Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997

What is this act about?

This law updates and clarifies the legal definitions and penalties for various non-fatal crimes against individuals, replacing older common law offences. It aims to provide a comprehensive framework for addressing physical and psychological harm inflicted upon a person.

Who it applies to: Anyone who commits an act that causes non-fatal harm or threatens to cause such harm to another person; Anyone who is a victim of such acts.

Deadlines:

Specific offences are created for syringe attacks or spraying contaminated blood/fluid, with penalties up to 10 years imprisonment on indictment.

At a glance

Country: Ireland
Area of law: Criminal law
Articles: 32
Source: irishstatutebook.ie
Text retrieved: 2026-06-17
Explanation updated: 2026-07-07

What does this act regulate?

Different types of assault, from basic assault to causing serious harm.
Threats to kill or cause serious harm.
Offences involving syringes or contaminated substances, including possession in certain circumstances.
Acts like harassment, coercion, false imprisonment, and endangering traffic.

Who does this act apply to?

Anyone who commits an act that causes non-fatal harm or threatens to cause such harm to another person.
Anyone who is a victim of such acts.

What are the key points?

"Harm" includes pain and unconsciousness, while "serious harm" involves a substantial risk of death, serious disfigurement, or significant impairment of bodily function.
An assault can occur by applying force or causing someone to believe they are about to be subjected to force, without their consent.
Threats to kill or cause serious harm are offences if intended to be believed.
Specific offences are created for syringe attacks or spraying contaminated blood/fluid, with penalties up to 10 years imprisonment on indictment.

Criminal law

Criminal Justice (Location of Victims' Remains) Act, 1999

Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 2011

Indemnity Act, 1923

Criminal Justice (Joint Investigation Teams) Act 2004

Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) (Amendment) Act 2021

Fisheries and Foreshore (Amendment) Act, 1998

Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) (Amendment) Act, 2002

Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023

Criminal law

Legal text

Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997 Skip to content Disclaimer Feedback Helpdesk Gaeilge Léim go dtí an t-ábhar Séanadh Aiseolas Deasc chabhrach English Gaeilge English Produced by the Office of the Attorney General Táirgthe ag Oifig an Ard-Aighne Home Legislation Acts of the Oireachtas Statutory Instruments Pre-1922 Legislation Constitution External Resources Bills (Houses of the Oireachtas) Iris Oifigiúil / Official Gazette Revised Acts (LRC) Classified List of Legislation (LRC) Translations (acts.ie) Translations (Houses of the Oireachtas) Government Publications for Sale EU Law (EUR-Lex) FAQ Disclaimer Feedback Helpdesk Search Baile Reachtaíocht Achtanna an Oireachtais Ionstraimí Reachtúla Reachtaíocht Réamh-1922 Bunreacht Acmhainní Seachtracha Billí (Tithe an Oireachtais) Iris Oifigiúil Achtanna Athbhreithnithe (CAD) (An Coimisiún um Athchóiriú an Dlí) Liosta Rangaithe Reachtaíochta Aistriúcháin (achtanna.ie) Aistriúcháin (Tithe an Oireachtais) Foilseacháin Rialtais ar Díol Dlí AE (EUR-Lex) CCanna (Ceisteanna Coitianta) Séanadh Aiseolas Deasc chabhrach Cuardach TitleTeideal Year(s) or rangeBliain nó blianta nó raon TypeCineál All Legislation Acts Statutory Instruments Advanced SearchCuardach Casta HomeBaile ActsAchtanna 1997 Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997 Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997 Permanent Page URL View by SectionAmharc de réir Ailt View Full ActAmharc ar an Acht Iomlán Bill History Stair Bille Commencement, Amendments, SIs made under the Act Tosach Feidhme, Leasuithe, IRí arna ndéanamh faoin Acht Revised Act Acht Athbh… Open PDFOscail PDF Print Full ActPriontáil an tAcht Iomlán Number 26 of 1997 NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON ACT, 1997 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Section

Section 1

Interpretation.

Section 2

Assault.

Section 3

Assault causing harm.

Section 4

Causing serious harm.

Section 5

Threats to kill or cause serious harm.

Section 6

Syringe, etc., attacks.

Section 7

Offence of possession of syringe, etc., in certain circumstances and seizure thereof by member of Garda Síochána.

Section 8

Placing or abandoning syringe.

Section 9

Coercion.

Section 10

Harassment.

Section 11

Demands for payment of debt causing alarm, etc.

Section 12

Poisoning.

Section 13

Endangerment.

Section 14

Endangering traffic.

Section 15

False imprisonment.

Section 16

Abduction of child by parent, etc.

Section 17

Abduction of child by other persons.

Section 18

Justifiable use of force; protection of person or property, prevention of crime, etc.

Section 19

Justifiable use of force in effecting or assisting lawful arrest.

Section 20

Meaning of “use of force” and related provisions.

Section 21

Amendment of section 6 of the Criminal Damage Act, 1991.

Section 22

General defences, etc.

Section 23

Consent by minor over 16 years to surgical, medical and dental treatment.

Section 24

Abolition of common law rule in respect of immunity of teachers from criminal liability for punishing pupils.

Section 25

Evidential value of certain certificates signed by medical practitioners.

Section 26

Amendment of Schedule to Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976.

Section 27

Amendment of First Schedule to Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1994.

Section 28

Abolition of common law offences of assault and battery, kidnapping and false imprisonment.

Section 29

Amendment of section 9 of Criminal Law Act, 1997.

Section 30

Amendment of Schedule to Bail Act, 1997.

Section 31

Repeals.

Section 32

Short title and commencement.

SCHEDULE Enactments Repealed Acts Referred to Bail Act, 1997 1997, No. 16 Criminal Damage Act, 1991 1991, No. 31 Criminal Law Act, 1997 1997, No. 14 Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976 1976, No. 14 Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1994 1994, No. 6 Medical Practitioners Act, 1978 1978, No. 4 Number 26 of 1997 NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON ACT, 1997 AN ACT TO REVISE THE LAW RELATING TO THE MAIN NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON AND TO PROVIDE FOR CONNECTED MATTERS. [19th May, 1997] BE IT ENACTED BY THE OIREACHTAS AS FOLLOWS:

Interpretation.

1.—(1) In this Act— “contaminated blood” means blood which is contaminated with any disease, virus, agent or organism which if passed into the blood stream of another could infect the other with a life threatening or potentially life threatening disease; “contaminated fluid” means fluid or substance which is contaminated with any disease, virus, agent or organism which if passed into the blood stream of another could infect the other with a life threatening or potentially life threatening disease; “contaminated syringe” means a syringe which has in it or on it contaminated blood or contaminated fluid; “harm” means harm to body or mind and includes pain and unconsciousness; “member of the family” in relation to a person, means the spouse, a child (including step-child or adopted child), grandchild, parent, grandparent, step-parent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, uncle, aunt, nephew or niece of the person or any person cohabiting or residing with him or her; “property” means property of a tangible nature, whether real or personal, including money and animals that are capable of being stolen; “public place” includes any street, seashore, park, land or field, highway and any other premises or place to which at the material time the public have or are permitted to have access, whether on payment or otherwise, and includes any train, vessel, aircraft or vehicle used for the carriage of persons for reward; “serious harm” means injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious disfigurement or substantial loss or impairment of the mobility of the body as a whole or of the function of any particular bodily member or organ; “street” includes any road, bridge, lane, footway, subway, square, court, alley or passage, whether a thoroughfare or not, which is for the time being open to the public; and the doorways, entrances and gardens abutting on a street and any ground or car-park adjoining and open to a street, shall be treated as forming part of a street; “syringe” includes any part of a syringe or a needle or any sharp instrument capable of piercing skin and passing onto or into a person blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood.

(2)For the purposes of sections 17 , 18 and 19 it is immaterial whether a belief is justified or not if it is honestly held but the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for the belief is a matter to which the court or the jury is to have regard, in conjunction with any other relevant matters, in considering whether the person honestly held the belief.

(3)In this Act— (a) a reference to any enactment shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as a reference to that enactment as amended or extended by or under any subsequent enactment including this Act, (b) a reference to a section is a reference to a section of this Act unless it is indicated that reference to some other enactment is intended, (c) a reference to a subsection, paragraph or subparagraph is a reference to the subsection, paragraph or subparagraph of the provision in which the reference occurs unless it is indicated that reference to some other provision is intended.

Assault.

2.—(1) A person shall be guilty of the offence of assault who, without lawful excuse, intentionally or recklessly— (a) directly or indirectly applies force to or causes an impact on the body of another, or (b) causes another to believe on reasonable grounds that he or she is likely immediately to be subjected to any such force or impact, without the consent of the other.

(2)In subsection (1) (a), “force” includes— (a) application of heat, light, electric current, noise or any other form of energy, and (b) application of matter in solid liquid or gaseous form.

(3)No such offence is committed if the force or impact, not being intended or likely to cause injury, is in the circumstances such as is generally acceptable in the ordinary conduct of daily life and the defendant does not know or believe that it is in fact unacceptable to the other person.

(4)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both.

Assault causing harm.

3.—(1) A person who assaults another causing him or her harm shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or to both.

Causing serious harm.

4.—(1) A person who intentionally or recklessly causes serious harm to another shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for life or to both.

Threats to kill or cause serious harm.

5.—(1) A person who, without lawful excuse, makes to another a threat, by any means intending the other to believe it will be carried out, to kill or cause serious harm to that other or a third person shall be guilty of an offence,

(2)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or to both.

Syringe, etc., attacks.

6.—(1) A person who— (a) injures another by piercing the skin of that other with a syringe, or (b) threatens to so injure another with a syringe, with the intention of or where there is a likelihood of causing that other to believe that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the injury caused or threatened shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)A person who— (a) sprays, pours or puts onto another blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood, or (b) threatens to spray, pour or put onto another blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood, with the intention of or where there is a likelihood of causing that other to believe that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the action caused or threatened shall be guilty of an offence.

(3)A person who in committing or attempting to commit an offence under subsection (1) or (2)— (a) injures a third person with a syringe by piercing his or her skin, or (b) sprays, pours or puts onto a third person blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood, resulting in the third person believing that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the injury or action caused shall be guilty of an offence.

(4)A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1), (2) or (3) shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or to both.

(5)(a) A person who intentionally injures another by piercing the skin of that other with a contaminated syringe shall be guilty of an offence. (b) A person who intentionally sprays, pours or puts onto another contaminated blood shall be guilty of an offence. (c) A person who in committing or attempting to commit an offence under paragraph (a) or (b)— (i) injures a third person with a contaminated syringe by piercing his or her skin, or (ii) sprays, pours or puts onto a third person contaminated blood, shall be guilty of an offence. (d) A person guilty of an offence under this subsection shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.

Offence of possession of syringe, etc., in certain circumstances and seizure thereof by member of Garda Síochána.

7.—(1) A person who has with him or her in any place— (a) a syringe, or (b) any blood in a container, intended by him or her unlawfully to cause or threaten to cause injury to or to intimidate another shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)A member of the Garda Síochána who has reasonable cause to suspect that a person has with him or her in a public place a syringe, or any blood in a container intended by him or her unlawfully to cause or to threaten to cause injury to or to intimidate another, may stop and question and if necessary (if need be by using reasonable force) search such person and the member may seize and detain any syringe or such container found on the person or in the immediate vicinity of the person, unless the person gives to the member reasonable excuse for having the syringe or container with him or her, and, where a syringe or such a container is so found, require the name and address of the person.

(3)A member of the Garda Síochána may arrest without warrant a person who— (a) fails to stop when required under subsection (2), or (b) fails or refuses to give his or her name or address when required under subsection (2) or gives a name or address which the member has reasonable cause to believe is false or misleading, or (c) obstructs or attempts to obstruct the member or any person accompanying that member in the carrying out of the member's duties under subsection (2).

(4)A person who, without reasonable excuse, fails to stop or fails to give his or her name or address when required to under subsection (2) or gives a name or address which is false or misleading or obstructs or interferes with a member of the Garda Síochána acting under that subsection shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months, or to both.

(5)In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it shall not be necessary for the prosecution to allege or prove that the intent to threaten or cause injury to or intimidate was intent to threaten or cause injury to or intimidate a particular person; and if, having regard to all the circumstances (including the contents of the syringe, if any, the time of the day or night, and the place), the court (or the jury as the case may be) thinks it reasonable to do so, it shall regard possession of the syringe or container as sufficient evidence of intent in the absence of any adequate explanation by the accused.

(6)In this section “blood” includes any fluid or substance resembling blood.

(7)A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

Placing or abandoning syringe.

8.—(1) Subject to subsection (3), a person who places or abandons a syringe in any place in such a manner that it is likely to injure another and does injure another or is likely to injure, cause a threat to or frighten another shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)A person who intentionally places a contaminated syringe in any place in such a manner that it injures another shall be guilty of an offence.

(3)Subsection (1) does not apply to a person placing a syringe in any place whilst administering or assisting in lawful medical, dental or veterinary procedures.

(4)In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1) where it is alleged a syringe is placed in a place being a private dwelling at which the accused normally resides, it shall be a defence for the accused to show that he or she did not intentionally place the syringe in such a manner that it injured or was likely to injure or cause a threat to or frighten another, as the case may be.

(5)A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

(6)A person guilty of an offence under subsection (2) shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.

Coercion.

9.—(1) A person who, with a view to compel another to abstain from doing or to do any act which that other has a lawful right to do or to abstain from doing, wrongfully and without lawful authority— (a) uses violence to or intimidates that other person or a member of the family of the other, or (b) injures or damages the property of that other, or (c) persistently follows that other about from place to place, or (d) watches or besets the premises or other place where that other resides, works or carries on business, or happens to be, or the approach to such premises or place, or (e) follows that other with one or more other persons in a disorderly manner in or through any public place, shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)For the purpose of this section attending at or near the premises or place where a person resides, works, carries on business or happens to be, or the approach to such premises or place, in order merely to obtain or communicate information, shall not be deemed a watching or besetting within the meaning of subsection (l) (d).

(3)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or to both.

Harassment.

10.—(1) Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, by any means including by use of the telephone, harasses another by persistently following, watching, pestering, besetting or communicating with him or her, shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)For the purposes of this section a person harasses another where— (a) he or she, by his or her acts intentionally or recklessly, seriously interferes with the other's peace and privacy or causes alarm, distress or harm to the other, and (b) his or her acts are such that a reasonable person would realise that the acts would seriously interfere with the other's peace and privacy or cause alarm, distress or harm to the other.

(3)Where a person is guilty of an offence under subsection (1), the court may, in addition to or as an alternative to any other penalty, order that the person shall not, for such period as the court may specify, communicate by any means with the other person or that the person shall not approach within such distance as the court shall specify of the place of residence or employment of the other person.

(4)A person who fails to comply with the terms of an order under subsection (3) shall be guilty of an offence.

(5)If on the evidence the court is not satisfied that the person should be convicted of an offence under subsection (1), the court may nevertheless make an order under subsection (3) upon an application to it in that behalf if, having regard to the evidence, the court is satisfied that it is in the interests of justice so to do.

(6)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

Demands for payment of debt causing alarm, etc.

11.—(1) A person who makes any demand for payment of a debt shall be guilty of an offence if— (a) the demands by reason of their frequency are calculated to subject the debtor or a member of the family of the debtor to alarm, distress or humiliation, or (b) the person falsely represents that criminal proceedings lie for non-payment of the debt, or (c) the person falsely represents that he or she is authorised in some official capacity to enforce payment, or (d) the person utters a document falsely represented to have an official character.

(2)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500.

Poisoning.

12.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence if, knowing that the other does not consent to what is being done, he or she intentionally or recklessly administers to or causes to be taken by another a substance which he or she knows to be capable of interfering substantially with the other's bodily functions.

(2)For the purpose of this section a substance capable of inducing unconsciousness or sleep is capable of interfering substantially with bodily functions.

Endangerment.

13.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who intentionally or recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of death or serious harm to another.

(2)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

Endangering traffic.

14.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who— (a) intentionally places or throws any dangerous obstruction upon a railway, road, street, waterway or public place or interferes with any machinery, signal, equipment or other device for the direction, control or regulation of traffic thereon, or interferes with or throws anything at or on any conveyance used or to be used thereon, and (b) is aware that injury to the person or damage to property may be caused thereby, or is reckless in that regard.

(2)In this section— “conveyance” means any conveyance constructed or adapted for the carriage of a person or persons or of goods by land or water; “railway” means a railway, a tramway, or a light railway or any part of a railway, tramway or light railway; “waterway” means any route upon water used by any conveyance.

(3)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to S.14 imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

False imprisonment.

15.—(1) A person shall be guilty of the offence of false imprisonment who intentionally or recklessly— (a) takes or detains, or (b) causes to be taken or detained, or (c) otherwise restricts the personal liberty of, another without that other's consent.

(2)For the purposes of this section, a person acts without the consent of another if the person obtains the other's consent by force or threat of force, or by deception causing the other to believe that he or she is under legal compulsion to consent.

(3)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life.

Abduction of child by parent, etc.

16.—(1) A person to whom this section applies shall be guilty of an offence, who takes, sends or keeps a child under the age of 16 years out of the State or causes a child under that age to be so taken, sent or kept— (a) in defiance of a court order, or (b) without the consent of each person who is a parent, or guardian or person to whom custody of the child has been granted by a court unless the consent of a court was obtained.

(2)This section applies to a parent, guardian or a person to whom custody of the child has been granted by a court but does not apply to a parent who is not a guardian of the child.

(3)It shall be a defence to a charge under this section that the defendant— (a) has been unable to communicate with the persons referred to in subsection (1) (b) but believes they would consent if they were aware of the relevant circumstances; or (b) did not intend to deprive others having rights of guardianship or custody in relation to the child of those rights.

(4)A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable— (a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or (b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

(5)Any proceedings under this section shall not be instituted except by or with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions.

Abduction of child by other persons.

17.—(1) A person, other than a person to whom section 16 applies, shall be guilty of an offence who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, intentionally takes or detains a child under the age of 16 years or causes a child under that age to be so taken or detained— (a) so as to remove the child from the lawful control of any person having lawful control of the child; or (b) so as to keep him or her out of the lawful control of any person entitled to lawful control of the child.

(2)It shall be a defence to a charge under this section that the defendant believed that the child had attained the age of 16 years.

Justifiable use of force; protection of person or property, prevention of crime, etc.

18.—(1) The use of force by a person for any of the following purposes, if only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be, does not constitute an offence— (a) to protect himself or herself or a member of the family of that person or another from injury, assault or detention caused by a criminal act; or (b) to protect himself or herself or (with the authority of that other) another from trespass to the person; or (c) to protect his or her property from appropriation, destruction or damage caused by a criminal act or from trespass or infringement; or (d) to protect property belonging to another from appropriation, destruction or damage caused by a criminal act or (with the authority of that other) from trespass or infringement; or (e) to prevent crime or a breach of the peace.

(2)“use of force” in subsection (1) is defined and extended by section 20 .

(3)For the purposes of this section an act involves a “crime” or is “criminal” although the person committing it, if charged with an offence in respect of it, would be acquitted on the ground that— (a) he or she was under 7 years of age; or (b) he or she acted under duress, whether by threats or of circumstances; or (c) his or her act was involuntary; or (d) he or she was in a state of intoxication; or (e) he or she was insane, so as not to be responsible, according to law, for the act.

(4)The references in subsection (1) to protecting a person and property from anything include protecting the person or property from its continuing; and the reference to preventing crime or a breach of the peace shall be similarly construed.

(5)For the purposes of this section the question whether the act against which force is used is of a kind mentioned in any of the paragraphs (a) to (e) of subsection (1) shall be determined according to the circumstances as the person using the force believes them to be.

(6)Notwithstanding subsection (1), a person who believes circumstances to exist which would justify or excuse the use of force under that subsection has no defence if he or she knows that the force is used against a member of the Garda Síochána acting in the course of the member's duty or a person so assisting such member, unless he or she believes the force to be immediately necessary to prevent harm to himself or herself or another.

(7)The defence provided by this section does not apply to a person who causes conduct or a state of affairs with a view to using force to resist or terminate it:

But the defence may apply although the occasion for the use of force arises only because the person does something he or she may lawfully do, knowing that such an occasion will arise.

(8)Property shall be treated for the purposes of subsection (1) (c) and (d) as belonging to any person— (a) having the custody or control of it; (b) having in it any proprietary right or interest (not being an equitable interest arising only from an agreement to transfer or grant an interest); or (c) having a charge on it; and where property is subject to a trust, the persons to whom it belongs shall be treated as including any person having a right to enforce the trust.

Property of a corporation sole shall be treated for the purposes of the aforesaid provisions as belonging to the corporation notwithstanding a vacancy in the corporation.

Justifiable use of force in effecting or assisting lawful arrest.

19.—(1) The use of force by a person in effecting or assisting in a lawful arrest, if only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be, does not constitute an offence.

(2)“use of force” in subsection (1) is defined and extended by section 20 .

(3)For the purposes of this section the question as to whether the arrest is lawful shall be determined according to the circumstances as the person using the force believed them to be.

Meaning of “use of force” and related provisions.

20.—(1) For the purposes of sections 18 and 19— (a) a person uses force in relation to another person or property not only when he or she applies force to, but also where he or she causes an impact on, the body of that person or that property; (b) a person shall be treated as using force in relation to another person if— (i) he or she threatens that person with its use, or (ii) he or she detains that person without actually using it; and (c) a person shall be treated as using force in relation to property if he or she threatens a person with its use in relation to property.

(2)Sections 18 and 19 shall apply in relation to acts immediately preparatory to the use of force as they apply in relation to acts in which force is used.

(3)A threat of force may be reasonable although the actual use of force may not be.

(4)The fact that a person had an opportunity to retreat before using force shall be taken into account, in conjunction with other relevant evidence, in determining whether the use of force was reasonable.

Amendment of section 6 of the Criminal Damage Act, 1991 .

21.—Section 6(2) of the Criminal Damage Act, 1991 , is hereby amended by the substitution for paragraph (c) of the following paragraph: “(c) if he damaged or threatened to damage the property in question or, in the case of an offence under section 4, intended to use or cause or permit the use of something to damage it, in order to protect himself or another or property belonging to himself or another or a right or interest in property which was or which he believed to be vested in himself or another and the act or acts alleged to constitute the offence were reasonable in the circumstances as he believed them to be.”.

General defences, etc.

22.—(1) The provisions of this Act have effect subject to any enactment or rule of law providing a defence, or providing lawful authority, justification or excuse for an act or omission.

(2)Notwithstanding subsection (1) any defence available under the common law in respect of the use of force within the meaning of section 18 or 19 , or an act immediately preparatory to the use of force, for the purposes mentioned in section 18

(1)or 19(1) is hereby abolished.

Consent by minor over 16 years to surgical, medical and dental treatment.

23.—(1) The consent of a minor who has attained the age of 16 years to any surgical, medical or dental treatment which, in the absence of consent, would constitute a trespass to his or her person, shall be as effective as it would be if he or she were of full age; and where a minor has by virtue of this section given an effective consent to any treatment it shall not be necessary to obtain any consent for it from his or her parent or guardian.

(2)In this section “surgical, medical or dental treatment” includes any procedure undertaken for the purposes of diagnosis, and this section applies to any procedure (including, in particular, the administration of an anaesthetic) which is ancillary to any treatment as it applies to that treatment.

(3)Nothing in this section shall be construed as making ineffective any consent which would have been effective if this section had not been enacted.

Abolition of common law rule in respect of immunity of teachers from criminal liability for punishing pupils.

24.—The rule of law under which teachers are immune from criminal liability in respect of physical chastisement of pupils is hereby abolished.

Evidential value of certain certificates signed by medical practitioners.

25.—(1) In any proceedings for an offence alleging the causing of harm or serious harm to a person, the production of a certificate purporting to be signed by a registered medical practitioner and relating to an examination of that person, shall unless the contrary is proved, be evidence of any fact thereby certified without proof of any signature thereon or that any such signature is that of such practitioner.

(2)In this section “registered medical practitioner” means a person registered in the General Register of Medical Practitioners established under section 26 of the Medical Practitioners Act, 1978 .

Amendment of Schedule to Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976.

26.—The Schedule to the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976 , is hereby amended— (a) by the deletion, in paragraph 5, of “False imprisonment.”, and (b) by the substitution for paragraph 7 of the following: “7. Any offence under the following provisions of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997— (a) section 4 (causing serious harm); (b) section 15 (false imprisonment).”.

Amendment of First Schedule to Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1994.

27.—The First Schedule to the Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1994 , is hereby amended— (a) by the deletion, in paragraph 4, of “False imprisonment.”, (b) by the deletion, in paragraph 5, of “Assault occasioning actual bodily harm.”, and (c) the substitution for paragraph 6 of the following: “6. Any offence under the following provisions of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997— (a) section 3 (assault causing harm); (b) section 4 (causing serious harm); (c) section 15 (false imprisonment).”.

Abolition of common law offences of assault and battery, kidnapping and false imprisonment.

28.—(1) The following common law offences are hereby abolished— (a) assault and battery, (b) assault occasioning actual bodily harm, (c) kidnapping, and (d) false imprisonment.

(2)The abolition of the common law offence of kidnapping shall not affect the operation of section 2 of, and paragraph 4 of the Schedule to, the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976 , and accordingly the said section 2 and the said Schedule shall have effect as if subsection (1) (c) had not been enacted.

Amendment of section 9 of Criminal Law Act, 1997.

29.—Section 9 of the Criminal Law Act, 1997, is hereby amended by the substitution for paragraph (a) of subsection (2) of the following paragraph: “(a) manslaughter, or causing serious harm with intent to do so, or”.

Amendment of Schedule to Bail Act, 1997.

30.—The Schedule to the Bail Act, 1997, is hereby amended by— (a) the deletion in paragraph 3 of “Assault occasioning actual bodily harm.”, (b) the deletion in paragraph 4 of “Kidnapping.”, (c) the deletion in paragraph 5 of “False imprisonment.”, and (d) the substitution for the matter contained in paragraph 7 of the following: “Any offence under the following provisions of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997— (a) section 3 (assault causing harm); (b) section 4 (causing harm); (c) section 5 (threats to kill or cause serious harm); (d) section 6 (syringe, etc. attacks); (e) section 7

(1)(offence of possession of syringe, etc. in certain circumstances); (f) section 8 (placing or abandoning syringe); (g) section 9 (coercion); (h) section 10 (harassment); (i) section 13 (endangerment); (j) section 14 (endangering traffic); (k) section 15 (false imprisonment); (l) section 16 (abduction of child by parent, etc.); (m) section 17 (abduction of child by other persons).”.

Repeals.

31.—Each enactment specified in column (2) of the Schedule to this Act is hereby repealed to the extent specified in column (3) of that Schedule.

Short title and commencement.

32.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997.

(2)This Act (other than sections 6 , 7 , 8 and 10 ) shall come into operation 3 months after the date of its passing.

(3)Sections 6 , 7 , 8 and 10 shall come into operation on the day after the date of the passing of this Act.

SCHEDULE Enactments Repealed

Section 31

Session and Chapter or Number and Year Short Title Extent of Repeal

(1)

(2)

(3)24 & 25 Vict., c.100 Offences against the Person Act, 1861 Sections 16 to 26, 28 to 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 53 to 56, 64, 65 and 73 38 & 39 Vict., c.86 Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1875 Sections 6 and 7 48 & 49 Vict., c.69 Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885 Paragraph (3) of section 3 and sections 7 and 8 No. 2 of 1951 Criminal Justice Act, 1951

Section 11

No. 32 of 1976 Criminal Law Act, 1976 Subsection (2) of section 11 Privacy Statement Accessibility European Legislation Identifier (PDF) Open Data License Ráiteas Príobháideachais Inrochtaineacht Aitheantóir Eorpach Reachtaíochta (ELI) Ceadúnas Sonraí Oscailte Liosta Fianán © Government of Ireland. Oireachtas Copyright Material is reproduced with the permission of the Houses of the Oireachtas © Rialtas na hÉireann. Atáirgtear ábhar faoi Chóipcheart le cead ó Thithe an Oireachtais

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