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Practices and Work Activities Article 4. Licensing
Practices Article
Work Activities Part 3 Justification, Optimisation and Dose Limitation Article
Effective Dose Article 13. Effective Dose Part 5 Protection
Exposed Workers, Apprentices and Students Article
Areas Article
Exposed Workers Article
Working Environments Article 22. Dose Monitoring
Persons Article
Dosimetric Services and Radon Measurement Laboratories Article 25. Medical Surveillance
Category A Workers Article 26. Special Medical Surveillance
Exposed Workers Article 27. Operational Protection
Apprentices, Students and Outside Workers Article 28. Control
Radioactive Substances, Nuclear Devices and Irradiating Apparatus Article 29. Duties
Exposed and Outside Workers, Apprentices, Students and Outside Undertakings Part 6 Work Activities involving Natural Radiation Sources Article 30. Identification
work activities involving significant exposure to radon Article
work activities involving significant exposure to natural radiation sources other than radon Article 33. Protection
air crew against exposure to cosmic radiation Part 7 Radiation Protection
the Population for Practices in Normal Circumstances Article 34. Protection
the Public Article 35. Estimates
Population Doses Part 8 Intervention and Emergency Preparedness Article
Lasting Exposure Part 9 Notifications, Notices and Revocations Article
a work activity Schedule 2 Dose limits for exposed workers, apprentices, students and members
the public Schedule 3 Information to be contained in a health record Schedule 4 Particulars to be contained in a radiation passbook Schedule 5 Annex I
Council Directive 96/29/Euratom Schedule 6 Annex II
Council Directive 96/29/Euratom Schedule 7 Annex III
Council Directive 96/29/Euratom S.I. No. 125
2000 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION ACT, 1991 (IONISING RADIATION) ORDER, 2000 I, JOE JACOB, Minister
State at the Department
Public Enterprise. in exercise
the powers conferred on me by subsections
section 30
the Radiological Protection Act. 1991 (No.9
1991), and the Public Enterprise (Delegation
Ministerial Functions) Order, 1998 (No. 16
1998), and for the purposes, amongst other things,
giving effect to Council Directive 96/29/Euratom1
13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection
the health
workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation and Council Directive 90/641/Euratom2
4 December 1990 on the operational protection
outside workers exposed to the risk
ionising radiation during their activities in controlled areas and after consultation with the Ministers for Finance, Enterprise, Trade and Employment, Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Health and Children, Education and Science, Foreign Affairs, the Environment and Local Government, Defence, Marine and Natural Resources and the Radiological Protection Institute
Ireland, hereby order as follows: Part 1 CITATION, DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE 1. Citation and Commencement
the matter in this volume element; — d ε is the mean energy imparted by ionising radiation to the matter in a volume element, and — dm is the mass
the matter in this volume element: “accelerator” means apparatus or installation, in which particles are accelerated, emitting ionising radiation with an energy higher than 1 mega-electron volt (MeV); “accidental exposure” means an exposure
individuals as a result
an accident but does not include an emergency exposure: “activation” means a process through which a stable nuclide is transformed into a radionuclide by irradiating with particles or high-energy gamma rays the material in which it is contained; “activity” or “A” means the activity, A.
an amount
a radionuclide in a particular energy state at a given time, calculated in accordance with the following formula (expressed in becquerels): A = dN ____ dt where dN is the expectation value
the number
spontaneous nuclear transitions from that energy state in the time interval dt; “air crew” means the cabin and flight crew
an aircraft operated by an air operator or an undertaking in the State which operates an aircraft; “air operator” means the holder
an Air Operator's Certificate issued by the Irish Aviation Authority in accordance with the Irish Aviation Authority (Air Operators' Certificate) Order, 1999 ( S.I. No. 420
1999 ); “Annex I” means Annex I
the Council Directive (which for convenience
reference is set out in Schedule 5); “Annex II” means Annex II
the Council Directive (which for convenience
reference is set out in Schedule 6); “Annex III” means Annex III
the Council Directive (which for convenience
reference is set out in Schedule 7); “apprentice” means a person receiving training or instruction within an undertaking with a view to exercising a specific skill: “approved dosimetric service” means a body that carries out - (a) the calibration, reading or interpretation
individual monitoring devices, or (b) the measurement
radioactivity in the human body or in biological samples, or (c) the assessment
doses. being a body which is referred to in subparagraph (a) or (b)
radon detectors, (b) the measurement
radon concentration in air, or (c) the assessments
doses due to radon. being a body which is referred to in subparagraph (a) or (b)
the committed organ or tissue equivalent doses (H r τ) resulting from an intake, each multiplied by the appropriate tissue weighting factor WT and is calculated in accordance with the following formula (expressed in sieverts): E(τ) = ΣwT HT (τ) T where in specifying E(τ), τ is given in the number
years over which the integration is made; “committed equivalent dose” or “HT (τ)” means the integral over time (t)
the equivalent dose rate in tissue or organ T that will be received by an individual as a result
an intake and is calculated in accordance with the following formula (expressed in sieverts): t0 + τ HT(τ) = ∫ HT (t)dt t0 for an intake at time t0 where - Hτ (t) is the relevant equivalent dose rate in organ or tissue T at time t, - τ is the time, expressed in years, over which the integration is performed or where τ is not specified, a period
50 years is assumed for adults and up to age 70 for children; “controlled area” means an area classified as such under Article 15: “Council Directive” means Council Directive 96/29/Euratom
13 May 1996, laying down basic safety standards for the protection
the health
workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation; “disposal” means, in relation to waste - (a) the emplacement
waste in a repository, or a given location, without the intention
retrieval, or (b) the approved direct discharge
wastes into the environment, with subsecuent dispersion; “dose constraint” means a restriction on the prospective dose to individuals which may result from a defined source, for use at the planning stage in radiation protection whenever optimisation is involved; “dose limits” means maximum values laid down in Schedule 2 for the doses resulting from the exposure
workers, apprentices and students and members
the public to ionising radiation to which this Order applies, being the values
the sum
the relevant doses from external exposures in the specified period and the 50 year committed doses (up to age 70 for children) from intakes in the same period; “effective dose” or “E” means the sum
the weighted equivalent doses in all the tissues and organs
the body specified in Schedule 6 from internal and external radiation and is calculated in accordance with the following formula (expressed in sieverts): E = ΣwT HT = Σ wT Σ wR DT.R T T R where - DT.R is the absorbed dose averaged over tissue or organ T, due to radiation R, - WR is the radiation weighting factor, - WT is the tissue weighting factor for tissue or organ T, and - the appropriate WT and WR values are specified in Schedule 6; “emergency exposure” means an exposure
individuals who are implementing the necessary rapid action to bring help to endangered individuals, prevent exposure
a large number
people or save a valuable installation or goods, whereby any one
the individual dose limits specified in Schedule 2 could be exceeded; “equivalent dose” or “HT.R” means the absorbed dose in tissue or organ T, weighted for the type and quality
radiation R. and calculated in accordance with the following formula (expressed in sieverts): HT.R = wR DT.R where - DT.R is the absorbed dose averaged over tissue or organ T. due to radiation R. and - wR is the radiation weighting factor, the appropriate values
which are specified in Schedule 6; “exposed workers” means persons, either self-employed or working for an employer, who are subject to an exposure incurred at work from practices or work activities to which this Order applies, being an exposure liable to result in doses exceeding one or other
the dose levels equal to the dose limits for members
the public; “exposure” means the process
being exposed to ionising radiation; “functions” includes powers and duties and a reference to the performance
functions includes with respect to the powers and duties, a reference to the exercise
the powers and the carrying out
the duties; “health detriment” means an estimate
the risk
reduction in length and quality
life occurring in a population following exposure to ionising radiation, (including such a reduction in length or quality arising from somatic effects, cancer and severe genetic disorder); “High Radon Area” means an area where the Institute predicts that more than 10%
dwellings in that area will have radon concentrations above 200 Bq m-3 or such other area as the Institute may determine from time to time; “Institute” means the Radiological Protection Institute
Ireland; “intake” means the activities
radionuclides entering the body from the external environment; “intervention” means a human activity that prevents or decreases the exposure
individuals to radiation from sources which are not part
a practice or which are out
control, by acting on sources, transmission pathways and individuals themselves; “intervention level” means a value
avertable equivalent dose, avertable effective dose or a derived value, at which the taking
intervention measures should be considered; the avertable dose or derived value is solely that associated with the exposure pathway to which the intervention measure is to be applied; “ionising radiation” means the transfer
energy in the form
particles or electromagnetic waves
a wavelength
100 nanometers or less, or a frequency
3 x 1015 Hertz or more, capable
producing ions directly or indirectly; “irradiating apparatus” means an apparatus capable
producing ionising radiation and containing components operating at a potential difference
more than 5kV; “licence” means a licence referred to in section 30
the Principal Act; “medical exposure” means (a) the exposure
patients as part
their own medical diagnosis or treatment, (b) the exposure
individuals as part
occupational health surveillance, (c) the exposure
individuals as part
health screening programmes, (d) the exposure
healthy individuals or patients voluntarily participating in medical or biomedical, diagnostic or therapeutic, research programmes, or (e) the exposure
individuals as part
medico-legal procedures; “Member State” means a Member State
the European Communities; “members
the public” means individuals in the population, excluding exposed workers, apprentices and students during their working hours and individuals or volunteers during the exposures referred to in subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c)
that name established by resolution
the Board
Forfas, pursuant to section 10
the Industrial Development Act, 1993 (No. 19
1993), as amended by section 46
the Industrial Development (Enterprise Ireland) Act, 1998 (No. 34
1998); “natural radiation sources” means sources
ionising radiation from natural terrestrial or cosmic origin; “nuclear device” means any machine or apparatus the operation
which involves the use
a radioactive substance, an irradiating apparatus or a nuclear reactor; “outside undertaking” means the employer
an outside worker; “outside worker” means a Category A worker who carries out services in the controlled area
any undertaking (other than in the controlled area
his or her own undertaking or his or her employer's undertaking), whether self-employed or an employee
an outside undertaking, including such an undertaking which has its principal place
business in another Member State; “population” means the whole population including exposed workers, workers, apprentices, students and members
the public; “potential exposure” means an exposure, that is not expected to be delivered with certainty, with a probability
occurrence that can be estimated in advance; “practice” means a human activity that can increase the exposure
individuals to radiation from an artificial source, or from a natural radiation source where natural radionuclides are processed for their radioactive, fissile or fertile properties, other than an activity that results in an emergency exposure; “Principal Act” means the Radiological Protection Act, 1991 (No. 9
1991); “radiation passbook” means - (a) in the case
an outside worker whether self-employed or employed in the State by an outside undertaking, a passbook approved for the purposes
this Order by the Institute; (b) in the case
an outside worker employed in another Member State by an outside undertaking, a passbook authorised by the competent authority
that Member State; “radiation protection adviser” shall be construed in accordance with Article 19
any material, surface or environment or
an individual by radioactive substances and, in the case
the human body, includes both external skin contamination and internal contamination, irrespective
route
intake; “radioactive substance” means any substance capable
emitting ionising radiation and includes any radionuclide, whether natural or artificial; “radiological emergency” means a situation that requires urgent action in order to protect workers, members
the public or the population, either partially or as a whole; “radon” means radon-222 gas in air; “reference group
the population” means a group comprising individuals whose exposure to a source is reasonably uniform and representative
that
the individuals in the population who are the more highly exposed to that source; “registered medical practitioner” has the meaning assigned to it by the Medical Practitioners Act 1978 , (No. 4
1978); “sealed source” means a source whose structure is such as to prevent, under normal conditions
use, any dispersion
the radioactive substances into the environment; “source” means an apparatus, a radioactive substance or an installation capable
emitting ionising radiation or radioactive substances; “supervised area” means an area classified as such pursuant to Article 15; “total equivalent dose” or “(HT)” means the sum
the equivalent doses due to a radiation field which is composed
types and qualities
radiation with different values
WR and is calculated in accordance with the following formula (expressed in sieverts): HT = ΣwR DT.R R where - DT.R is the absorbed dose averaged over tissue or organ T. due to radiation R. and - wR is the radiation weighting factor, the appropriate values
which are specified in Schedule 6; “undertaking” means any natural or legal person who, as a self employed person or employer as the case may be, carries on or intends to carry on any practice or work activity to which this Order applies, and references to “the undertaking” are to the particular undertaking carrying on the practice or work activity concerned: “workplace” includes any place, land or other location at, in, upon or near which, work is carried on whether occasionally or otherwise and, in particular, includes - (a) a premises, including a cave or mine, (b) an installation on land and any
fshore installation (including any
fshore installation to which the Principal Act applies), (
or Schedule to this Order unless it is indicated that a reference to some other enactment is intended; (b) a reference to a paragraph or subparagraph is a reference to a paragraph or subparagraph
the provision in which the reference occurs unless it is indicated that reference to some other provision is intended. Scope 3.
their radioactive, fissile or fertile properties including - (a) the custody, production, processing, handling, holding, storage, use. manufacture, importing into or exporting from the European Union, distribution, transportation, recycling, re-use or other disposal
radioactive substances and nuclear devices and, without prejudice to the generality
the foregoing, includes - (i) the operation and decommissioning
any facility involved in the nuclear fuel cycle and the exploitation and closure
uranium mining, (ii) the deliberate addition
radioactive substances in the production and manufacture
medicinal products and the import or export
medicinal products to which radioactive substances have been deliberately added, (iii) the deliberate addition
radioactive substances in the production and manufacture
consumer goods and the import or export
consumer goods to which radioactive substances have been deliberately added, (iv) the deliberate administration
radioactive substances to persons and, in so far as radiation protection
human beings is concerned, animals for the purpose
medical or veterinary diagnosis, treatment or research, (v) the use
radioactive substances for industrial radiography or processing
products, or research, or the exposure
persons for medical diagnosis or treatment. (b) the custody, distribution or use
irradiating apparatus including x-ray sets for industrial radiography, or the processing
products or research or the exposure
persons for medical diagnosis or treatment and the use
accelerators excluding electron microscopes; (c) any other practice specified by the Institute.
400 Bq m-3, averaged over a minimum period
3 months, or (b) involve natural radiation sources, other than radon, which result in an effective dose to workers or members
the public in excess
1 mSv in a period
12 months.
this Order apply to work activities involving the operation
aircraft pursuant to an Air Operator's Certificate whereby any member
the air crew is liable to be subject to exposure to cosmic radiation in excess
1 mSv in a period
12 months.
radiological emergencies or in cases
lasting exposure resulting from the after effects
a radiological emergency or a past or old practice or work activity.
radiation arising from radionuclides contained in the human body, to cosmic radiation prevailing at ground level or to above ground exposure to radionuclides present in the undisturbed earth's crust. Part 2 REGULATION
PRACTICES AND WORK ACTIVITIES Licensing
Practices 4.
the deliberate addition
radioactive substances in the production
foodstuffs, toys, personal ornaments and cosmetics and the import and export
such goods. Exemptions 5.
Table A to Annex I or in exceptional circumstances, different values authorised by the Institute that satisfy the criteria in Annex I, (b) radioactive substances where the concentrations
radioactivity per unit mass do not exceed the exemption values set out in column 3
Table A to Annex I or, in exceptional circumstances, different values authorised by the Institute that satisfy the criteria set out in Annex I, (
a type approved by the Institute, (ii) it is constructed in the form
a sealed source, (iii) it does not cause, in normal operating conditions, a dose rate exceeding 1 uSvh-1 at a distance
0.1 m from any accessible surface
the apparatus, and (
any electrical apparatus to which this Order applies, other than that referred to in subparagraph (e), provided that - (i) it is
a type approved by the Institute, and (ii) it does not cause, in normal operating conditions, a dose rate exceeding 1 uSvh-1 at a distance
0.1 m from any accessible surface
the apparatus, or (e) the use
any cathode ray tube intended for the display
visual images, or other electrical apparatus operating at a potential difference not exceeding 30 kV, provided that this operation does not cause, in normal operating conditions, a dose rate exceeding 1 uSvh-1 at a distance
0.1 m from any accessible surface
the apparatus;
this Order to - (a) the deliberate addition
radioactive substances in the production and manufacture
medicinal products and the import or export
such goods, (b) the deliberate addition
radioactive substances in the production and manufacture
consumer goods and the import or export
such goods, (c) the deliberate administration
radioactive substances to persons and, in so far as radiation protection
human beings is concerned, animals for the purpose
medical or veterinary diagnosis, treatment or research, or (d) the disposal, recycling or reuse
radioactive substances or radioactive materials arising from any licensed practice. Licensing Procedures 6.
the practice concerned.
a practice for which justification in accordance with Article 8 is required, an application for a licence in respect
the practice shall also include a statement setting out grounds for the justification
the practice.
the Institute the information supplied by an applicant in an application is insufficient or inadequate for the purpose
enabling the Institute to decide whether or not to grant a licence, it may by notice in writing (sent to the applicant at the address specified in the application) require the applicant to furnish the Institute with such additional information as it specifies in the notice.
a licence proposes to apply for a further licence to operate from the expiry
his or her existing licence, he or she shall apply to the Institute in accordance with the provisions
paragraph
the existing licence. Such an application shall be in such form and contain such particulars as the Institute specifies.
a licence may at any time before the expiry
the licence apply to the Institute in writing for an amendment to the licence. An application for such an amendment shall - (
that licence, shall be carried out without the prior consent
the Institute.
Radioactive Substances, Nuclear Devices and Irradiating Apparatus) Order. 1993 ( S.I. No. 151
1993 ) which is in force immediately before the commencement
this Order shall continue in force in accordance with its terms as if it were a licence granted under this Order and may be amended or revoked accordingly. Notification
Work Activities 7.
the work activity or as provided for in Articles 30
this Order. the commencement
this Order, and (b) in case the work activity commenced after such commencement, the commencement
the work activity.
the Institute, the information supplied by an undertaking in accordance with paragraph
a work activity in accordance with paragraph
that change. Part 3 JUSTIFICATION, OPTIMISATION AND DOSE LIMITATION Justification 8.
practice carried on immediately before the commencement
this Order, or (b) it falls within a class or type
practice which has been approved in writing by the Institute (which the Institute is hereby empowered to do) as being justified by its economic, social or other benefits in relation to the health detriment it may cause.
a class or type not carried on immediately before the commencement
this Order or already approved in writing by the Institute, then it must submit with its application, in accordance with Article 6
new and important evidence about the efficacy or consequences
any practice, that the carrying on
the practice is no longer justified, it shall give notice in writing to any undertaking holding a licence to carry on the practice that it proposes to revoke that licence pursuant to its powers under the Principal Act.
that proposal and invite him or her to make representations to the Institute, within 1 month from the date
the giving
the notice, as to why, in this applicant's opinion, the licence ought not to be revoked. Optimisation, Dose Constraints and Risk Assessment 9.
medical exposures other than radiotherapeutic procedures, which exposures shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable consistent with obtaining the required diagnostic information, taking into account economic and social factors, and (b) the case
medical exposure
individuals for radiotherapeutic purposes, in which exposures
target volumes shall be individually planned, taking into account that doses to non-target volumes and tissues shall be as low as reasonably achievable and consistent with the intended radiotherapeutic purpose
the exposure.
identifying the protective measures needed to restrict exposures to ionising radiation, the undertaking shall, before commencing a practice, make an assessment acceptable to the Institute
the risks
exposure to ionising radiation arising from the practice or from reasonably foreseeable accidents resulting from the practice for workers and members
the public who may be affected.
a work activity, make an assessment acceptable to the Institute
the risks
exposure to ionising radiation arising from the work activity to any workers or members
the public for the purposes
identifying the protective measures needed to restrict exposure to ionising radiation.
the Institute, the assessment provided by the undertaking in accordance with paragraph
a practice, or at the address given in its notification under Article 7, in the case
a work activity require that undertaking to furnish the Institute with such additional information as it specifies in the notice.
Schedule 2 persons under 18 years
age may not be assigned to any work which would result in their being exposed workers.
the dose limit specified in that Schedule in relation to that person in a period
12 months.
individuals as part
their own medical diagnosis or treatment, (b) exposure
individuals knowingly and willingly helping (other than as part
their occupation) in the support and comfort
patients undergoing medical diagnosis or treatment, (c) exposure
volunteers participating in medical and biomedical research programmes.
paragraph
persons exposed in accordance with either
these subparagraphs (and such guidelines may include dose constraints). Special Protection During Pregnancy and Breast Feeding 11.
her condition, the undertaking shall provide a level
protection for the child to be born which is comparable with that provided for members
the public.
that matter are such that the equivalent dose to the child to be born is as low as reasonably achievable and will be unlikely to exceed 1 mSv during the remainder
the pregnancy following the undertaking being informed
the pregnancy.
bodily radioactive contamination. Specially Authorised Exposures 12.
particular workers exceeding the dose limits specified in Schedule 2 but only if such exposures are limited in time, confined to certain working areas and are within maximum exposure levels defined for the particular case by the Institute.
the worker, exclude a worker from his usual employment on the grounds that the worker has exceeded a dose limit as a result
an exposure authorised under this Article. Part 4 ESTIMATION
EFFECTIVE DOSE Effective Dose 13.
the estimation
effective and equivalent doses, the values and relationships referred to in Annexes II and III shall be used unless the Institute has authorised the use
equivalent methods.
radionuclides, the values and relationships referred to in Annexes II and III shall be used to estimate the effective doses. Part 5 PROTECTION
EXPOSED WORKERS, APPRENTICES AND STUDENTS Arrangements in the workplace 14.
radiation protection, the undertaking shall make arrangements for all workplaces where there is a possibility
exposure to ionising radiation in excess
dose limits specified in paragraph 3
Schedule 2. Such arrangements must be appropriate to the nature
the installations and sources and to the magnitude and nature
the risks. The scope
the precautions and monitoring, as well as their type and quality, must be appropriate to the risks associated with the work involving exposure to ionising radiation. Classification
Areas 15.
work designed to restrict exposure to ionising radiation or prevent or limit the probability and magnitude
radiological accidents or their effects, or (b) any person working in the area is liable to receive an equivalent dose greater than 6 mSv in a period
12 months or an equivalent dose greater than three tenths
any relevant dose limit specified in paragraph 1
Schedule 2, in respect
an exposed worker.
the area under review to determine whether the area should be designated as a controlled area, or (b) any person working in the area is liable to receive an effective dose greater than 1 mSv in a period
12 months or an equivalent dose greater than one tenth
any relevant dose limit specified in paragraph 1
Schedule 2, in respect
a member
the public.
the areas concerned. Requirements for Controlled and Supervised Areas 16.
a controlled area that - (
the spread
radioactive contamination, specific arrangements are made including arrangements for the access and exit
individuals and goods. (e) taking into account the nature and extent
the radiological risks in the controlled area, radiological surveillance
the working environment is organised in accordance with Article 21, and (f) signs indicating that it is a controlled area and the nature
the radiological sources and their inherent risks are displayed.
a supervised area that - (a) as a minimum, taking into account the nature and extent
the radiological risks in the supervised area, radiological surveillance
the working environment is organised in accordance with the provisions
, and (b) if appropriate, signs indicating that it is a supervised area and the nature
the sources and their inherent risks are displayed.
the dose received by that worker is entered into his or her radiation passbook. Radiation Safety Procedures 17.
enabling work involving ionising radiation to be carried out in accordance with the requirements
this Order and, in particular, for the purpose
identifying the manner in which the safety, health and welfare
workers and other persons shall be secured, the undertaking shall, in respect
any controlled area or, where appropriate having regard to the nature
the work carried out there, any supervised area, prepare a statement in writing
such procedures (in this Order referred to as “radiation safety procedures”) as it considers ought to be followed.
the activities concerned and, in particular, to the assessments carried out under paragraphs
the procedures are no longer appropriate, immediately upon those circumstances arising. and shall be amended by it as it considers appropriate.
the direction being given by the Institute.
the radiation safety procedures prepared by it are observed.
and made available to the workers concerned and other persons who may be affected by them. Classification
Exposed Workers. 18.
12 months or an equivalent dose greater than three tenths
the dose limits for the lens
the eye, or, as the case may be, the skin, hands, forearms, feet and ankles specified in paragraph 1
Schedule 2.
exposed workers.
individuals and the correct operation
protective equipment.
the register referred to in paragraph
persons for the time being standing approved by the Institute as persons who may be appointed to act as such advisers in relation to the type
practice or work activity concerned.
persons for the time being standing approved by the Institute as persons who may be appointed to act as radiation protection advisers.
practice or work activity and the register referred to in paragraph
practice or work activity (including practices or work activities generally) and the name
each person standing approved under paragraph
that register accordingly.
paragraph
practice or work activity.
protective devices and measuring instruments, (b) the prior critical examination
plans for installations from the point
view
radiation protection, (c) the acceptance into service
new or modified sources from the point
view
radiation protection, (d) the regular calibration
measuring instruments and the regular checking that they are serviceable and correctly used, (e) the implementation
the requirements
paragraphs
. (
doses pursuant to Article 23.
his or her functions.
the appointment
a radiation protection adviser within 1 month following the date
the appointment.
service, or (b) under a contract for services, whether whole time or part time and the decision as to which
those methods is used shall be made by the undertaking having regard to the nature
the practice or work activity carried on by it. Information and Training 20.
both the practice in general and each type
work station or job to which they may be assigned, and (ii) the importance
complying with the requirements
this Order, and (b) in the case
women, the need for early declaration
pregnancy in view
the risks
exposure for the child to be born and the risk
contaminating the nursing infant in the case
bodily radioactive contamination.
radiation protection is provided for exposed workers, apprentices and students.
Working Environments 21.
external dose rates, indicating the nature and quality
the radiation in question, (b) the measurement
air activity concentration and surface density
radioactive substances, indicating their nature and their physical and chemical states, and (c) the measurement
radon by an approved radon measurement laboratory.
the measuring instruments.
measuring instruments are carried out by persons who have knowledge
and understanding
currently accepted testing standards and relevant technical guidance in relation to the types
monitoring equipment.
the measurement referred to in paragraph
the results
the measurements referred to in paragraph
the maintenance and calibrations carried out in accordance with paragraph
the records referred to in subparagraph (a) for a period
at least 5 years from the date on which it is made. Dose Monitoring
Persons 22.
any general guidelines issued by the Institute in that regard, (c) in cases
accidental exposure, the relevant doses and their distribution in the body are assessed, and (d) in cases
emergency exposure, individual monitoring or assessment
the individual doses is carried out as appropriate to the circumstances.
the individual monitoring is made for each exposed worker, apprentice and student, (
the individual doses measured or estimated, as the case may be, pursuant to paragraph
accidental or emergency exposures, the reports
the circumstances and the actions taken, (iii) in the case
specially authorised exposures, a record
the individual doses measured, and (iv) the results
monitoring
the working environment used to assess individual doses, where necessary. (c) the Institute is provided with the summaries
all dose records relating to that year within 3 months
the end
each year; the format
such summaries shall have regard to such guidelines as may be issued by the Institute for the purposes
this Order in that regard, (d) the Institute is notified immediately
any dose received by an exposed worker, apprentice or student in excess
a dose limit specified in paragraphs 1 or 2, as the case may be
Schedule 2, and (e) in the case
Category B workers, the dose record referred to in subparagraph (a) is maintained for at least 5 years from the date on which the measurement was made.
the doses referred to in paragraph
suitable individual measurements for appropriate periods or where individual measurement is inappropriate, by means
suitable measurements. (b) in the case
Category A workers, to make, keep up to date and maintain a record
the dose assessments referred to in subparagraph (
age, or (ii) the expiry
the period
50 years from the date on which that worker has ceased to do the work involving exposures, whichever is the later, (c) to provide the undertaking at appropriate intervals with the results
the measurements made in accordance with subparagraph (a), (d) to notify immediately the undertaking and the Institute
any dose received by any exposed worker, apprentice or student in excess
a dose limit specified in paragraphs 1 or 2 as the case may be
Schedule 2.
paragraph
the worker's dose records for the previous 12 months is forwarded to the Institute within 3 months
that cessation.
any exposed worker employed by it (whether under a contract
service or a contract for services) or
a person formerly so employed by it, obtain from the approved dosimetric service or radon measurement laboratory and make available forthwith to that worker a copy
the dose record provided for the purposes
paragraph
that worker.
an accidental or emergency exposure, the undertaking shall ensure that the results
individual monitoring are submitted to the Institute without delay.
loss or damage to a dose meter or for any other reason, the undertaking shall in the case
a Category A worker - (a) estimate the dose to the exposed worker either from individual measurements made on other exposed workers or from the results
surveillance
the workplace as provided for in Article 21, (b) notify the worker
the dose estimated in accordance with subparagraph (a), (
accidental or emergency exposure, inform the Institute in writing
the estimated dose, including the methodology applied.
at least 5 years from the date on which they were recorded.
an estimated dose under paragraph
the Institute. Approval
Dosimetric Services and Radon Measurement Laboratories. 24.
this Order unless - (a) in a case where its principal place
business is in the State, it complies with the general criteria for the operation
testing laboratories specified in European Standard EN 45001 (or its equivalent for the time being) and is accredited for the purposes
this Order by the National Accreditation Board or such other body as the Minister may appoint for the purposes
this Article, and (b) in a case where its principal place
business is in a Member State (other than the State), it is approved by the relevant competent authority for approving or authorising such services or laboratories in that State, or it is accredited by a body that is recognised by the European Co-operation for Accreditation as a body which is competent to grant such accreditation under European Standard EN 45003 (or its equivalent for the time being).
proficiency testing schemes.
services and laboratories accredited by it under that paragraph.
the European Communities (Ionising Radiation) Regulations. 1991 ( S.I. No. 43
1991 ) which is in force immediately before the commencement
this Order shall continue in force in accordance with its terms as if it were an accreditation or approval granted for the purposes
this Order until the date specified in it as the date
expiry or 13 May 2001, whichever date is the earlier. Medical Surveillance
Category A Workers 25.
the undertaking under this Order, the undertaking shall appoint a registered medical practitioner to carry out medical surveillance
each worker to whom this Article applies who is employed or retained by it (and a registered medical practitioner who is so appointed is referred to in this Order as an “approved medical practitioner”).
health
workers under surveillance as regards their fitness for the tasks assigned to them.
the worker prior to his or her being classified as a Category A worker; the purpose
this examination shall be to determine the worker's fitness for a post as a Category A worker for which he or she is being considered, and (b) periodic reviews
his or her health.
determining whether or not the worker is fit to perform his or her duties. The nature
such a review shall depend on the type
work and on the individual's state
health
the approved medical practitioner deem him or her unfit for that post.
age, or (ii) the expiry
the period
50 years from the date on which that worker has ceased to do the work involving exposure, whichever is the later. Special Medical Surveillance
Exposed Workers 26.
the dose limits specified in Schedule 2.
workers referred to in paragraph
these persons is approved
by the approved medical practitioner.
exposed workers provided for in this Order, the undertaking shall make provision for any further actions in relation to the health protection
the exposed individual considered necessary by the approved medical practitioner, such as further examinations, decontamination measures or urgent remedial treatment.
medical surveillance to be provided under paragraph
an appeal under paragraph
Apprentices, Students and Outside Workers 27.
exposed workers
Category A or B, as appropriate.
exposed workers
Category B.
outside workers, that the provisions
Articles 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are applied to outside workers. Control
Radioactive Substances, Nuclear Devices and Irradiating Apparatus 28.
the locations and quantities
radioactive substances, irradiating apparatus and other nuclear devices to which the licence granted to it in accordance with Article 4 applies. (b) if it has in its possession, handles or deals with unsealed radioactive substances. maintain records
the quantities
all unsealed radioactive substances used by it and
the dates and method
disposal, (
the inventory referred to in subparagraph (
disposal
the items listed in it or, if those items are disposed
on different dates, the last date on which such an item is disposed
any radioactive substance from its container or other measures for that protection as far as is practicable.
radioactive substances, that - (a) suitable tests are carried out to detect leakage
any radioactive substance from its container at least once every 2 years or more frequently if recommended by the manufacturer or supplier or if the Institute directs it to do so, (b) in the case
suspected damage to any container or other protection, a leakage test is undertaken immediately; if the removed activity is in excess
200 Bq. use
the radioactive substance shall be discontinued forthwith, and (c) a suitable record
every test is made and retained until such time as the radioactive substance involved has been disposed
or a further record is made in respect
that radioactive substance and that such records are available for inspection by the Institute. Duties
Exposed and Outside Workers, Apprentices, Students and Outside Undertakings 29.
his or her work, and shall exercise reasonable care while carrying out such work, (b) make full and proper use
any personal protective equipment provided, (
any suspected exposure likely to cause a breach
any dose limit specified in Schedule 2 or any other unusual occurrence causing or likely to cause exposure in excess
such a limit.
it in that behalf.
the radiation passbook provided or made available to him or her, and, in case he or she is an employed outside worker, if it is lost, report the loss forthwith to the outside undertaking, (b) not misuse the radiation passbook provided or made available to him or her or falsify or attempt to falsify any
the information contained in it, (
Work Activities Involving Significant Exposure to Radon 30.
paragraph
400 Bq m3, averaged over a minimum period
3 months.
the radon measurements referred to in paragraph
the direction concerned being given to the employer or self-employed person or within such other period as the Institute may specify in the direction. Remedial Measures 31.
any
the radon measurements referred to in Article 30
3 months, the undertaking shall evaluate whether remedial measures to reduce the radon concentration should be taken having regard to such guidelines as may be issued by the Institute for the purposes
the Order in this regard.
remedial measures is justified, the undertaking shall take the measures as soon as practicable.
remedial measures pursuant to paragraph
3 months.
any remedial measures taken pursuant to paragraph
the radon measurements referred to in paragraph
Work Activities Involving Significant Exposure to Natural Radiation Sources Other Than Radon 32.
naturally occurring radionuclides may be present, such as in the oil and gas industries, metal smelting or in sectors involving the manufacture or use
thoriated products, shall investigate the extent
any exposure
workers or members
the public on being directed to do so by the Institute.
the investigation referred to in paragraph
the direction concerned being given to the employer or self-employed person or within such other period as the Institute may specify in the direction. Protection
Air Crew against exposure to cosmic radiation 33.
the exposure
air crew from cosmic radiation in accordance with such guidelines as may be issued by the Institute for the purposes
the Order in this regard.
this Order, 1 year from that commencement. (b) in case it holds an air operator's certificate which was granted on or after the commencement
this Order, 3 months from the making
the evaluation.
the evaluation referred to in paragraph
1 mSv in a period
12 months, the air operator or undertaking referred to in paragraph
that air crew by methods that have been approved
by the Institute prior to the assessment being carried out, (
any member
the air crew concerned make available to that member a copy
any dose record kept for the purposes
subparagraph (
all such current dose records relating to that year within 3 months
the end
each calendar year, (e) inform that air crew
the health risks involved in their work.
air crew liable to receive an exposure to cosmic radiation in excess
6 mSv in a period
12 months with a view to reducing their exposures.
1mSv in a period
12 months shall apply the provisions
relating to the obligations
an undertaking. Part 7 RADIATION PROTECTION
THE POPULATION FOR PRACTICES IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES Protection
the Public 34.
the population having regard to the provisions
Articles 8, 9 and 10 and the fundamental principles governing operational protection
the population.
the measures it is taking for that purpose.
this Order, “operational protection
the population” means, in normal circumstances, all arrangements and surveys for detecting and eliminating the factors which, in the course
any operation involving exposure to ionising radiation, are liable to create a risk
exposure to members
the public in excess
1 mSv in a period
12 months.
the practice or amending any condition attached to such a licence and as a condition for doing either
those things - (a) require the undertaking to submit to the Institute for examination and approval, from the point
view
radiation protection, plans for installations involving an exposure risk and for the proposed siting
such installations, (
radioactive effluents.
which a licence has been granted is carried on in accordance with the principles
health protection
the population as they relate to radiation protection and in particular shall do the following things within its installation - (a) achieve and maintain an optimal level
protection
the environment and the population, (b) check the effectiveness
technical devices for protecting the environment and the population, (c) operate such equipment and follow such procedures as are necessary for measuring and assessing, as appropriate, exposure and radioactive contamination
the environment and the population, and (d) undertake regular calibration
measuring instruments and regular checking that they are serviceable and being correctly used.
the radiation protection adviser. Estimates
Population Doses 35.
the dose received by the population from practices in relation to which licences have been granted. (b) Whenever and so
ten as the Institute gives a direction to it in that behalf, the undertaking shall make realistic as possible estimates
the doses received by the population as a result
any practice carried on by it. Such estimates shall include estimates
the doses to reference groups in all places where such groups may occur.
the doses due to external radiation indicating, where appropriate, the quality
the radiation in question, (b) assessment
the intake
radionuclides indicating the nature
the radionuclides and, where necessary, their physical and chemical status and the determination
the activity and concentrations
those radionuclides, (c) assessment
the doses that the reference groups
the population are liable to receive and specification
the characteristics
those groups.
the dose referred to in paragraph
external exposure, estimates
radioactive intakes and contamination as well as the results
assessments
doses received by reference groups and by the population. Part 8 INTERVENTION AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Intervention Principles 36.
radiological emergencies or in cases
lasting exposure resulting from the after effects
a radiological emergency or a past or old work practice or work activity.
any intervention shall be considered in conformity with the following principles - (a) intervention shall be undertaken only if the reduction in detriment due to radiation is sufficient to justify the harm and costs, including social costs,
the intervention, (b) the form, scale and duration
the intervention shall be optimised so that the benefits
the reduction in health detriment less the detriment associated with the intervention, will be maximised, (
long term exposure to which Article 40 applies, the dose limits specified in Schedule 2 should normally be appropriate for workers involved in interventions.
a particular radiological emergency, the undertaking shall comply with the provisions
subparagraphs (b) to (e)
paragraph
a practice in relation to which a licence has been granted, the undertaking carrying on the practice shall, when directed in writing by the Institute to do so - (a) evaluate the possibility
a radiological emergency resulting from the practice which would give rise to significant hazards to members
the public, (b) evaluate the likely spatial and temporal distribution
the radioactive substances dispersed in the event
such an emergency and the corresponding potential exposures, (
the intervention plan referred to in subparagraph (
the undertaking who may be involved in or may be affected by the intervention plan is given suitable instruction in the arrangements
the plan.
the Government who might, in the opinion
the Minister, be concerned in the matter, the Minister shall prepare a plan which shall be known as the “National Emergency Plan for Nuclear Accidents” and is in this Article referred to as “the plan”.
notifications and other information about radiological emergencies that may occur, (b) the organisation
appropriate intervention, taking account
the characteristics
the radiological emergency, (c) the assessment and recording
the consequences
the radiological emergency and
the effectiveness
the intervention, (d) specifying the duties
Ministers
the Government, local authorities and other public bodies with regard to the measures to be taken under the plan and the procedures to be followed by them for the purposes
co-ordinating those measures, (e) the procedures for the assessment
technical information related to any emergency or potential emergency, (f) the criteria for evaluating the need for intervention and, if appropriate, procedures for the implementation
countermeasures, and (g) the procedures for ensuring that the public is kept fully informed
the nature and extent
any risks to which they might be exposed and
any actions taken to minimise or reduce such risks.
drills and exercises to test the plan at suitable intervals and may amend the plan from time to time. Dealing with Radiological Emergencies 38.
the emergency. At the same time the undertaking shall inform the local emergency services
the circumstances with respect to the emergency.
the circumstances surrounding, and the possible consequences
, the emergency and submit a statement in writing
that assessment to the Institute as soon as possible but not later than 24 hours after the commencement
the emergency.
the radiological emergency.
radionuclides, (b) the environment, to reduce the transfer
radioactive substances to individuals, and (c) individuals, to reduce exposure and organise the treatment
victims.
the intervention measures which may be required to be taken within their functional areas in the event
a radiological emergency occurring. Emergency Occupational Exposure 39.
doses, in excess
those specified in Schedule 2. workers or other persons involved in taking intervention measures ought to be exposed to in taking such measures.
the technical obligations and health risks associated with the intervention concerned.
a worker or other person referred to in paragraph
the limits indicated in the guidelines prepared under that paragraph may be permitted to save human lives but only if he or she volunteers for such exposure having been fully informed about the risks concerned.
intervention measures shall provide radiological monitoring and medical surveillance for those involved in the taking
the measures. Intervention in Cases
Lasting Exposure 40.
a radiological emergency or a practice which has ceased to be carried on.
a practice, the undertaking which carries on or, as the case may be, carried on the practice shall, to the extent that it may be necessary, ensure that - (a) the area concerned is demarcated, (b) arrangements for the monitoring
exposure are made, (c) any appropriate intervention is implemented, taking account
the real characteristics
the situation, and (d) access to or use
land or buildings situated in the demarcated area is regulated.
ficer
the location. nature and amount
all radioactive substances held by it for the time being.
ficer” means the person designated to receive such a notification by the fire authority (within the meaning
the Fire Services Act, 1981 (No. 30
1981)), in whose functional area the practice or work activity concerned is carried on.
any radioactive substance, nuclear device or irradiating apparatus held by it occurs, the undertaking shall, immediately after the loss, larceny or misappropriation takes place, notify the Institute
the loss, larceny or misappropriation.
the matter and submit a report
the investigation to the Institute as soon as possible.
radioactive substance involved exceeds 10 times the quantity specified for that substance in Annex I and 100 times the concentration figure specified for that substance in Annex I, then the undertaking shall, immediately after the release or spillage takes place, notify the Institute
the release or spillage. Enforcement Notices 42.
the opinion that an undertaking or an air operator has contravened or is contravening a provision
this Order, the inspector may serve on the undertaking or air operator a notice in writing (in this Order referred to as “an enforcement notice”) requiring it to do or not to do such things as are specified in the notice for the purpose
ensuring compliance with the provision concerned.
the practice or work activity concerned, (b) mitigate or remedy any effects
the contravention concerned.
the period referred to in paragraph
14 days beginning on the day on which the notice is served on it, appeal to the appropriate judge
the District Court against the notice.
an appeal under paragraph
the District Court may, on the hearing
the appeal under paragraph
an enforcement notice for such period as in the circumstances
the case he or she considers appropriate.
an appeal under paragraph
suspending the operation
the enforcement notice concerned but the undertaking or air operator concerned may apply to the appropriate judge
the District Court for an order suspending the operation
the notice until the conclusion
the appeal and the court may, on the hearing
such an application, grant or refuse to grant such an order.
the District Court for an order cancelling an enforcement notice that has been confirmed under paragraph
the application, unless it sees good reason to the contrary, grant such an order.
the District Court” means the judge
the District Court for the District Court district in which the enforcement order concerned was served. Revocation 43.
Radioactive Substances, Nuclear Devices and Irradiating Apparatus) Order, 1993 ( S.I. No 151
1993 ), is hereby revoked. SCHEDULE 1 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED IN A LICENCE APPLICATION FOR A PRACTICE OR NOTIFICATION
A WORK ACTIVITY Article 6
the undertaking and a telephone number, fax number or electronic mail address at which it can be contacted at that address. 2. The address
the premises where or from where the practice or work activity is to be carried on and a telephone number, fax number or electronic mail address at which the undertaking can be contacted at that address. 3. The nature and business
the undertaking. 4. Into which
the following categories the source or sources
ionising radiation concerned fall - (
radon, (e) cosmic radiation. 5. In the case
subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c)
paragraph 4, the addresses
any premises, other than the address stated under paragraph 2, at which the source or each source
ionising radiation is to be used. 6. In the case
an application for a licence in respect
a practice, the proposed date
commencement
the practice. 7. In the case
a work activity, the date
commencement
the work activity. 8. In the case
an application for a licence in respect
a practice, the following additional information if the Institute requires it: (a) a description
the work with ionising radiation, (b) particulars
the sources
ionising radiation, (c) the quantities
any radioactive substances involved, (d) the identity
any person engaged in the practice, and (e) the name
the radiation protection adviser. SCHEDULE 2 DOSE LIMITS FOR EXPOSED WORKERS, APPRENTICES, STUDENTS AND MEMBERS
THE PUBLIC Article 10
12 months.
the eye
such a worker shall be 150 mSv in a period
12 months, (b) the limit on equivalent dose for the skin
such a worker shall be 500 mSv in a period
12 months; this limit shall apply to the dose averaged over any area
1 cm2, regardless
the area exposed, (c) the limit on equivalent dose for the hands, forearms, feet and ankles
such a worker shall be 500 mSv in a period
12 months.
her condition, the equivalent dose to the child to be born shall be limited to 1 mSv for the remainder
the pregnancy. Dose Limits for Apprentices and Students 2.
his or her studies, is obliged to use sources shall be the same as the dose limits for an exposed worker specified in paragraph 1
this Schedule.
effective dose for an apprentice or student aged 16 years or more but less than 18 years who, in the course
his or her studies, is obliged to use sources shall be 6 mSv in a period
12 months.
the eye
an apprentice or student referred to in that subparagraph shall be 50 mSv in a period
12 months. (b) the limit on equivalent dose for the skin
such an apprentice or student shall be 150 mSv in a period
12 months; this limit shall apply to the dose averaged over any area
1 cm2 regardless
the area exposed, (c) the limit on equivalent dose for the hands, forearms, feet and ankles
such an apprentice or student shall be 150 mSv in a period
12 months.
the public specified in paragraph 3. Dose Limits for Members
the Public 3.
the public shall be 1 mSv in a period
12 months.
the eye shall be 15 mSv in a period
12 months. (b) the limit on equivalent dose for the skin shall be 50 mSv in a period
12 months averaged over any 1 cm2
skin, regardless
the area exposed. SCHEDULE 3 INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN A HEALTH RECORD Article 25
birth, permanent address and RSI number. 2. The date
the worker's commencement as a Category A worker in his or her present employment. 3. The date
the last medical examination or health review carried out under this Order in respect
the worker. 4. The results
that last such examination or review. 5. The comments (if any)
the approved medical practitioner as to the worker's fitness to work or as to the conditions to which the worker should be subject. 6. The signature
the approved medical practitioner. SCHEDULE 4 PARTICULARS TO BE CONTAINED IN A RADIATION PASSBOOK Article 22
issue
the passbook. 4. Name and address
the outside undertaking. 5. Full name, date
birth, gender and RSI number
the outside worker who will hold the passbook. 6. Date
the last medical review
the outside worker and his or her classification as fit. fit subject to conditions (which shall be specified) or unfit. 7. In respect
each assignment carried out by the outside worker, the following particulars - (a) name
the undertaking where the services are carried out, (
the effective dose received by the outside worker, (e) in the event
a non-uniform exposure, an estimate
the dose equivalent in the different parts
the body, (f) in the event
an internal contamination, an estimate
the effective dose. SCHEDULE 5 TEXT
ANNEX I
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 96/29/EURATOM CRITERIA TO BE CONSIDERED FOR THE APPLICATION
ARTICLE 3 1. A practice may be exempted from the requirement to report without further consideration. In compliance with Article 3
the relevant radionuclides does not exceed the values in column 2 or 3
Table A. 2. The basic criteria for the calculation
the values in Table A, for the application
exemption for practices, are as follows: (a) the radiological risks to individuals caused by the exempted practice are sufficiently low as to be
no regulatory concern; and (b) the collective radiological impact
the exempted practice is sufficiently low as to be
no regulatory concern under the prevailing circumstances; and (c) the exempted practice is inherently without radiological significance, with no appreciable likelihood
scenarios that could lead to a failure to meet the criteria in (
the public due to the exempted practice is
the order
10 μSv or less in a year; and (b) either the collective effective dose committed during one year
performance
the practice is no more than about 1 man x Sv or an assessment
the optimization
protection shows that exemption is the optimum option. 4. For radionuclides not listed in Table A, the competent authority shall assign appropriate values for the quantities and concentrations
activity per unit mass where the need arises. Values thus assigned shall be complementary to those in Table A. 5. The values laid down in Table A apply to the total inventory
radioactive substances held by a person or undertaking as part
a specific practice at any point in time. 6. Nuclides carrying the suffix ‘+’ or ‘sec’ in Table A represent parent nuclides in equilibrium with their correspondent daughter nuclides as listed in Table B. In this case the values given in Table A refer to the parent nuclide alone, but already take account
the daughter nuclide(s) present. 7. In all other cases
mixtures
more than one nuclide, the requirement for reporting may be waived if the sum
the ratios for each nuclide
the total amount present divided by the value listed in Table A is less than or equal to 1. This summation rule also applies to activity concentrations where the various nuclides concerned are contained in the same matrix. TABLE A Nuclide Quantity (Bq) Concentration (kBq/kg) H-3 109 106 Be-7 107 103 C-14 107 104 O-15 109 102 F-18 106 10 Na-22 106 10 Na-24 105 10 Si-31 106 103 P-32 105 103 P-33 108 105 S-35 108 105 Cl-36 106 104 Cl-38 105 10 Ar-37 108 106 Ar-41 109 102 K-40 106 102 K-42 106 102 K-43 106 10 Ca-45 107 104 Ca-47 106 10 Sc-46 106 10 Sc-47 106 102 Sc-48 105 10 V-48 105 10 Cr-51 107 103 Mn-51 105 10 Mn-52 105 10 Mn-52m 105 10 Mn-53 109 104 Mn-54 106 10 Mn-56 105 10 Fe-52 106 10 Fe-55 106 104 Fe-59 106 10 Co-55 106 10 Co-56 105 10 Co-57 106 102 Co-58 106 10 Co-58m 107 104 Co-60 105 10 Co-60m 106 103 Co-61 106 102 Co-62m 105 10 Ni-59 108 104 Ni-63 108 105 Ni-65 106 10 Cu-64 106 102 Zn-65 106 10 Zn-69 106 104 Zn-69m 106 102 Ga-72 105 10 Ge-71 108 104 As-73 107 103 As-74 106 10 As-76 105 102 As-77 106 103 Se-75 106 102 Br-82 106 10 Kr-74 109 102 Kr-76 109 102 Kr-77 109 102 Kr-79 105 103 Kr-81 107 104 Kr-83m 1012 105 Kr-85 104 105 Kr-85m 1010 103 Kr-87 109 102 Kr-88 109 102 Rb-86 105 102 Sr-85 106 102 Sr-85m 107 102 Sr-87m 106 102 Sr-89 106 103 Sr-90+ 104 102 Sr-91 105 10 Sr-92 106 10 Y-90 105 103 Y-91 106 103 Y-91m 106 102 Y-92 105 102 Y-93 105 102 Zr-93 + 107 103 Zr-95 106 10 Zr-97 + 105 10 Nb-93m 107 104 Nb-94 106 10 Nb-95 106 10 Nb-97 106 10 Nb-98 105 10 Mo-90 106 10 Mo-93 108 103 Mo-99 106 102 Mo-101 106 10 Tc-96 106 10 Tc-96m 107 103 Tc-97 108 103 Tc-97m 107 103 Tc-99 107 104 Tc-99m 107 102 Ru-97 107 102 Ru-103 106 102 Ru-105 106 10 Ru-106 + 105 102 Rh-103m 108 104 Rh-105 107 102 Pd-103 108 103 Pd-109 106 103 Ag-105 106 102 Ag-108m + 106 10 Ag-110m 106 10 Ag-111 106 103 Cd-109 106 104 Cd-115 106 102 Cd-115m 106 103 In-111 106 102 In-113m 106 102 In-114m 106 102 In-115m 106 102 Sn-113 107 103 Sn-125 105 102 Sb-122 104 102 Sb-124 106 10 Sb-125 106 102 Te-123m 107 102 Te-125m 107 103 Te-127 106 103 Te-127m 107 103 Te-129 106 102 Te-129m 106 103 Te-131 105 102 Te-131m 106 10 Te-132 107 102 Te-133 105 10 Te-133m 105 10 Te-134 106 10 I-123 107 102 I-125 106 103 I-126 106 102 I-129 105 102 I-130 106 10 I-131 106 102 I-132 105 10 I-133 106 10 I-134 105 10 I-135 106 10 Xe-131m 104 104 Xe-133 104 103 Xe-135 1010 103 Cs-129 105 102 Cs-131 106 103 Cs-132 105 10 Cs-134m 105 103 Cs-134 104 10 Cs-135 107 104 Cs-136 105 10 Cs-137+ 104 10 Cs-138 104 10 Ba-131 106 102 Ba-140 + 105 10 La-140 105 10 Ce-139 106 102 Ce-141 107 102 Ce-143 106 102 Ce-144 + 105 102 Pr-142 105 102 Pr-143 106 104 Nd-147 106 102 Nd-149 106 102 Pm-147 107 104 Pm-149 106 103 Sm-151 108 104 Sm-153 106 102 Eu-152 106 10 Eu-152m 106 102 Eu-154 106 10 Eu-155 107 102 Gd-153 107 102 Gd-159 106 103 Tb-160 106 10 Dy-165 106 102 Dy-166 106 103 Ho-166 105 103 Er-169 107 104 Er-171 106 102 Tm-170 106 103 Tm-171 108 104 Yb-175 107 103 Lu-177 107 108 Ta-182 104 10 W-181 107 103 W-185 107 104 W-187 106 102 Re-186 106 103 Re-188 105 102 Os-185 106 10 Os-191 107 102 Os-191m 107 103 Os-193 106 102 Ir-190 106 10 Ir-192 104 10 Ir-194 105 102 Pt-191 106 102 Pt-193m 107 103 Pt-197 106 103 Pt-197m 106 102 Au-198 106 102 Au-199 106 102 Hg-197 107 102 Hg-197m 106 102 Hg-203 105 102 Tl-200 106 10 Tl-201 106 102 Tl-202 106 102 Tl-204 104 104 Pb-203 106 102 Pb-210 + 104 10 Pb-212 + 105 10 Bi-206 105 10 Bi-207 106 10 Bi-210 106 103 Bi-212 + 105 10 Po-203 106 10 Po-205 106 10 Po-207 106 10 Po-210 104 10 At-211 107 103 Rn-220 + 107 104 Rn-222 + 108 10 Ra-223 + 105 102 Ra-224 + 105 10 Ra-225 105 102 Ra-226 + 104 10 Ra-227 106 102 Ra-228 + 105 10 Ac-228 106 10 Th-226 + 107 103 Th-227 104 10 Th-228 + 104 1 Th-229 + 103 1 Th-230 104 1 Th-231 107 103 Th-232sec 103 1 Th-234 + 105 103 Pa-230 106 10 Pa-231 103 1 Pa-233 107 102 U-230 + 105 10 U-231 107 102 U-232 + 103 1 U-233 104 10 U-234 104 10 U-235 + 104 10 U-236 104 10 U-237 106 102 U-238 + 104 10 U-238sec 103 1 U-239 106 102 U-240 107 103 U-240 + 106 10 Np-237 + 103 1 Np-239 107 102 Np-240 106 10 Pu-234 107 102 Pu-235 107 102 Pu-236 104 10 Pu-237 107 103 Pu-238 104 1 Pu-239 104 1 Pu-240 103 1 Pu-241 105 102 Pu-242 104 1 Pu-243 107 103 Pu-244 104 1 Am-241 104 1 Am-242 106 103 Am-242m + 104 1 Am-243 + 103 1 Cm-242 105 102 Cm-243 104 1 Cm-244 104 10 Cm-245 103 1 Cm-246 103 1 Cm-247 104 1 Cm-248 103 1 Bk-249 106 103 Cf-246 106 103 Cf-248 104 10 Cf-250 104 10 Cf-251 103 1 Cf-252 104 10 Cf-253 105 102 Cf-254 103 1 Es-253 105 102 Es-254 104 10 Es-254m 106 102 Fm-254 107 104 Fm-255 106 103 TABLE B List
nuclides in secular equilibrium as referred to in point 6
this Annex Parent nuclide Daughter nuclides Sr-80 + Rb-80 Sr-90 + Y-90 Zr-93 + Nb-93m Zr-97 + Nb-97 Ru-106 + Rh-106 Ag-108m + Ag-108 Cs-137 + Ba-137 Ba-140 + La-140 Ce-134 + La-134 Ce-144 + Pr-144 Pb-210 + Bi-210, Po-210 Pb-212 + Bi-212, Tl-208, Po-212 Bi-212 + Tl-208, Po-212 Rn-220 + Po-216 Rn-222 + Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214 Ra-223 + Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207 Ra-224 + Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208, Po-212 Ra-226 + Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210, Po-214 Ra-228 + Ac-228 Th-226 + Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214 Th-228 + Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208, Po-212 Th-229 + Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213, Po-213, Pb-209 Th-232sec Ra-228, Ac-228, Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208, Po-212 Th-234 + Pa-234m U-230 + Th-226, Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214 U-232 + Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208, Po-212 U-235 + Th-231 U-238 + Th-234, Pa-234m U-238sec Th-234, Pa-234m, U-234, Th-230, Ra-226, Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210, Po-214 U-240 + Np-240 Np-237 + Pa-233 Am-242m + Am-242 Am-243 + Np-239 SCHEDULE 6 TEXT
ANNEX II
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 96/29/EURATOM A. Definitions
terms used in this Annex Ambient dose equivalent H* (d): the dose equivalent at a point in a radiation field that would be produced by the corresponding expanded and aligned field in the ICRU sphere at a depth, d, on the radius opposing the direction
the aligned field. The special name for the unit
ambient dose equivalent is sievert (Sv). Directional dose equivalent H' (d, Ω): the dose equivalent at a point in a radiation field that would be produced by the corresponding expanded field, in the ICRU sphere at a depth, d, on a radius in a specified direction, Ω. The special name for the unit
directional dose equivalent is sievert (Sv). Expanded and aligned field: a radiation field in which the fluence and its directional and energy distribution are the same as in the expanded field, but the fluence is unidirectional. Expanded field: a field derived from the actual field, where the fluence and its directional and energy distributions have the same values throughout the volume
interest as in the actual field at the point
reference. Fluence, Φ: the quotient
dN by da, where dN is the number
particles which enter a sphere
cross-sectional area da: dN Φ = ___ da Mean quality factor DŽ: average value
the quality factor at a point in tissue where the absorbed dose is delivered by particles with different L values. It is calculated according to the expression: where D(L)dL is the absorbed dose at 10 mm between linear energy transfer L and L + dL; and Q(L) is the corresponding quality factor at the point
interest. The Q-L relationships are given in C. Personal dose equivalent, Hp(d): the dose equivalent in soft tissues, at an appropriate depth, d, below a specified point in the body. The special name for the unit
personal dose equivalent is sievert (Sv). Quality factor (Q): a function
linear energy transfer (L) used to weight absorbed does at a point in such a way as to take into account the quality
a radiation. Radiation weighting factor (wR): a dimensionless factor used to weight the tissue or organ absorbed dose. The appropriate (wR) values are given in B. Tissue or organ absorbed dose (DT): the quotient
the total energy impatted in a tissue or organ and the mass
that tissue or organ. Tissue weighting factor (wT): a dimensionless factor used to weight the equivalent dose in a tissue or organ (T). The appropriate (wT) values are specified in D. Unrestricted linear energy transfer (L ∞): a quantity defined as: dE L ∞ = ___ dt where dE is the mean energy lost by a particle
energy E in traversing a distance dl in water. In this Directive L ∞ is denoted by L. ICRU sphere: a body introduced by the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) to approximate the human body as regards energy absorption from ionizing radiation; it consists
a 30 cm diameter tissue equivalent sphere with a density
1 g cm-3 and a mass composition
76.2% oxygen, 11.1% carbon. 10.1% hydrogen and 2.6% nitrogen. B. Values
radiation weighting factor, wR Values
radiation weighting factor, wR, depend on the type and quality
the external radiation field or on the type and quality
the radiation emitted by an internally deposited radionuclide. When the radiation field is composed
types and energies with different values
wR, the absorbed dose must be subdivided into blocks, each with its own value
wR and added to give the total equivalent dose. Alternatively, it may be expressed as a continuous distribution in energy where each element
absorbed dose from the energy element between E and E + dE is multiplied by the value
wR from the relevant entry in the Table below. Type and energy range Radiation weighting factor, wR Photons, all energies 1 Electrons and muons, all energies 1 Neutrons, energy 5 10 keV to 100 keV 10 > 100 keV to 2 MeV 20 > 2 MeV to 20 MeV 10 > 20 MeV 5 Protons, other than recoil protons, energy > 2 MeV 5 Alpha particles, fission fragments, heavy nuclei 20 In calculations involving neutrons, difficulties may arise in applying step function values. In these cases it may be preferable to use the continuous function described by the following mathematical relationship: wR = 5 + 17e-(ln(2E))2/6 where E is the neutron energy in MeV. A direct comparison
the two approaches is given, in Figure 1. Incident neutron energy (MeV) Figure 1 Radiation weighting factors for neutrons. The smooth curve is to be treated as an approximation For radiation types and energy which are not included in the table, an approximation
wR may be obtained by calculating the mean quality factor Q at a depth
10 mm in a ICRU sphere. C. Relationship between the quality factor, Q(L), and unrestricted linear energy transfer, L Unrestricted linear energy transfer, L in water (keV μm-1) Q(L) 1 10-100 0,32L - 2,2 > 100 300/√L D. Values
tissue weighting factor, WT (*) Values
tissue weighting factor, WT, are shown below: Tissue or organ Tissue weighting factors, WT Gonads 0,20 Bone marrow (red) 0,12 Colon 0,12 Lung 0,12 Stomach 0,12 Bladder 0,05 Breast 0,05 Liver 0,05 Oesophagus 0,05 Thyroid 0,05 Skin 0,01 Bone surface 0,01 Remainder 0,05(**) (***) E. Operational quantities for external radiation Operational quantities for external radiation are used for individual monitoring for radiation protection purposes: 1. Individual monitoring: Personal dose equivalent Hp (d), d: depth in mm in the body. 2. Area monitoring: ambient dose equivalent H(*) (d), directional dose equivalent H' (d,Ω), d: depth in mm under the surface
the sphere given in A, Ω: angle
incidence. 3. For strongly penetrating radiation a depth
10 mm, for weakly penetrating radiation a depth
0,07 mm for the skin and 3 mm for the eye is recommended. SCHEDULE 7 TEXT
ANNEX III
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 96/29/EURATOM A. Throughout the Directive, unless otherwise specified, requirements on doses apply to the sum
the relevant doses from external exposure in a specified perio
AI explanation based on the official legal text. Indicative, not a substitute for legal advice.