—Discretionary powers vested in the administration—Defective exercise of—Due to misconception of fact (orlaw),orfaulty evaluation of materialfacts—Court left in doubt as to the correctness of the findings of fact—Sufficient reasonfor annulling the relevant decision as taken in abuseand excess of powers—Presumption of correctness of such findings of fact made by the administration—Such presumption may be weakened or reversed—See further supra; cf also immediately herebelow. Misconception offact—Decision taken under misconception—Must be annulled—That is soeven if the Court entertains doubt as to the correctness of the findings offact made by the administration— Abuse and excess ofpowers—See further supra. 112 Findings offact madebythe-administration—Presumption of correctness—Rebuttal—Doubt sufficient—See supra. 1974 Febr. 28 Discretionary powers—Abuse and excess of—Misconception of fact (or law)—Faulty evaluation of material factors—See supra. KONTOS DlNOS .V. Constitutional Law—Right to exercise aprofession or to carry on any trade or business or occupation—Article 25 of the Constitution— Such right is not absolute—// is subject toformalities, conditions or restrictions—Article 25.2 of the Constitution—In the instant case therehas beennocontravention of suchright—The subjudice decision whereby the respondent Licensing Authority refused to grant to applicant a permit for using the airport as a parking stationfor his taxis—Does not contravene Article 25 of the Constitution—See further supra. Constitutional Law—Principle of equality safeguarded under Article 28 of the Constitution—Article 28 safeguards only against arbitrary differentiations—But it does not exclude reasonable distinctions which have to be made in view of the intrinsic nature of things—Principles laid down in this respect ingreat number of cases—Followed and applied—The sub judice decision does not offend against the said principle of equal treatment. Profession, trade or business—Right to practise any profession or to carry on any business, trade or occupation—Article 25 of the Constitution—Scope and extent—Conditions, formalities and restrictions—Article 25.2—See supra. Equality—Principle of—Article 28 of the Constitutioneffect—See supra. -Meaning and Motor Transport—Taxi—Parking station—Law 16/1964 (supra)— Licensing Authority has power to grant permits for the parking of taxis at two or moreplaces within the same urbantrafficarea— Section 9
(4)of the said Law and regulation 13(h) of the Motor Transport Regulations 1968—See supra under Motor Transport. By this recourse the applicant seeks the annulment of the decision of the respondent Licensing Authority, set up under the Motor Transport (Regulation) Law, 1964 (Law 16/1964), whereby the said Authority, in the exercise of its discretionary powers under that Law, refused to grant to him a permit for .the parking of a number of his taxis at the Nicosia airport. The learned Judge annulled the aforesaid refusal on the sole ground that veryprobably itwas'reached under a misconception 113 REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS of fact and/or as a result of a faulty evaluation of material facts as they appearon record, inthat the respondent Authority appears to have disregarded, or failed to attach the proper weight to, the letter of the Manager of the airport (fully supported by the letter of the Ministry of Communications and Works of April 29, 1971), stating clearly that the needs of the airport were not properly served by the existing licensed taxis. AUTHORITY) Itwould seem ofinterestto notethat counselfor the applicant raised unsuccessfully a number of other points, two of which such points were aimed at the constitutionality of the refusal complained of in this case. It was said in this respect that the subjudice refusal offends:
(1)Against the right of the subject to carry on any business, profession or occupation, safeguarded under Article 25 of the Constitution;
(2)against the principle of equal treatment safeguarded under Article 28 of the Constitution, regard being had to the fact that similar permits (as the one refused) had already been given to a number of other taxi owners. The learned Judge held that there has been no constitutional impropriety in this case, but, as it has been already pointed out (supra),he annulled the subjudice decision (refusal), solely on the ground that it was taken in abuse or excess of powers, in that on the material before him he was left in doubt as to the correctness of thefindingsof fact made by the administration, or as to whether there has been a proper evaluation of the material facts. Article 25, paragraphs 1and 2, of the Constitution, reads as follows: "
- Every person has the right to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
- The exercise of this right may besubject to such formalities, conditions orrestrictions asare prescribed bylawand relate exclusively to the qualifications usually required for the exercise of any profession or are necessary only in the interestsof thesecurity of the Republicor the constitutional order or the public safety or the public order or the public health or the public morals or for the protection of the rights and liberties guaranteed by this Constitution to any person or in the public interest: 114 Provided that no·such-formalities; conditions or restric tions purporting to be in the public interest shall be pres cribed by a law if such formality, condition or restriction is contrary to the interests of either Community". Article 28, paragraph 1, of the Constitution reads as follows: " 1 . All persons are equal before thelaw, theadministration and justice and are entitled to equal protection thereof and treatment thereby". Held, I: As regards the issue whether there has been in this case a misconception of fact or a defective evaluation of material facts:
(1)(A) The trend of authorities as to findings of fact made by the administration is that there is a presumption in favour of the correctness of such findings: "' (B) This presumption, however, is weakened once the litigant succeeds in rendering possible the existence of a misconception * -of fact on the part of the administration, that is to say bycreating doubts in the mind of the Judge about the correctness of the findings of fact by the administration- (see Pierides v. The Re public
(1969)3 C.L.R. 274, at p. 290, where the Court followed and adopted a passage from the textbook of Stasinopoulos, the Law of Administrative Acts, Ί951, at p. 305). (C) There is no doubt that acts or decisions done or taken on a misconception of law or fact may be treated as instances of abuse and excess of powers (see Andreas Tryfon v. The Re public
(1968)3 C.L.R. 28, at p. 42; -Pierides case ubi supra). (D) The above principles apply also to the cases where there has been an insufficient or defective evaluation of material facts (cf. Republic v. Georghiades
(1972)3 C.L.R. 594, at p. 646; Papazachariou v. The Republic
(1972)3 C.L.R. 486, at p. 504).
(2)In the light of the authorities and all the material before me including the letters of the Ministry of Communications and Works dated April 29, 1971, and the report of the Manager of the airport (supra), as well as the increase of air traffic, I am of the opinion that the applicant succeeded in renderingpossible the existence of ,a misconception of fact, and/or indeed that there was no proper'evaluation of all the facts on the part of the administration; and because I have doubts in my mind I am 115 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY)• 1974 Fcbr. 28 not prepared tofollow thepresumption in favour of the correctness of thefindingsof fact made by the administration. DlNOS
(3)Consequently, the subjudice refusal has to be annulled as being in excess or abuse of powers. KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) Held, II: As to the submission that the sub judice refusal constitutesaninterferencewiththeconstitutionalright ofthe applicanttocarryonhistrade orprofession safeguarded under Article 25.1 of the Constitution.
(1)The applicant still has the right to practise his profession or trade of hiring licensed taxis within the urban area (including the airport); he is only prevented from using the airport as a parking station. It is clear, therefore, that there is no direct interference with his profession since he the applicant is free to take passengers to and from the airport.
(2)But even if one would have taken the view that it might have been so, then again I have no hesitation in reaching the same view i.e.that the subjudicerefusal is not unconstitutional, because it was taken in the public interest in accordance with the provisions of Article 25.2 of the Constitution; as it has been said judicially Article 25 safeguards the right to carry on any trade or occupation or to practise any profession subject to such formalities, conditions or restrictionsasprovidedtherein. (SeeDistrictOfficer Nicosia and Georghios loannides, 3R.S.C.C. 107, at p. 109; cf. Nicosia Policeand Constantinou, 2 R.S.C.C. 123, at p. 124; Police and Liveras,3 R.S.C.C. 65, at p. 68). Held,HI: As regards thepoint whether the sub judicedecision offends against the principle of equalitysafeguarded under Article 28 of the Constitution:
(1)What has happened in this case is that the respondent LicensingAuthority, in exercising itsdiscretionary powersunder the law, after considering the merits of the applicant's application for a permit, came to the conclusion that the public was served well by the holders of the taxi licences having the right to use the airport as a parking station, and refused to allow to the applicant a permit for his taxis to use the airport as an additional parking station. In my view, therefore, the said decision does not contravene the principle of equality, once the differentiation was not arbitrary. 116
(2)And as it was laid^down in Mikrommatis and The Republic, 2 R.S.C.C. 125, at p. 131 "equal before the law (and the administration) in paragraph 1 of Article 28 of the Constitution does not convey the notion of exact arithmetical equality, but it safeguards only against arbitrary differentiations and does not exclude reasonable.distinctions which have to be made in view of the intrinsic nature of things". This principle has been adopted and followed in a number of cases(see:Panayides v. The Republic
(1965)3 C.L.R. 107; Louca v. The Republic
(1965)3 C.L.R. 383; Impalex Agencies Ltd. v. The Republic
(1970)3C.L.R. 361,at p. 374; TheRepublic v. Arakian and Others
(1972)3 C.L.R. 294; Proios v. The Republic
(1972)3 C.L.R. 698, at pp. 712-713). Thus, it appears that the word " equality" in this context means " that among equals the law shall be equal and should be equally administered, that like should be treated alike" (see Jennings, Law and Constitution
(1952)at p. 59).
(3)In my opinion the onus remains on the applicant to show that in this case the decision of the licensing authority was not based upon any reasonable basis; and that in not granting more licences it was guided by arbitrary criteria (Cf. Levy v.Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68;20 L. Ed 2d 436, at p. 439 per Justice Douglas). Subjudice decisionannulled; no order as to costs. Cases referred to: Peristeronopigi Transport Co. Ltd. v.'Toumazou
(1970)1 C.L.R. 196, at p. 204; • . District OfficerNicosia and GeorghiosIoannides, 3 R.S.C.C. 107, at p. 109; Police and Georghios Liveras, 3 R.S.C.C. 65, at p. 68; Nicosia Police and Christos Constantinou, 2 R.S.C.C. 123, at p. 124; Mikrommatis and The Republic, 2 R.S.C.C. 125, at p. 131; Panayides v. The Republic
(1965)3 C.L.R. 107; Louca v. The Republic.
(1965)3 C.L.R. 383; 117 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) 1974 Febr. 28 Impalex Agencies Ltd. v. TheRepublic
(1970)3 C.L.R. 361, at p. 374; DlNOS The Republicv. Arakianand Others
(1972)3 C.L.R. 294; KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) Proios andAnother v. TheRepublic
(1972)3 C.L.R. 698, at pp. 712-713; Levy v. Louisiana, 392U.S.68; 20L. Ed. 2d 436, at p.439per Justice Douglas; Pierides v. The Republic
(1969)3 C.L.R. 274, at p. 290; Tryfon v. The Republic
(1968)3 C.L.R. 28, at p. 42; Republicv. Georghiades
(1972)3 C.L.R. 594, at p. 646; Papazachariou v. TheRepublic
(1972)3 C.L.R. 486, at p. 504. Recourse. Recourse against ths decision of the respondent refusing to grant applicant a permit for th( standing and/or parking of his taxis at Nicosia airport. K. Michaelides, for the applicant. V. Aristodemou, Counsel of the Republic, for the respondent. A. Panayiotou, for interested parties 1 and 2. Cur. adv. vult. The following judgment was delivered by:HADJIANASTASSIOI', J.; On April 30, 1964 the Motor Transport (Regulation) Law, 1964 (Law No. 16/64) was enactedby the House of Representatives, in order to make further provision for the regulation of motor transport. For the purpose of this law the area of the Republic was divided into three traffic areas, that is to say, (
- a)Urban traffic areas, which shall be the aiea within a radius of seven miles from the District Office- in each town; (
- b)Trans-urban traffic areas, which shall be a route running through more than one traffic areas and connecting two or more towns; and 118 (
- c)Rural traffic areas, which shall be such area within a district as the Council of Ministers may by Order, to be published in the official Gazette of the Republic, determine, (Section 5 (i)). Under section 4 of the law a licensing authority was created " which shall have the power and be charged with the duly of issuing licences under this law and shall exercise such other powers and perform such other duties as are conferred or imposed on it by or in pursuance of this law"; and under subsection 2 " the licensing authority shall consist of three members appointed by the Council of Ministers, to hold office for such period as the Council of Ministers may determine. Two of the members of the licensing authority shall be public officers and the third one, who shall not be a public officer, shall be designated by the Council of Ministers as the Chairman of the licensing authority". Under section 9
(1)of the law regarding the licensing of taxis, " no such taxi shall be used or caused or permitted to be used within an urban traffic area, save under a licence granted by the licensing authority". Furthermore, under subsection 3 " the licensing authority may at its discretion grant or refuse a taxi licence and in the exercise of its discretion it shall have regard to the following matters:(
- a)The extent to which the needs of the urban area concerned are adequately served; (
- b)the extent to which the proposed service is necessary or desirable in the public inierest; and (
- c)the needs- of the area as a whole in relation to traffic, and shall take into consideration any representations which may be made by persons who, on the date of the coming into operation of this part of this law, were already providing in good faith and for a reasonably long time, vransport facilities along or near to the area in question or any part thereof". On January 21, 1971,the applicant in this case, who is carrying out the business of hiring cars to various people, applied to the licensing authority to grant him a permit for the parking of his taxis Nos. TDT 760, TEY 627, TEK 46, TEZ 247 and TDA 87, at Nicosia airport, which is considered as coming within the urban traffic areas. Unfortunately, after repeated 119 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) reminders nothing was done, and the applicant was requested by the licensing authority to submit a new application. He presented a new application on May 3, 1971,and on September 10 of the same year, the licensing authority refused to grant him such a permit and their decision was communicated to him in October 1971. The applicant, feeling aggrieved because of the refusal of the licensing authority, filed the present recourse, claiming a declaration that the said decision of the respondent refusing to grant him a permit " for the standing and/or parking of his taxis at Nicosia airport, is null and voidand of no effect whatsoever". The application-is based on the following grounds-of law:1. Respondent's decision complained of is unconstitutional as being contrary to, or inconsistent with, Article 25 of the Constitution. 2. Respondent's decision is further unconstitutional as being contrary to, or inconsistent with, Articles 6 and 28 of the Constitution. 3. The said decision is contrary to the provisions of section 9 of Law 16/64 because it restricts or prohibits the use of a licensed taxi within an urban traffic area, particularly at Nicosia International Airport. 4. The respondent is not empowered to fix parking spaces or places where vehicles and especially taxis can stand when not actually in motion; and that the only authority which is empowered to do so and fix the numbers and types of vehicles which shall be permitted to stand at such places, and regulate any matter in connection therewith, is the Improvement Board of Yerolakkos, under the provisions of section 25 of the Villages (Administration & Improvement) Law, Cap. 243. 5. Neither Law 16/64 nor the Regulations made thereunder empower the respondent to grant permits for the standing of a taxi at two or more places within one and the same urban traffic area; and furthermore, the standing of properly licensed taxis at the airport should be free; and in paragraph 6 respondent's decision complained of was made in excess or abuse of its powers and is based on a misconception of facts. 120 I would add that under Regulation 13(
- g)of the Road Transport Regulations,
(1964)published in the official Gazette No. 368 dated 19th November, 1964, supplement 3 P.I. 505,'a taxi driver has to park only at the approved parking place which is shown on the prescribed.licence within the urban traffic area. Reverting now to the facts of the case, as shortly as possible, they are these:The applicant is the owner of 150 'Z' cars and 9 taxis, properly licensed, to be used within the Nicosia urban traffic areas; his offices are at 52, Regaena Street and he has also an office within the Cyprus Hilton Hotel. He also serves the needs of the UNFICYP personnel by supplying them with cars for a number of years, apparently under a contract. It appears that when the new airport was put into operation in 1968, the licensing authority, no doubt having in mind the provisions of section 9 of the said law, granted permits to 35 persons to use the airport as a parking station for their taxis. The applicant is complaining that these persons do not serve properly the needs of the traffic movement at the airport. Furthermore, the applicant complained that although the taxis of those persons were given a taxi licence and had their parking station within the urban area of Nicosia, they were also allowed to have another parking station at the airport. There is no doubt that the licensing authority, in considering the application of the applicant, along with the applications from other persons to use the airport as a parking station, sought the views of the manager of the airport regarding the question of whether or not there was need for more taxis, in order to serve the needs of the airport properly. On May 12, 1971, the licensing authority had before it a letter from the manager of the airport, stating clearly that the present needs of the airport were not served properly by the existing licensed taxis, because (
- a)air traffic had been increased considerably since April 1, 1971, that is to say from the beginning of the summer flights, and (
- b)because sonh: of those licensed taxis did not always remain at the airport; and in paragraph 3 of his letter he suggested that the number of taxis using the airport as a parking station should be increased to 40, and also that the licensed taxi drivers should be obliged to park continuously at the said airport in order to serve properly the needs of the coming and going passengers. (See the said letter, exhibit 11). 121 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) 1974 Febr. 28 DINOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) On September 4, 1971, when the licensing authority met in order to decide the fate of the applications, had before it not only the views of the manager of the airport, but also a report by their administrative officer, who, in effect, was supporting the views of the manager of the airport, and it is clear that in his view also the existing taxis were not sufficient for the needs of the traffic at the airport and, in fact, they had been complaining that in many cases their superintendents were obliged themselves to call taxis from Nicosia in order to serve the needs of the passengers of the airport. Furthermore, the licensing authority had before it a letter dated April 29, 1971, addressed to the officer of Road Motor Transport Board, complaining that the licensed taxis having a parking station at the airport are not there to serve the public when there are no flights. In the light of those reports, the licensing authority decided to call before them, on the 8th of the same month, all the persons who were licensed to use the airport as a parking station, as well as all the applicants who made applications for new licenses, including the applicant in this case, who appeared before themtogether withhiscounsel, Mr. Michaelides, who presented the views of his client. The meeting was presided over by Mr. D. Rigas, the Chairman of the authority and present also was Mr. A. Alexandrou, representing the Road Motor Transport Board, established under section 3 of Law 16/64. On September 10, 1971,the licensing authority considered all the material before them, as well as the views of all interested parties, and came to the conclusion, after weighing the facts and circumstances before them, that the licensed taxis which had a parking station at the airport were sufficiently serving the needs of the public at present, and it dismissed all the applications before them. The minutes of the meeting further show that the licensing authority admitted that in a few circumstances the airport was not served properly in the past; the reason being because of certain irregular flights (anomalous ptisis ton aeroplanon), and in order to express its protest, decided to despatch a letter to all licensed persons, reminding them that they were bound to park a sufficient number of taxis at the airport during the whole of the 24 hour service, in order to serve sufficiently the needs of the public and avoid complaints. As I said earlier, the decision of the licensing authority was communicated to the applicant on September 30 and received by him in October, 1971. 122 • I think that,·before dealing-with the-contentions of counsel, I.ought to statethat although theobject ofthestatutein question (Law 16/64), was to regulate motor,transport (a long felt need indeed) for the benefit of the public in general,.nevertheless, in order to achieve his purpose, the legislator created a1clasi. of persons, the licensees, under the statute, whom he subjected to certain conditions and limitations in the exercise of their trade, as against certain privileges and benefits conferred by, or resulting from, their licence. These persons have a special interest in the proper application of the statute; and for any damage suffered from the violation of itsprovisions bya wrongdoer, a person belonging to the class of licensees is entitled to sue the wrong-doer, for such damage, independently of any penalties enforceable at the instance of the public authority concerned. (Peristeronopighi Transport Co. Ltd. v. Toumazou
(1970)1C.L.R. 196, per Vassiliades, P. at page 204). With this principle in mind, I propose dealing with the first question of unconstitutionality regarding the decision of the respondent. Counsel is now complaining that the decision of the respondent to turn down the application to allow him to use the airport as a parking station is contrary to Article 25 of the Constitution, because it restricts the free exercise of the lawful business of the'applicant—being a licensed taxi owner— and that such restriction or limitation is not covered by paragraph 2 of the said Article. There is no doubt that the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, like many post-war Constitutions, could not ignore the social rights of man arising but of his multifarious and especially economic relations in a modern society, and by a series of Articles it guarantees to the individual certain social and economic rights, which are to be exercised within the framework of public interest and1common good. Thus, though the private initiative and free economy are declared and adhered to, nevertheless, the private enterprise is checked by state intervention when public interest and benefit so require. This was one of the purposes of Law 16/64 for Ihe state interfering to regulate thetraffic inthepublic interest, asI saidearlier inthisjudgment. Now it has been said judicially that " Article 25 safeguards the right to practise any profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business subject to such formalities, conditions, or restrictions as provided for therein. What is guarded against are infringements in the exercise of this right as such;'but con,123 1974 Febr.,28 DINOS KONTOS v. REPUBLIC ' (PERMITS AUTHORITY) 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) trols in respect of objects which might be necessary for the exercise of such right are not excluded by this Article". {District Officer, Nicosia and GeorghiosIoannides, 3 R.S.C.C. 107 at page 109). In Police and Georghios D. Liveras, 3 R.S.C.C. 65, the Court dealing with the question of whether the decision prohibiting the parking of all vehicles in the streets within the area of Nicosia municipality had this to say, at page 68, " Regarding the constitutionality of the prohibition of 'standing' of all vehicles, under the said decision, the Court is of the opinion that such prohibition is unconstitutional in so far as it amounts to a prohibition of the 'standing' of vehicles for such time as may be reasonably required for taking or alighting passengers (whether paying or non-paying) because this would not be warranted by either paragraph 3 of Article 23", (with which we are not concerned in this case) " or paragraph 2 of Article 25. In all other respects the said prohibition of 'standing' is not unconstitutional for the same reasons for which paragraph 1 (a) of the said bye-law
(3)is not unconstitutional, especially as provision is also made in such decision for the loading or unloading of goods during certain periods of time". Furthermore, the Court in that case reiterated once again that Article 25 guarded only against direct interference with the right safeguarded thereunder and had no relevancy to the interest of the owners of premises or of the traders which though affected by the application of the said bye-law to any street, were not directly interfered with. Thus it appears from the trend of the authorities that the exercise of such right cannot be absolute and that the state has power to regulate it for the protection of others, or the community at large. In the present case the applicant is not attacking any of the provisions of Law 16/64, but as I said earlier, he is only attacking the decision of the licensing authority. There is no doubt that an administrative act or decision is amenable to redress under Article 146.1 ofthe Constitution and itcan be challenged onthegrounds of excessor abuse of powersand of contravention of the provisions of the Constitution or of any law. In the light of the authorities, and having given the matter some consideration, I have reached the view that the decision of the said authority to refuse to grant to the applicant a permit to use the airport as a parking station, is not a direct interference 124 with the right of the applicant to practise his profession, or to carry on any occupation, under Article
- The applicant, no doubt, as it has been conceded by counsel for the applicant, he still has a right to practise the profession or trade of hiring licensed taxis within the urban area, and he is only prevented from having a right to use the airdrome as a parking station. I think I need not stress the fact that the licensed taxis of the applicant are not prevented from taking passengers to the airdrome, or even taking passengers back within the same urban area. It is clear in my view, that there is no direct inter ference, but even if one would have taken the view that it might have been so, then again I have no hesitation in reaching the same view that this decision is not unconstitutional—not being contrary to paragraph 2 of the said Article—because it was taken in the public interest and after the said authority had considered the needs of. the traffic of the "airport. Cf. Nicosia Police and Christos Constantinou,2 R.S.C.C. 123 at page
- For these reasons and in the light of the authorities I have quoted earlier, this submission of counsel fails. • The second complaint of counsel arising out of ground 2 of the points of law, is that the said decision contravenes the principle of equal treatment and that his client suffered dis criminatory treatment, contrary to Articles 6 and 28 of our Constitution, because those other licensees were given a right, within the urban area, to have in their taxi licence a second parking station at the airdrome. Counsel further complained that the decision of the respondent created a number of persons which he called a 'privileged number', who would continue holding exclusively the permits to have a parking station, both within the same urban area and the airdrome. I think the question of the principle of equality and when it is contravened has been said clearly in a number of authorities, starting with Mikrommatis and The Republic, 2 R.S.C.C. 125, where it was stated at page 131, that, " equal before the law in paragraph 1 of Article 28 does not convey the notion of exact arithmetical equality, but it safeguards only against arbitrary differentiations and does not exclude reasonable distinctions which have to be made in view of the intrinsic nature of things". This principle has been adopted and followed in a number of cases: Panayides v. The Republic
(1965)3 C.L.R. 107; Louca v. The Republic, reported in the same volume at page 383; Impalex Agencies Ltd. v. The Republic
(1970)3 C.L.R. 361 at page 374; Republic (Ministry of Finance) v. Nishian Arakian and Others (19Ί2) 3 125 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) C.L.R. 294 and Proios and Another v. Republic (Minister of Finance)
(1972)3 C.L.R. 698, at pp. 712-713. Thus, it appears in the epigrammatic expression of Jennings (Law and Constitution)
(1952)at page 59, equality means " that among many equals the law shall be equal and should be equally administered, that like should be treated alike". With this principle in mind, as I have already said, in dealing with the facts of the case, what has happened is that the licensing authority, in exercising their discretionary powers under the law, after considering the merits of the application of the applicant, came to the conclusion that the public was served well by the holders of the taxi licences having the right to u»e the airport as a parking station, and refused to allow to the applicant a permit for his taxis to use the airport as an additional parking station. In my view, therefore, the said decision does not contravene the principle of equality, once the differentiation was not arbitrary and it was justified in the circumstances of this case, because the number of licences already granted to those persons who were found to be serving the area before the passing of the law, was considered as sufficiently serving the needs of the area of the airport. I would also repeat that once the purpose of classification was necessary in the public interest having reasonable basis, it does not offend against the principle of equality merely because it is not made with mathematical nicety or because it results in some inequality. In my opinion, the onus remains on the applicant to show that in this case the decision of the licensing authority was not based upon any reasonable basis and that in not granting more licences it was arbitrary. See also Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68; 20 L. Ed. 2d 436 per Justice Douglas at p. 439. Counsel has further contended, regarding point 5, that the decision of the licensing authority was taken contrary to : the said law and the regulations made thereunder, in deciding to grant permits for the standing and/or parking of taxis at two or more places within the same urban traffic area. Having considered carefully the contentions of both counsel, I have reached the view that the decision of the said licensing authority was taken under the provisions of the aforesaid law and the regulations made thereunder. In my view, it is'clear that the said licensing authority is given power to grant permits for the standing of a taxi at two or more places within the same urban traffic area, and I am not.prepared to subscribe to the view of 126 counsel for the applicant. It isclear that thelicensing authority, in using its discretionary powers, has a right under section 9
(4)ofthelawto impose ontheholder ofa taxi licence certain conditions as the licensing authority may deem fit to impose, and under Regulation 13(h)a taxi driver isto park only atthe approved place of parking which appears on the licence itself. I will go further and state that even if there was some doubt as to the right given to the licensing authority to fix parking stations in the licence to more than one place, the Council of Ministers, removed those doubts in 1968. Exercising itspower under s. 15 of Law 16/64 it made new regulations, and in accordance with paragraph 3whichistobefound in Supplement No. 3 of the official Gazette of the Republic under Not. 820 at page 887. It reads:" I n paragraph (
- h)of Regulation 13(
- h)the following reservation is added. . '11 is to be understood that the Licensing Authority has power, and always had power, if the circumstances of a certain casejustify it, to include on the relevant licences more than one parking station' ". Thus it seems to me that the point is made very clear and that thelicensing authority hadalways that power tofix parking stations to more than oneplace.in a licence, and therefore, this contention"of counsel also fails. I am now turning to point 6: It was forcibly argued by counsel for the applicant that the decision complained ofwas made in excess or in abuse of powers ofthelicensing authority, because (
- a)it was based on a misconception of the real facts when considering the application of the applicant; and (
- b)it failed to consider thecomplaints andthereports thattheairport isnotserved properly because theexisting taxisarenot sufficient in number to provide a regular service. Now, I have examined very carefully the argument of both counsel and I think that the trend of authorities regarding the presumption asto findings offact isthat there isa presumption in favour of the correctness of the findings of fact by,theadministration. This presumption is weakened, however, once the litigant succeeds in rendering possible the existence of a misconception of fact on the part of the administration, that is to say, by creating doubts in the mind of the Judge about the correctness of the findings of fact by the administration. 127 1974 Febr. 28 DlNOS KONTOS V, REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) 1974 Febr. 28 DINOS KONTOS V. REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY) " In such cases, the Judge, finding himself in doubt, is not inclined to follow the aforesaid presumption, but he resorts to one of the two courses; that is, he either (
- a)directs production of evidence, or (
- b)he annuls the act so that the administration may ascertain the actual circumstances in a way not leaving doubts". (Nicos Pierides v. The Republic
(1969)3 C.L.R. 274, at p. 290, where the Court adopted and followed a passage from the well-known textbook of Stasinopoulos on the Law of Administrative Acts, 1951 ed. at p. 305). There is no doubt, as it has been said in a number of cases, that administrative acts or decisions done or taken on a misconception of law or fact may be treated as instances of excess or abuse of power. (Andreas Tryfon v. The Republic
(1968)3 C.L.R. 28, at p. 42). It is to be added, however, that without necessarily such a finding of excess or abuse of power, an administrative act or decision may be annulled if it has been done or taken as a result of a material misconception of fact. (Pierides v. The Republic, (supra)). I think I should have added also that apart from the presumption as to findings of fact in favour of the correctness of such findings by the administration, it is clearly open to the authority in question to evaluate properly all the facts before it and reach its decision. That this proposition is a correct one, it finds support from the decision in Republic v. Georghiades
(1972)3 C.L.R. 594, where it is said at p. 646:" There is no doubt, therefore, that our Supreme Court, in exercising its competence under Article 146 of the Constitution, has to examine whether a certain administrative act can be annulled as contravening the provisions of the law. The mistaken valuation of the real facts and the mistaken subjection or non-subjection of those facts to the said legal provisions, constitutes contravention of the law for the purposes of Article 146. See the well-known textbook of Tsatsos, 3rd ed., on ' Application for Annulment before the Council of State', at p. 31 et seq. See also Waline Droit Administratif, at p. 438 et seq. In case 368 of 1937, the Greek Council of State, dealing with the question of misconception of the real facts, took the view that misconception of the facts by the administration isan indirect contravention ofthe law, and provides 128 a reason for the annulment of such decision of the administration". 1974 Febr. 28 (See also Papazachariou v. The Republic
(1972)3 C.L.R. 486, at p. 504). KONTOS DINOS V. In the light of the authorities and all the material before me, including the letters of the Ministry of Communications and Works dated April 29, 1971,and the report of the Manager of the airport, as well as the increase of air traffic referred to earlier in thisjudgment, I am of the opinion that the applicant has succeeded in rendering possible the existenceofamisconception of fact, and/or indeed that there was no proper evaluation of all the facts on the part of the administration; and because I have doubts in my mind I am not inclined to follow the presumption in favour of the correctness of the findings of fact. I have, therefore, decided instead of directing production of oral evidence, to annul the sub judice decision of the authority in question so that the administration may ascertain all the actual circumstances in a way not leaving doubts that the needs of the airport are served properly during all times and seasons by a sufficient number of taxis licensed in accordance with the provisions of the law. Finally, in view of the result I have reached, and particularly because the applicant has applied to the Licensing Authority to grant him a taxi licence to use as an additional parking station the airport, I do not think that I need decide today the point in paragraph 4 of the grounds of law, whether the only authority which is empowered to fix parking spaces or places for taxis is the Improvement Board of Yerolakkos. For the reasons I have endeavoured to explain, I declare that the decision of the respondent is contrary to the law and is made in excess or in abuse of powers vested in such authority. Regarding the question of costs, I have decided not to make an order for costs in the circumstances of this case. Order accordingly. Sub judice decision annulled; no order as to costs. 129 REPUBLIC (PERMITS AUTHORITY)