Nr. 31.795 Mr Van Soest Derde Kamer A Conclusie inzake: Vennootschapsbelasting B.V. X 1984/1985 Parket, 24 juli 1996 tegen de staatssecretaris van Financiën Edelhoogachtbaar College, 1 . Korte beschrijving van de zaak. 1.1 . Het beroep in cassatie is gericht tegen de schriftelijke uitspraak van het gerechtshof te Amsterdam (hierna te noemen het Hof) van 30 juni 1995, nr. 92/4755. Het is ingesteld door de belanghebbende, B.V. X. 1.2 . De belanghebbende drijft haar onderneming, onder meer, met behulp van een vaste inrichting in het Verenigd Koninkrijk. 1.3 . In verband daarmee wordt in de boeken van de vaste inrichting een rekening-courant aangehouden, die resulteert in een vordering van de vaste inrichting op het hoofdkantoor. 1.4 . In geschil is of voor de heffing van vennootschapsbelasting 1984/1985 ten laste van de belanghebbende bij de berekening van de vermindering ter voorkoming van dubbele belasting rente over de vordering aan de vaste inrichting toegerekend behoort te worden. 1.5 . Het Hof heeft het geschil ten nadele van de belanghebbende beslecht. 1.6 . Het beroep in cassatie is zonder motivering en voor het overige in overeenstemming met de voorschriften ingesteld. Na aanvulling steunt het op vier, met Romeinse cijfers genummerde, middelen van cassatie. 1.7 . De staatssecretaris van Financiën heeft bij vertoogschrift in cassatie de middelen bestreden. 1.8 . Vier zaken, betreffende de vennootschapsbelasting ten laste van dezelfde belanghebbende, maar over volgende jaren, zijn bij Uw Raad aanhangig onder nrs. 31.796 tot en met 31.799. In die zaken zal ik geen conclusie nemen. 2 . Renteberekening in verband met een vaste inrichting elders. 2.1 . Koninkrijksrecht. 2.1.1 . Art. 5, lid 2, 2e volzin, Belastingregeling voor het Koninkrijk (BRK) houdt in: "Tussen de onderneming en de vaste inrichting in rekening gebrachte rente [blijft] buiten aanmerking." 2.1.2 . A. van Keulen, TVVS, december 1966, blz. 281, betoogt: "(...) Dit verdraagt zich moeilijk met het principe: "dealing at arm's length". (...)" 2.2 . Model tax convention on income and on capital, OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs (hierna te noemen het Model). . Art. 7 van het Model, tekst 1977 , houdt in (ik nummer waar daar aanleiding toe is, de volzinnen): "1. (1e volzin) The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. (2e volzin) If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment. 3. In determining the profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses which are incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment, including executive and general administrative expenses so incurred, whether in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere. (...)" . Het Commentary on article 7, tekst 1977 , houdt in: "(blz. 67) (...) Paragraph 2 10. This paragraph (...) incorporates the view (...) that the profits to be attributed to a permanent establishment are those which that permanent establishment would have made if, instead of dealing with its head office, it had been dealing with an entirely separate enterprise under conditions and at prices prevailing in the ordinary market. (...) (blz. 69) 11. In the great majority of cases, trading accounts of the permanent establishment - which are commonly available if only because a well-run business organisation is normally concerned to know what is the profitability of its various branches - will be used by the taxation authorities concerned to ascertain the profit properly attributable to that establishment. (...) where there are such accounts they will naturally form the starting point for any processes of adjustment in case adjustment is required to produce the amount of properly attributable profits. (...) it is always necessary to start with the real facts of the situation as they appear from the business records of the permanent establishment and to adjust as may be shown to be necessary the profit figures which those facts produce. It should also be noted that the principle set out in paragraph 2 is subject to the provisions contained in paragraph 3, especially as regards the treatment of payments which, under the name of interest (...) are made by a permanent establishment to its head office in return for money loaned (cf. paragraphs 16 below and following). (...) 13. (...) the general rule should always be that the profits attributed to a permanent establishment should be based on that establishment's accounts insofar as accounts are available which represent the real facts of the situation. If available accounts do not represent the real facts then (...) the figures to be used will be those prevailing in the open market. (...) (blz. 71) (...) Paragraph 3 15. This paragraph clarifies, in relation to the expenses of a permanent establishment, the general directive laid down in paragraph 2. (...) Clearly in some cases it will be necessary to estimate or to calculate by conventional means the amount of expenses to be taken into account. (...) it is considered that the amount of expenses to be taken into account as incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment should be the actual amount so incurred. The deduction allowable to the permanent establishment for any of the expenses of the enterprise attributed to it does not depend upon the actual reimbursement of such expenses by the permanent establishment. 16. Apart from what may be regarded as ordinary expenses, there are some classes of payments between permanent establishments and head offices which give rise to special problems, and it is convenient to deal with them at this point. (...) 17. The first of these cases relates to payments which under the name of interest (...) are made by a permanent establishment to its head office in return for money loaned (...) by the latter to the permanent establishment. In such a case, it is considered that the payments should not be allowed as deductions in computing the permanent establishment's taxable profits. Equally, such payments made to a permanent establishment by the head office should be excluded from the computation of the permanent establishment's taxable profits. (...) if an enterprise makes payments of interest (...) to a third party and these payments in part relate to the activities of the permanent establishment, then a proportionate part of them should naturally be taken into account in calculating the permanent establishment's profits insofar as they can properly be regarded as expenses incurred for purposes of the permanent establishment. (...)" 2.2.1 . Aan het geciteerde gedeelte van lid 10 werd, nadat het lid in 1992 vernummerd was tot lid 11, toegevoegd (hier vermeld ik de bladzijdenummering in de sinds 1992 bijgehouden losbladige uitgave van de OECD): "(blz. 5) (...) This corresponds to the "arm's (blz. 6) length principle" (...)" 2.2.2 . Het geciteerde gedeelte van lid 11 werd, nadat het lid in 1992 vernummerd was tot lid 12, in 1994 inhoudelijk gehandhaafd met dien verstande dat de naar lid 16 verwijzende volzin werd geschrapt. 2.2.3 . Na het nieuwe lid 12 werd in 1994 ingevoegd: "(blz. 6) (...) 12.1. This raises the question as to what extent such accounts should be relied upon when they are based on agreements between the head office and its permanent establishments (...) Clearly, such internal agreements cannot qualify as legally binding contracts. (blz. 7) However, to the extent that the trading accounts of the head office and the permanent establishments are both prepared symmetrically on the basis of such agreements and that those agreements reflect the functions performed by the different parts of the enterprise, these trading accounts could be accepted by tax authorities. (...) However, where trading accounts are based on internal agreements that reflect purely artificial arrangements instead of the real economic functions of the different parts of the enterprise, these agreements should simply be ignored and the accounts corrected accordingly. (...)" 2.2.4 . De geciteerde gedeelten van de leden 13 en 15 zijn sinds 1992 te vinden in de leden 14 en 16. 2.2.5 . De geciteerde gedeelten van de leden 16 en 17 zijn vervangen door: "(blz. 10.5) (...) 18. (...) the main issue is not so much whether a debtor/creditor relationship should be recognized within the same legal entity as whether an arm's length interest rate should be charged. This is because: - from the legal standpoint, the transfer of capital against payment of interest and an undertaking to repay in full at the due date is really a formal act incompatible with the true legal nature of a permanent establishment; - from the economic standpoint, internal debts and receivables may prove to be non-existent, since if an enterprise is solely or predominantly equity-funded it ought not to be allowed to deduct interest charges that it has manifestly not had to pay. While, admittedly, symmetrical charges and returns will not distort the enterprise's overall profits, partial results may well be arbitrarily changed. 18.1. If debts incurred by the head office of an enterprise were used solely to finance its activity or clearly and exclusively the activity of a particular permanent establishment, the problem would be reduced to one of thin (blz. 10.6) capitalisation of the actual user of such loans. In fact, loans contracted by an enterprise's head office usually serve its own needs only to a certain extent, the rest of the money borrowed providing basic capital for its permanent establishments. (...) 18.3. (...) the majority of Member countries considered that it would be preferable to look for a practicable solution that would take into account a capital structure appropriate to both the organization and the functions performed. For that reason, the ban on deductions for internal debts and receivables should continue to apply generally (...)" 2.3 . Art. 7 van de Overeenkomst tussen de Regering van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden en de Regering van het Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland tot het vermijden van dubbele belasting en het voorkomen van het ontgaan van belasting met betrekking tot belastingen naar het inkomen en naar vermogenswinsten d. d. 7 november 1980 (hierna te noemen het Verdrag met het VK) houdt in: "1. (1e volzin) De voordelen van een onderneming van een van de Staten zijn slechts in die Staat belastbaar, tenzij de onderneming in de andere Staat haar bedrijf uitoefent door middel van een aldaar gevestigde vaste inrichting. (2e volzin) Indien de onderneming aldus haar bedrijf uitoefent, mogen de voordelen van de onderneming in de andere Staat worden belast, maar slechts in zoverre zij aan die vaste inrichting kunnen worden toegerekend. 2. Onder voorbehoud van de bepalingen van het derde lid van dit artikel worden, indien een onderneming van een van de Staten in de andere Staat haar bedrijf uitoefent door middel van een aldaar gevestigde vaste inrichting, in elk van de Staten aan die vaste inrichting de voordelen toegerekend die zij geacht zou kunnen worden te behalen, indien zij een zelfstandige onderneming zou zijn die dezelfde of soortgelijke werkzaamheden zou uitoefenen onder dezelfde of soortgelijke omstandigheden en die geheel onafhankelijk transacties zou aangaan met de onderneming waarvan zij een vaste inrichting is. 3. Bij het bepalen van de voordelen van een vaste inrichting worden in aftrek toegelaten kosten (...) die ten behoeve van de vaste inrichting zijn gemaakt, hetzij in de Staat waar de vaste inrichting is gevestigd, hetzij elders. (...)" 2.4 . HR 8 november 1989, nr. 25.089, met conclusie van de toenmalige advocaat-generaal Verburg, BNB 1990/36 met noot P. den Boer . 2.4.1 . Uw Raad overwoog (ik geef nadere vindplaatsen tussen haakjes aan): "(blz. 275, van regel 56
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