Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021
What is this act about?
This law creates new offences related to lying under oath or making false statements, aiming to strengthen the integrity of legal and other formal proceedings. It defines and criminalises perjury, subornation of perjury, and the fabrication of evidence.
Who it applies to: Anyone giving statements as a witness or interpreter in judicial or other proceedings; Anyone making statements on affidavit or in a statement of truth.
At a glance
- Country
- Ireland
- Area of law
- Criminal law
- Articles
- 58
- Source
- irishstatutebook.ie
- Text retrieved
- Explanation updated
What does this act regulate?
- The act of giving false statements under oath in judicial or other proceedings.
- The act of causing another person to commit perjury.
- The making of false statements on oath outside of formal proceedings.
- The creation of false statutory declarations and other false statements without an oath.
- The act of fabricating evidence.
Who does this act apply to?
- Anyone giving statements as a witness or interpreter in judicial or other proceedings.
- Anyone making statements on affidavit or in a statement of truth.
- Anyone making false statements on oath or false statutory declarations.
- Anyone who fabricates evidence or incites others to commit these offences.
What are the key points?
- Perjury occurs when a person gives a false, material statement in a judicial or other proceeding, knowing it to be false, while lawfully sworn, on affidavit, or in a statement of truth.
- "Judicial or other proceeding" includes proceedings before a court, tribunal (including inquiries or investigations), or any person legally empowered to hear evidence on oath.
- "Oath" includes affirmation or declaration for those allowed by law to use them instead of swearing.
- "Affidavit" includes declarations for those allowed by law to declare instead of swearing.
Criminal law
Legal text
Legal text
Contents (58)
- Section 1
- Section 2
- Section 3
- Section 4
- Section 5
- Section 6
- Section 7
- Section 8
- Section 9
- Section 10
- Section 11
- Section 12
- Section 13
- Section 14
- Section 15
- Section 16
- Section 17
- Section 18
- Section 19
- Section 20
- Section 21
- Section 22
- Section 23
- Section 24
- Section 25
- Section 26
- Section 27
- Section 28
- Section 29
- Section 30
- Section 31
- Section 32
- Section 33
- Section 34
- Section 35
- Section 36
- Section 37
- Section 38
- Section 39
- Section 40
- Section 41
- Section 42
- Section 43
- Section 44
- Section 45
- Section 46
- Section 47
- Section 48
- Section 49
- Section 50
- Section 51
- Section 52
- Section 53
- Section 54
- Section 55
- Section 56
- Section 57
- Section 58
Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021 Skip to content Disclaimer Feedback Helpdesk Gaeilge Léim go dtí an t-ábhar Séanadh Aiseolas Deasc chabhrach English Gaeilge English Produced by the Office of the Attorney General Táirgthe ag Oifig an Ard-Aighne Home Legislation Acts of the Oireachtas Statutory Instruments Pre-1922 Legislation Constitution External Resources Bills (Houses of the Oireachtas) Iris Oifigiúil / Official Gazette Revised Acts (LRC) Classified List of Legislation (LRC) Translations (acts.ie) Translations (Houses of the Oireachtas) Government Publications for Sale EU Law (EUR-Lex) FAQ Disclaimer Feedback Helpdesk Search Baile Reachtaíocht Achtanna an Oireachtais Ionstraimí Reachtúla Reachtaíocht Réamh-1922 Bunreacht Acmhainní Seachtracha Billí (Tithe an Oireachtais) Iris Oifigiúil Achtanna Athbhreithnithe (CAD) (An Coimisiún um Athchóiriú an Dlí) Liosta Rangaithe Reachtaíochta Aistriúcháin (achtanna.ie) Aistriúcháin (Tithe an Oireachtais) Foilseacháin Rialtais ar Díol Dlí AE (EUR-Lex) CCanna (Ceisteanna Coitianta) Séanadh Aiseolas Deasc chabhrach Cuardach TitleTeideal Year(s) or rangeBliain nó blianta nó raon TypeCineál All Legislation Acts Statutory Instruments Advanced SearchCuardach Casta HomeBaile ActsAchtanna 2021 Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021 Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021 Permanent Page URL View by SectionAmharc de réir Ailt View Full ActAmharc ar an Acht Iomlán Bill History Stair Bille Commencement, Amendments, SIs made under the Act Tosach Feidhme, Leasuithe, IRí arna ndéanamh faoin Acht Open PDFOscail PDF Print Full ActPriontáil an tAcht Iomlán Number 13 of 2021 Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021 CONTENTS
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Section 10
Section 11
Section 12
Section 13
Section 14
Section 15
Section 16
Section 17
(22 Vict.) c. 20 Evidence on Commission Act 1831 (1 Will. 4.) c. 22 Explosive Substances Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vic.) c. 3 Extradition Act 1965 (No. 17) Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman Act 2017 (No. 22) Fines Act (Ireland) 1851 (14 & 15 Vict.) c. 90 Fishery Harbour Centres Act 1968 (No. 18) Foreign Marriage Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict.) c. 23 Foreign Tribunals Evidence Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict.) c. 113 Friendly Societies Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict., c. 25) Friendly Societies Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict.,) c. 25 Friendly Societies Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict.) c. 25 Friendly Societies Acts 1896 to 2018 Galway Harbour Act 1935 (No. 2P) Gas Act 1976 (No. 30) Gasworks Clauses Act 1847 (10 & 11 Vict.) c. 15 General Prisons (Ireland) Act 1877 (40 & 41 Vict.) c. 49 Government Annuities Act 1853 (16 & 17 Vict.) c. 45 Government Annuities Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict.) c. 51 Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847 (10 & 11 Vict.) c. 27 Houses of the Oireachtas (Inquiries, Privileges and Procedures) Act 2013 (No. 33) Industrial Alcohol Act 1938 (No. 23) Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict.) c. 39 Industrial and Provident Societies Acts 1893 to 2018 Insurance Acts 1909 to 2018 Interpretation Act 2005 (No. 23) Judicial Council Act 2019 (No. 33) Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 (9 Vict.) c. 18 Law of Distress Amendment Act 1908 (8 Edw. 7) c. 53 Limerick Harbour Act 1926 (No. 2P) Limited Partnerships Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7) c. 24 Local Elections (Petitions and Disqualifications) Act, 1974 (No. 8) Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540 (32 Hen. 8) c. 9 Maintenance and Embracery Act 1634 (10 Chas. 1) c. 15 Markets and Fairs Clauses Act 1847 (10 & 11 Vict.) c. 14 Marriage With Foreigners Act 1906 (6 Edw. 7) c. 40 Matrimonial Causes and Marriage Law (Ireland) Amendment Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict.) c. 110 Matrimonial Causes and Marriage Law (Ireland) Amendment Act 1871 (34 & 35 Vict.) c. 49 Medical Act 1858 (21 & 22 Vict.) c. 90 Mental Health Act 2001 (No. 25) Oaths Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict.) c. 105 Oaths Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict.) c. 46 Patents Act 1992 (No. 1) Pensions Commutation Act 1871 (34 & 35 Vict.) c. 36 Perjury Act 1586 (28 Eliz.) c. 1 Perjury Act 1729 (3 Geo. 2) c. 4 Perpetuation of Testimony Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict.) c. 69 Petty Sessions (Ireland) Act 1851 (14 & 15 Vict.) c. 93 Piracy Act 1850 (13 & 14 Vict.) c. 26 Probate Duty (Ireland) Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3) c. 56 Proceeds of Crime Act 1996 (No. 30) Public Health (Ireland) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict.) c. 52 Public Works (Ireland) Act 1831 (1 & 2 Will. 4) c. 33 Public Works Loans Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict.) c. 89 Quakers and Moravians Act 1833
(3 & 4 Will. 4) c. 49 Quakers and Moravians Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict.4) c. 77 Railway Regulation Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict.) c. 97 Railways Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict.) c. 20 Redundancy Payments Act 1967 (No. 21) Referendum Act 1994 (No. 12) Regulation of Railways Act 1868 (31 & 32 Vict.) c. 119 Regulation of Railways Act 1871 (34 & 35 Vict.) c. 78 Residential Institutions Redress Act 2002 (No. 13) River Owenmore Drainage Act 1926 (No. 3) Shops (Hours of Trading) Act 1938 (No. 3) Slave Trade Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict.) c. 88 Social Welfare Consolidation Act 2005 (No. 26) Solicitors (Amendment) Act 1960 (No. 37) Statutory Declarations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4) c. 52 Statutory Declarations Act 1938 (No. 37) Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 (No. 39) Town Police Clauses Act 1847 (10 & 11 Vict.) c. 89 Tumultuous Risings Act 1775 (15 & 16 Geo. 3.) c. 21 Turf Development Act 1946 (No. 10) Valuation Act 2001 (No. 13) Vexatious Indictments Act 1859 (22 & 23 Vict.) c. 17 Number 13 of 2021 CRIMINAL JUSTICE (PERJURY AND RELATED OFFENCES) ACT 2021 An Act to provide for offences relating to perjury, subornation of perjury, the making of certain false statements, the fabrication of evidence and other related matters; for those purposes to amend certain enactments; and to provide for related matters. [21st June, 2021] Be it enacted by the Oireachtas as follows:
Definitions and Application 1. (1) In this Act— “Act of 2020” means the Civil Law and Criminal Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2020 ; “affidavit”, in the case of a person for the time being allowed by law to declare instead of swearing, includes declaration; “enactment” has the same meaning as it has in the Interpretation Act 2005 ; “judicial or other proceeding” means a proceeding before any— (a) court, (b) tribunal, including a tribunal of inquiry or a commission of investigation, or (c) person having by law power to hear, receive and examine evidence on oath; “oath”, in the case of a person for the time being allowed by law to affirm or declare instead of swearing, includes affirmation or declaration; “perjury” shall, except where the context otherwise requires, be construed in accordance with section 2
Perjury 2. (1) A person commits an offence (in this Act referred to as perjury) if he or she, in, or for the purpose of, a judicial or other proceeding, gives a statement material in the proceeding— (a) while lawfully sworn as a witness or as an interpreter, (b) on affidavit, or (c) in a statement of truth made in place of an affidavit in accordance with section 21 of the Act of 2020, that is false, and he or she knows to be false.
Subornation of perjury 3. (1) A person commits an offence (in this Act referred to as subornation of perjury) if he or she procures, persuades, induces or otherwise causes another person to commit perjury, knowing or being reckless as to whether the other person is committing such offence.
References to perjury or subornation of perjury 4. (1) Where, on or after the coming into operation of this subsection, a person commits an offence referred to as perjury, howsoever described, in an enactment specified in Schedule 1 , he or she shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished as if he or she were guilty of perjury under this Act.
False statements on oath made otherwise than in judicial or other proceedings 5. (1) Any person required or authorised by law to make any statement on oath for any purpose, and being lawfully sworn (otherwise than in judicial or other proceedings) who gives or causes to be given, or adduces or causes to be adduced, a statement material for that purpose that— (a) is false in any material respect, and (b) he or she knows to be false, commits an offence.
False statutory declarations and other false statements without oath 6. (1) A person commits an offence if he or she, otherwise than on oath, gives or causes to be given, or adduces or causes to be adduced, a statement that is false in any material respect, and he or she knows to be false and the statement is made in any of the following: (a) a statutory declaration; (b) a statement of truth made in place of a statutory declaration in accordance with section 21 of the Act of 2020; (c) an abstract, account, balance sheet, book, certificate, declaration, entry, estimate, inventory, notice, report, return, or other document which the person is authorised or required to make, attest, or verify, by or under any enactment; (d) any oral declaration or oral answer which the person is required to make by, under, or in pursuance of any enactment.
Fabrication of evidence 7. A person commits an offence if he or she, with intent to mislead any judicial or other proceeding— (a) fabricates evidence by any means other than as provided for in respect of perjury or subornation of perjury, or (b) knowingly makes use of such fabricated evidence.
Incitement to commit offence 8. A person commits an offence if he or she incites another person to commit an offence under this Act.
Corroboration 9. A person accused of an offence under this Act, or of any offence declared by any other Act— (a) to be perjury or subornation of perjury, or (b) to be punishable as perjury or subornation of perjury, shall not be liable to be convicted of that offence upon the evidence of one witness only unless that evidence is corroborated in some material particular by evidence that implicates the person so accused.
Proof of certain proceedings on which perjury is assigned 10. On a prosecution— (a) for perjury alleged to have been committed on the trial of an indictment, or (b) for subornation of perjury in respect of perjury alleged to have been committed on any such trial, the fact of the former trial shall be sufficiently proved by the production of a certificate containing the substance and effect (omitting the formal parts) of the indictment and trial purporting to be signed by the registrar of the court concerned, or other person having the custody of the records of the court where the indictment was tried, or by the deputy of that registrar or such other person, without proof of the signature or official character of the person appearing to have signed the certificate.
Form of oath and perjury, etc.
Penalties 12. A person who commits an offence under this Act is liable— (a) on summary conviction, to a class B fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or both, or (b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding €100,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or both.
Liability of directors and officers of corporate bodies 13. (1) Where an offence under this Act is committed by a body corporate and the offence is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any wilful neglect of, a person who, when the offence was committed, was a director, manager, secretary or other officer of the body corporate or of a person purporting to act in such a capacity, that person, as well as the body corporate, is guilty of an offence and is liable to be proceeded against and punished as if guilty of the first-mentioned offence.
Proceedings for offences 14. (1) No proceedings for an offence under this Act, or for an offence of perjury or subornation of perjury under any other enactment or law, shall be brought except by, or with the consent of, the Director of Public Prosecutions.
Savings 15. (1) Where the making of a false statement is— (a) an offence under section 5 or 6 of this Act, and (b) an offence that is punishable on summary conviction only under another enactment that came into operation before the coming into operation of this Act, a person shall be liable to be proceeded against for such an offence under the other enactment only.
Repeals and amendments 16. (1) The Perjury Act 1586 and the Perjury Act 1729 are repealed.
Short title and commencement 17. (1) This Act may be cited as the Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021.
SCHEDULE 1
Section 4
Section 18
Section 19
Section 20
Section 21
Section 22
Section 4
Section 23
Section 24
Section 25
Section 26
Section 27
Section 28
Section 29
Section 30
Section 31
Section 32
Section 33
Section 34
Section 35
Section 36
Section 37
Section 38
Section 39
Section 40
Section 41
Section 42
Section 43
Section 44
Section 45
Section 46
Section 47
Section 48
Section 49
Section 50
Section 51
Section 52
Section 53
Section 54
Section 55
Section 56
Section 57
Section 58
Section 16
Regnal year and number or year and number
Section 3
Delete “or surborne any witnes by letters, rewaredis, promises, or by any other sinister labour or meanes,” and delete “or to the procurement or occasion of any manner of perjury by false verdict or otherwise”.
10 Chas. 1 Sess 3, c. 15 (Ir.) Maintenance and Embracery Act 1634
Section 3
Delete “or surborne any witness by letters, rewards, promises, or by any other sinister labour or means,” and delete “or to the procurement or occasion of any manner of perjury by false verdict or otherwise”.
42 Geo. 3, c. 85 Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1802
Section 5
Delete section.
53 Geo. 3, c. 107 Endowed Schools (Ireland) Act 1813
Section 30
Delete section.
54 Geo. 3, c. 157 Evidence (Ireland) Act 1815
Section 9
Delete section.
56 Geo. 3, c. 56 Probate Duty (Ireland) Act 1816
Section 131
Delete the words from “and if any person or persons making any such affidavit” down to the end of that section.
1 & 2 Geo. 4 c. 53 Common Law Procedure (Ireland) Act 1821
Section 70
Delete section.
1 & 2 Will. 4, c. 33 Public Works (Ireland) Act 1831
Section 93
Delete section.
3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 49 Quakers and Moravians Act 1833
Section 1
Delete the words from “and if any such person” down to “notwithstanding”.
5 & 6 Will. 4 c.52 Statutory Declarations Act 1835
Section 5
Section 21
Delete section.
Delete section.
1 & 2 Vict. c. 77 Quakers and Moravians Act 1838
Section 1
Delete the words from “and if any such person making such solemn affirmation or declaration” down to “every such offender shall be subject”.
1 & 2 Vict. c. 105 Oaths Act 1838
Section 1
Delete “either” and “or a witness, or a deponent” and delete the words from “; and every such person in case of wilful false swearing” down to the end of that section.
3 & 4 Vict. c. 97 Railway Regulation Act 1840
Section 4
Delete section.
8 & 9 Vict. c. 18 Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845
Section 149
Substitute “the provisions of the special Act” for “the provisions of this or the special Act”.
8 & 9 Vict. c. 20 Railways Clauses Consolidation Act 1845
Section 160
Substitute “the provisions of the special Act” for “the provisions of this or the special Act”.
8 & 9 Vict. c. 115 Chancery Taxing Master (Ireland) Act 1845
Section 5
Delete section.
10 & 11 Vict. c. 14 Markets and Fairs Clauses Act 1847
Section 57
Substitute “the provisions of the special Act” for “the provisions of this or the special Act”.
10 & 11 Vict. c. 15 Gasworks Clauses Act 1847
Section 44
Substitute “the provisions of the special Act” for “the provisions of this or the special Act”.
10 & 11 Vict. c. 27 Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847
Section 96
Substitute “the provisions of the special Act” for “the provisions of this or the special Act”.
10 & 11 Vict. c. 65 Cemeteries Clauses Act 1847
Section 65
Substitute “the provisions of the special Act” for “the provisions of this or the special Act”.
10 & 11 Vict. c. 89 Town Police Clauses Act 1847
Section 76
Substitute “the provisions of the special Act” for “the provisions of this or the special Act”.
13 & 14 Vict. c. 26 Piracy Act 1850
Section 6
Delete section.
14 & 15 Vict. c. 57 Civil Bill Courts (Ireland) Act 1851
Section 157
Delete section.
14 & 15 Vict. c. 100 Criminal Procedure Act 1851 Sections 19 to 22 Delete sections.
16 & 17 Vict. c. 45 Government Annuities Act 1853
Section 32
Delete section.
19 & 20 Vict. c. 113 Foreign Tribunals Evidence Act 1856
Section 3
Delete “; and if upon such oath or affirmation any person making the same wilfully and corruptly give any false evidence, every person so offending shall be deemed and taken to be guilty of perjury”.
19 & 20 Vict. c. 102 Common Law Procedure Amendment Act (Ireland) 1856
Section 92
Delete section.
21 & 22 Vict. c. 90 Medical Act 1858
Section 39
Delete section.
22 Vict. c. 20 Evidence By Commission Act 1859
Section 2
Delete section.
22 & 23 Vict. c. 17 Vexatious Indictments Act 1859
Section 1
Delete “Perjury,” where it first occurs, “Subornation of Perjury,” and “or (in the Case of an Indictment for Perjury) by the Direction of any Court, Judge, or public Functionary authorise by an Act of the Session holden in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Years of Her Majesty, Chapter One hundred, to direct a Prosecution for Perjury.”.
31 & 32 Vict. c. 119 Regulation of Railways Act 1868
Section 8
Delete “Any person who, when so examined on oath, makes any false statement, knowing the same to be false, shall be guilty of perjury.”.
33 & 34 Vict. c. 110 Matrimonial Causes and Marriage Law (Ireland) Amendment Act 1870
Section 25
Delete section.
34 & 35 Vict. c. 36 Pensions Commutation Act 1871
Section 9
Delete “shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and” and “, and to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labour”.
34 & 35 Vict. c. 49 Matrimonial Causes and Marriage Law (Ireland) Amendment Act 1871
Section 19
Delete section.
34 & 35 Vict. c. 78 Regulation of Railways Act 1871
Section 10
Delete section.
35 & 36 Vict. c. 75 Commissioners For Oaths (Ireland) Act 1872
Section 5
Delete “; and any person swearing falsely in any such affidavit shall be liable to the penalties of perjury, and may be indicted and tried for perjury in the same manner to all intents and purposes as he might be if such affidavit had been sworn in the county of the city of Dublin”.
42 & 43 Vict. c. 50 Bills of Sale (Ireland) Act 1879
Section 17
Delete “Whoever wilfully makes or uses any false affidavit for the purposes of this Act shall be deemed guilty of wilful and corrupt perjury.”.
45 & 46 Vict. c. 51 Government Annuities Act 1882
Section 11
Delete subsection (3).
51 & 52 Vict. c. 46 Oaths Act 1888
Section 1
Delete the words from “; and if any person making such affirmation” down to the end of that section.
52 & 53 Vict. c. 10 Commissioners For Oaths Act 1889
Section 7
Delete section.
55 & 56 Vict. c. 23 Foreign Marriage Act 1892
Section 15
Delete section.
56 & 57 Vict. c. 39 Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1893
Section 61
In paragraph (c) to delete “; and any person knowingly making a false or fraudulent declaration in the matter shall be guilty of a misdemeanour”.
59 & 60 Vict. c. 25 Friendly Societies Act 1896
Section 87
In subsection (2), delete “false or”.
62 & 63 Vict. c. 23 Anchors and Chain Cables Act 1899
Section 13
In subsection (1), delete “or” at the end of paragraph (ii) and delete paragraph (iii).
6 Edw. 7 c. 40 Marriage With Foreigners Act 1906
Section 1
Delete subsection (2).
7 Edw. 7 c. 24 Limited Partnerships Act 1907
Section 12
Delete section.
8 Edw. 7 c. 53 Law of Distress Amendment Act 1908
Section 1
Delete “and, if any under tenant, lodger, or other person aforesaid, shall make or subscribe such declaration and inventory knowing the same or either of them to be untrue in any material particular, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour”.
9 Edw. 7 c. 49 Assurance Companies Act 1909
Section 24
Substitute for section: “Penalty for falsifying statements etc.
9 & 10 Geo. 5 c. 51 Checkweighing in Various Industries Act 1919
Section 3
In subsection (4) substitute “that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished as if he or she were guilty of an offence under section 6 of the Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021.” for “he shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and liable to imprisonment, with or without hard labour, for a term not exceeding two years, or to a fine, or to both such imprisonment and fine.”.
No. 37 of 1938 Statutory Declarations Act 1938
Section 6
Substitute for section: “Penalty for false declaration 6. Every person who makes a statutory declaration which to his or her knowledge is false in any material respect shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished as if he or she were guilty of an offence under section 6 of the Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021.”.
No. 16 of 1997 Bail Act 1997 Schedule Insert the following paragraph after paragraph 42: “Offences under the Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021 43. Any offence under the Criminal Justice (Perjury and Related Offences) Act 2021.”.
Privacy Statement Accessibility European Legislation Identifier (PDF) Open Data License Ráiteas Príobháideachais Inrochtaineacht Aitheantóir Eorpach Reachtaíochta (ELI) Ceadúnas Sonraí Oscailte Liosta Fianán © Government of Ireland. Oireachtas Copyright Material is reproduced with the permission of the Houses of the Oireachtas © Rialtas na hÉireann. Atáirgtear ábhar faoi Chóipcheart le cead ó Thithe an Oireachtais