judgment THE HAGUE DISTRICT COURT Chamber for Commercial Affairs case number / cause list number Judgment of 20 April 2016 in the following joined cases I. the case with case number / cause list numbe

Article 44

, to the extent that the provisional application of this Treaty is not inconsistent with its constitution, laws or regulations. [emphasis added] 306. By contrast, the Tribunal refers to the Limitation Clause in Article 45

(2)(c), which reads: (

c)Notwithstanding subparagraph (a), any signatory making a declaration referred to in subparagraph (
a)shall apply Part VII provisionally pending the entry into force of the Treaty for

Article 44

, to the extent that such provisional application is not inconsistent with its laws or regulations. [emphasis added] In this context, the phrase “such provisional application” necessarily has a different meaning, referring to the provisional application of only Part VII of the Treaty. (…) 308. There are two possible interpretations of the phrase “the provisional application of this Treaty”: it can mean either “the provisional application of the entire Treaty” or “the provisional application of some parts of the Treaty.” The Tribunal finds that, in context, the former interpretation accords better with the ordinary meaning that should be given to the terms, as required by Article 31

(1)of the VCLT. Indeed, without any further qualification, it is to be presumed that a reference to “this Treaty” is meant to refer to the Treaty as a whole, and not only part of the Treaty. 309. The Tribunal notes that its finding on the scope of provisional application in Article 45

(1)is entirely consistent with the decision on jurisdiction rendered in the Kardassopoulos case. (…) 311. In the Tribunal’s opinion, there is no basis to conclude that the signatories would have assumed an obligation to apply only part of the Treaty provisionally, without making such partial provisional application explicit. The Tribunal therefore concludes that the Limitation Clause in Article 45

(1)contains an “all-or-nothing” proposition: either the entire Treaty is applied provisionally, or it is not applied provisionally at all.

Furthermore, the Tribunal concludes that the determination of this “all-or-nothing” question depends on the consistency of the principle of provisional application with a signatory’s domestic law. The alternative—that the question hinges on whether, in fact, each and every provision of the Treaty is consistent with a signatory’s domestic legal regime—would run squarely against the object and purpose of the Treaty, and indeed against the grain of international law.
Under the pacta sunt servanda rule and Article 27 of the VCLT, a State is prohibited from invoking its internal legislation as a justification for failure to perform a treaty. In the Tribunal’s opinion, this cardinal principle of international law strongly militates against an interpretation of Article 45

(1)that would open the door to a signatory, whose domestic regime recognizes the concept of provisional application, to avoid the provisional application of a treaty (to which it has agreed) on the basis that one or more provisions of the treaty is contrary to its internal law. Such an interpretation would undermine the fundamental reason why States agree to apply a treaty provisionally. They do so in order to assume obligations immediately pending the completion of various internal procedures necessary to have the treaty enter into force.

Allowing a State to modulate (or, as the case may be, eliminate) the obligation of provisional application, depending on the content of its internal law in relation to the specific provisions found in the Treaty, would undermine the principle that provisional application of a treaty creates binding obligations.
Provisional application as a treaty mechanism is a question of public international law. International law and domestic law should not be allowed to combine, through the deployment of an “inconsistency” or “limitation” clause, to form a hybrid in which the content of domestic law directly controls the content of an international legal obligation. This would create unacceptable uncertainty in international affairs. Specifically, it would allow a State to make fluctuating, uncertain and un-notified assertions about the content of its domestic law, after a dispute has already arisen. Such a State, as Claimant argues, “would be bound by nothing but its own whims and would make a mockery of the international legal agreement to which it chose to subject itself.” A treaty should not be interpreted so as to allow such a situation unless the language of the treaty is clear and admits no other interpretation. That is not the case with Article 45

(1)of the ECT. 320. The Tribunal reiterates that its interpretation of the Limitation Clause of Article 45

(1)is based on its specific language in its context. The Tribunal recognizes, as do Claimant’s experts, Professors Crawford and Reisman, that parties negotiating a treaty enjoy drafting freedom and could (using clear and unambiguous language) overcome the “strong presumption of the separation of international from national law.” Indeed, parties to a treaty are free to agree to any particular regime. This would include a regime where each signatory could modulate (or eliminate) its obligation of provisional application based on consistency of each provision of the treaty in question with its domestic law. For the reasons set out above, however, agreement to such a regime would need to be clearly and unambiguously expressed, a standard which Article 45

(1)does not meet. 321. The Tribunal’s interpretation of Article 45

(1)is also supported by State practice. As already noted in an earlier section, six States (Austria, Luxembourg, Italy, Romania, Portugal and Turkey) relied expressly on the Limitation Clause in Article 45

(1). An analysis of the statements or declarations made by these States confirms that each one of them relied on Article 45

(1)—sometimes alone and sometimes in conjunction with Article 45

(2))—for the non-application of the entire Treaty under the provisional application regime. Respondent itself has described these six signatories as States who “consider themselves unable to apply and have not applied any provision of the Treaty on a provisional basis.” Not one of these six States, in other words, relied on the Limitation Clause in Article 45

(1)for the interpretation now posited by Respondent, namely the selective or partial provisional application of the ECT based on the non-application of only those individual provisions that are claimed to be inconsistent with a signatory’s domestic law. 322. Similarly, in the lists it maintained to keep track of the intentions of the signatories, the ECT Secretariat identified the States that intended to rely on Article 45

(1)as intending to do so in order to avoid provisional application of the Treaty altogether. Thus, the preliminary list of signatories prepared by the ECT Secretariat, dated 19 December 1994, described signatories intending to rely on Article 45

(1)as States “which will not apply the Treaty provisionally in accordance with Article 45

(1)”[emphasis added]. This preliminary list identified Austria, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Turkey. The updated list prepared by the ECT Secretariat, dated 1 March 1995, described the same category of signatories in exactly the same way, as States “ which will not apply the Treaty provisionally in accordance with Article 45

(1)” [emphasis added]. In addition to the countries already identified on the list dated 19 December 1994, this list included Hungary61 and Luxembourg. 329. The Tribunal therefore concludes that Article 45

(1)requires an analysis and determination of whether the principle of provisional application per se is inconsistent with the Constitution, laws or regulations of the Russian Federation. If it is not inconsistent, then this Tribunal has jurisdiction to hear Claimant’s claims under Article 26 of the Treaty, which would apply provisionally in the Russian Federation in accordance with Article 45

(1). It is to that issue that the Tribunal now turns. b) Is the Principle of Provisional Application Inconsistent with Russian Law? 330. There is no significant debate between the Parties on the issue of whether the principle of provisional application per se is inconsistent with the Constitution, law or regulations of the Russian Federation. Claimant asserts that the principle is not inconsistent with Russian law, citing ample legislative and doctrinal authorities in support of its submission, and concludes on that basis that the Limitation Clause in Article 45

(1)is unavailable to the Russian Federation. Respondent does not seriously challenge the authorities cited by Claimant on this point. Respondent’s principal argument against provisional application of the ECT, as seen earlier, is based on the interpretation of Article 45

(1), not on the assertion that provisional application per se is unknown or unrecognized by Russian law. (…) 338. The Tribunal therefore has no difficulty in concluding that the principle of provisional application is perfectly consistent with the Constitution, laws and regulations of the Russian Federation. Accordingly, the Tribunal finds that the whole of the ECT applied provisionally in the Russian Federation until such provisional application was terminated, in accordance with the notification that the Russian Federation made on 20 August 2009, pursuant to Article 45

(3)(

a)of the Treaty, of its intention not to become a Contracting Party to the Treaty.(…) 343. The Tribunal is of the view that the determination as to whether or not the principle of provisional application is consistent with the constitution, the laws or the regulations of the host State in which the Investment is made must be made in the light of the constitution, laws and regulations at the time of signature of the ECT. (…)
c)Are the Provisions of the ECT Relating to Dispute Resolution Inconsistent with Russian Law? 346. In view of the Tribunal’s conclusion with respect to the interpretation of Article 45

(1), there is no need, in principle, to address Respondent’s submission that the provisions of the ECT relating to dispute resolution are themselves inconsistent with Russian law.

However, since both sides made extensive submissions to the Tribunal with respect to the so-called “piecemeal” approach and because, as will be seen, the Tribunal’s analysis and findings with respect to the consistency with Russian laws and Constitution of these provisions of the ECT relating to dispute resolution lead the Tribunal to the same conclusion, the Tribunal has nevertheless decided to set out its analysis under this alternative approach. (…) (ii) Tribunal’s Decision
After having considered the totality of the Parties’ submissions and having deliberated, the Tribunal concludes that Article 26 of the ECT is not inconsistent with the Constitution, laws or regulations of the Russian Federation. The terms of the Russian Federation’s Law on Foreign Investment (both the 1991 and 1999 versions) are crystal clear. Investor-State disputes such as the present one are arbitrable under Russian law. The Tribunal recalls the key provisions of the law which inform its conclusion. (…)
Furthermore, the definitions of “foreign investor” and “foreign investment” in both the 1991 and 1999 versions of the Law on Foreign Investment are consistent with the definitions of “Investor” and “Investment” in Article 1 of the ECT. (…)
On the issue of standing, the Tribunal concludes that Claimant is claiming for violation of its own rights under the ECT, not the rights of Yukos. The Tribunal agrees with Claimant’s characterization of its claim, which is not a derivative action, but an action for the direct loss by Claimant of its shares and their value.
The Tribunal’s conclusions are confirmed by the representations of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Explanatory Note which it submitted to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation when the ECT was submitted for ratification. The following extracts from the Note are particularly relevant: Prior to the entry into force of the ECT, the majority of the Contracting Parties agreed to apply the treaty on a provisional basis. In this respect, it was decided that such provisional application of the ECT would be implemented to the extent that it would not be inconsistent with the constitution, laws and regulations of the country in question. At the time for the signing of the ECT, its provisions on provisional application were in conformity with the Russian legal acts. For that reason, the Russian side did not make declarations as to its inability to accept provisional application (such declarations were made by 12 of the 49 ECT signatories). [. . .] The provisions of the ECT are consistent with Russian legislation. [. . .] The legal regime of foreign investments envisaged under the ECT is consistent with the provisions of the existing Law of the RSFSR on Foreign Investments in the RSFSR, as well as with the amended version of the Law currently being discussed in the State Duma, and does not require the acknowledgement of any concessions or the adoption of any amendments to the abovementioned Law. The ECT is also consistent with the provisions of Russian bilateral international treaties on the promotion and protection of investment. [emphasis added]
During his cross-examination, Professor Avakiyan, one of Respondent’s expert witnesses, confirmed that he agreed with the contents of the Explanatory Note cited in the previous paragraph. The Tribunal’s conclusion on the consistency of Article 26 of the ECT with Russian law is also supported by the writings of Professor Yershov, who was a member of the Russian delegation to the ECT negotiations. During parliamentary hearings concerning the ECT, Professor Yershov submitted a paper in which he noted the following: From the standpoint of Russian interests, the compromise achieved in developing the ECT language guarantees Russia a solution to a critical foreign trade problem: receipt and codification of a liberal nondiscriminatory trade policy regime for an EMP exporter otherwise unattainable in such a short time. In exchange for this, under the ECT, Russia grants foreign investors an energy investment regime acceptable to them that does not require any concessions on Russia’s part beyond the framework of current law. [emphasis added]
As to the BIT practice of the Russian Federation, in the Tribunal’s opinion, it is of little assistance to either Party. On the one hand, Claimant refers to the many BITs entered into by the Russian Federation that provide for investor-State arbitration, inviting the conclusion that investor-State arbitration is not inconsistent with Russian law. As Respondent has pointed out, however, the BITs in force in the Russian Federation have all been ratified, thus eliminating any concern with provisions in the BITs that might be different from the underlying Russian legislation. The ratified BITs therefore do little to advance Claimant’s position.
On the other hand, Respondent seeks support for its position by pointing out that some of the explanatory notes submitted to the Duma in connection with the ratification of BITs have made it explicit that the BIT in question is subject to ratification because it contains a provision for the settlement of investor-State disputes through international arbitration. As Claimant points out, however, none of the BITs in question contains a provisional application regime such as that found in Article 45

(1)of the ECT. Ratification by the State Duma is thus required in order for the Russian Federation to express its consent to arbitration. 378. At this point, the Tribunal recalls again its fundamental finding on the meaning and interpretation of Article 45

(1): irrespective of any inconsistencies that might exist between Article 26 of the ECT and Russian law, Article 26 of the ECT, as well as other provisions of the Treaty, apply provisionally and the Russian Federation has therefore consented to international arbitration.

Pursuing nevertheless its detailed analysis of Article 26, in particular, through the prism of the FLIT, the Tribunal will now seek to answer the question whether the signature of a treaty which contains a provisional application clause is sufficient to establish the consent of the Russian Federation to international arbitration of disputes arising under the Treaty.
These provisions [this refers to Articles 2 and 6, added by the court] of the FLIT are very clear. There is no room for ambiguity. The Tribunal therefore concludes that the Russian Federation has consented to be bound — albeit provisionally — by Article 26 of the ECT by its signature of the ECT. Article 45

(1)of the ECT establishes beyond the shadow of a doubt, and notwithstanding Article 39 of the ECT, that the Russian Federation and other signatories agreed that their signature of the Treaty would have the effect of expressing the consent of the Russian Federation (and each other signatory) to be provisionally bound by its terms. 383. The Tribunal notes that Article 11 of the FLIT provides that the decision to sign a treaty is a decision which rests with the Executive: (…) Moreover, as we saw earlier, Article 23

(1)of the FLIT makes it clear that provisional application is permissible under the legislation of the Russian Federation. Therefore, the obligation assumed by the Russian Federation to be bound, prior to ratification, by the dispute settlement provisions (including international arbitration) of a provisionally applied treaty such as the ECT, and the consent expressed therein, are not inconsistent with the Constitution, laws or regulations of the Russian Federation, and the Tribunal so finds.

Respondent argues that a treaty must be ratified by the Russian Federation, and therefore be in force, in order to establish the consent of the Russian Federation to an arbitration provision of the treaty. As shown above, however, under the FLIT, ratification is not the only means by which the Russian Federation can express its consent to the terms of a treaty: signature can express consent where the treaty, such as the ECT, so provides, as it does by specifying in Article 45 the obligations not of a party to the treaty but of a “signatory.”
That there is a distinction between consenting to be bound provisionally by the treaty and, on the other hand, the treaty being “in force” for a State is also clear from the definition of “Contracting Party” in Article 1

(2)of the ECT. As used in the ECT, “Contracting Party” means “a state or Regional Economic Integration Organization which has consented to be bound by this Treaty and for which the Treaty is in force.” [emphasis added] The use of the conjunction “and” between the clauses “which has consented to be bound by this Treaty” and “for which the Treaty is in force” means that there must be circumstances, in the eyes of the parties to the ECT, including the Russian Federation, where a State for which the ECT is not “in force,” has nevertheless consented to be bound by its terms. 386. There is one last argument of Respondent which the Tribunal finds important to address. Article 23

(2)of the FLIT requires that a treaty subject to provisional application must be submitted to and ratified by the State Duma within six months from its signature and the start of its provisional application. It is common ground between the Parties that the ECT which was signed on 17 December 1994 has never been ratified by the State Duma. Respondent submits that since the six-month period had long expired, any continued provisional application of the ECT would have been inconsistent with Russian law.

In the view of the Tribunal, the six-month limit is merely an internal requirement; failure to respect that procedure does not in and of itself automatically terminate provisional application. (…)
The Tribunal’s analysis leads it to conclude that Article 26 of the ECT is not inconsistent with the Constitution, laws or regulations of the Russian Federation. Although, as noted at the outset of this section, this analysis was not essential in view of the Tribunal’s dispositive interpretation of Article 45

(1), it does sustain the Tribunal’s decision. 5Conclusion (…) 394. In this chapter, the Tribunal has found that: d) The regimes of provisional application in Article 45

(1)and 45

(2)are separate, and the Russian Federation can benefit from the Limitation Clause in Article 45

(1)even though it made no declaration under Article 45

(2); e) The Russian Federation can invoke the Limitation Clause in Article 45

(1)even though it made no prior declaration nor gave any prior notice to other signatories that it intended to rely on Article 45

(1)to exclude provisional application; f) The Limitation Clause of Article 45

(1)negates provisional application of the Treaty only where the principle of provisional application is itself inconsistent with the constitution, laws or regulations of the signatory State; and g) In the Russian Federation, there is no inconsistency between the provisional application of treaties and its Constitution, laws or regulations.

Accordingly, the Tribunal has concluded that the ECT in its entirety applied provisionally in the Russian Federation until 19 October 2009, and that Parts III and V of the Treaty (including Article 26 thereof) remain in force until 19 October 2029 for any investments made prior to 19 October
Respondent is thus bound by the investor-State arbitration provision invoked by Claimant.
The Tribunal is comforted in its decision by its further finding that, had it been an essential consideration under the Limitation Clause of Article 45

(1)—which it is not— Article 26 of the ECT itself, as well as Articles 1

(6)and 1

(7), are consistent with Respondent’s Constitution, laws and regulations. (…) 2.

The operative part of the Interim Awards of 30 November 2009 is as follows: IX. DECISION
For the reasons set forth above, the Tribunal: (a) DISMISSES the objections to jurisdiction and/or admissibility based on Article 1

(6)and 1

(7), Article 17, Article 26

(3)(b)(

i)and Article 45 of the ECT (…). 2.12. Arbitration was continued after this. On 18 July 2014, the Tribunal delivered a Final Award in each of the three cases brought before it. 2.13. In the arbitral proceedings instituted by VPL, the Russian Federation was ordered to pay compensation in the amount of $ 8.203.032.751. In the arbitral proceedings initiated by YUL and Hulley, these defendants were awarded $ 1.846.000.687 and $ 39.971.834.360 respectively in damages. 3Relevant legislation The Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”) 3.1. Articles 1, 2, 10, 13, 26, 39, 44 and 45 ECT read as follows: Article 1. Definitions As used in this Treaty: 1. “Charter” means the European Energy Charter adopted in the Concluding Document of the Hague Conference on the European Energy Charter signed at The Hague on 17 December 1991; signature of the Concluding Document is considered to be signature of the Charter. 2. “Contracting Party” means a state or Regional Economic Integration Organization which has consented to be bound by this Treaty and for which the Treaty is in force. 6. “Investment” means every kind of asset, owned or controlled directly or indirectly by an Investor (…) 7. “Investor” means:
a)with respect to a Contracting Party: (
i)a natural person having the citizenship or nationality of or who is permanently residing in that Contracting Party in accordance with its applicable law; (
ii)company or other organization organized in accordance with the law applicable in that Contracting Party;
b)with respect to a “third state”, a natural person, company or other organization which fulfils, mutatis mutandis, the conditions specified in subparagraph
a)for a Contracting Party. Article 2. Purpose of the Treaty This Treaty establishes a legal framework in order to promote long-term cooperation in the energy field, based on complementarities and mutual benefits, in accordance with the objectives and principles of the Charter. Article 10. Promotion, protection and treatment of investments 1. Each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty, encourage and create stable, equitable, favourable and transparent conditions for Investors of other Contracting Parties to Make Investments in its Area. Such conditions shall include a commitment to accord at all times to Investments of Investors of other Contracting Parties fair and equitable treatment. Such Investments shall also enjoy the most constant protection and security and no Contracting Party shall in any way impair by unreasonable or discriminatory measures their management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal. In no case shall such Investments be accorded treatment less favourable than that required by international law, including treaty obligations. Each Contracting Party shall observe any obligations it has entered into with an Investor or an Investment of an Investor of any other Contracting Party 3. For the purposes of this Article, “Treatment" means treatment accorded by a Contracting Party which is no less favourable than that which it accords to its own Investors or to Investors of any other Contracting Party or any third state, whichever is the most favourable. 7. Each Contracting Party shall accord to Investments in its Area of Investors of other Contracting Parties, and their related activities including management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal, treatment no less favourable than that which it accords to Investments of its own Investors or of the Investors of any other Contracting Party or any third state and their related activities including management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal, whichever is the most 12. Each Contracting Party shall ensure that its domestic law provides effective means for the assertion of claims and the enforcement of rights with respect to Investments, investment agreements, and investment authorizations. Article 13. Expropriation 1. Investments of Investors of a Contracting Party in the Area of any other Contracting Party shall not be nationalized, expropriated or subjected to a measure or measures having effect equivalent to nationalization or expropriation (hereinafter referred to as “Expropriation") except where such Expropriation is:
a)for a purpose which is in the public interest;
b)not discriminatory;
c)carried out under due process of law; and
d)accompanied by the payment of prompt, adequate and effective compensation. Such compensation shall amount to the fair market value of the Investment expropriated at the time immediately before the Expropriation or impending Expropriation became known in such a way as to affect the value of the Investment (hereinafter referred to as the “Valuation Date"). (…) 2. The Investor affected shall have a right to prompt review, under the law of the Contracting Party making the Expropriation, by a judicial or other competent and independent authority of that Contracting Party, of its case, of the valuation of its Investment, and of the payment of compensation, in accordance with the principles set out in paragraph 1. 3. For the avoidance of doubt, Expropriation shall include situations where a Contracting Party expropriates the assets of a company or enterprise in its Area in which an Investor of any other Cotracting Party has an Investment, including through the ownership of shares. Article 21. Taxation 1. Except as otherwise provided in this Article, nothing in this Treaty shall create rights or impose obligations with respect to Taxation Measures of the Contracting Parties. In the event of any inconsistency between this Article and any other provision of the Treaty, this Article shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency. (…) 5.
a)Article 13 shall apply to taxes. Article 26. Settlement of disputes between an Investor and a Contracting Party 1. Disputes between a Contracting Party and an Investor of another Contracting Party relating to an Investment of the latter in the Area of the former, which concern an alleged breach of an obligation of the former under Part III shall, if possible, be settled amicably. 2. If such disputes cannot be settled according to the provisions of paragraph 1 within a period of three months from the date on which either party to the dispute requested amicable settlement, the Investor party to the dispute may choose to submit it for resolution:
a)to the courts or administrative tribunals of the Contracting Party party to the dispute;
b)in accordance with any applicable, previously agreed dispute settlement procedure; or
c)in accordance with the following paragraphs of this Article. 3.
a)Subject only to subparagraphs
b)and c), each Contracting Party hereby gives its unconditional consent to the submission of a dispute to international arbitration or conciliation in accordance with the provisions of this Article.
b)(
i)The Contracting Parties listed in Annex ID do not give such unconditional consent where the Investor has previously submitted the dispute under subparagraph 2a) or b). (
ii)For the sake of transparency, each Contracting Party that is listed in Annex ID shall provide a written statement of its policies, practices and conditions in this regard to the Secretariat no later than the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval in accordance with Article 39 or the deposit of its instrument of accession in accordance with Article 41.
c)A Contracting Party listed in Annex IA does not give such unconditional consent with respect to a dispute arising under the last sentence of Article 10

(1). 4. In the event that an Investor chooses to submit the dispute for resolution under subparagraph 2 c), the Investor shall further provide its consent in writing for the dispute to be submitted to:

a)(
i)The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, established pursuant to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States opened for signature at Washington, 18 March 1965 (hereinafter referred to as the “ICSID Convention"), if the Contracting Party of the Investor and the Contracting Party party to the dispute are both parties to the ICSID Convention; or (
ii)The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, established pursuant to the Convention referred to in subparagraph a)(i), under the rules governing the Additional Facility for the Administration of Proceedings by the Secretariat of the Centre (hereinafter referred to as the “Additional Facility Rules"), if the Contracting Party of the Investor or the Contracting Party party to the dispute, but not both, is a party to the ICSID Convention;
b)a sole arbitrator or ad hoc arbitration tribunal established under the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (hereinafter referred to as “UNCITRAL"); or
c)an arbitral proceeding under the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. 5.
a)The consent given in paragraph 3 together with the written consent of the Investor given pursuant to paragraph 4 shall be considered to satisfy the requirement for: (
i)written consent of the parties to a dispute for purposes of Chapter II of the ICSID Convention and for purposes of the Additional Facility Rules; (
ii)an “agreement in writing" for purposes of article II of the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, done at New York, 10 June 1958 (hereinafter referred to as the “New York Convention"); and (iii) “the parties to a contract [to] have agreed in writing" for the purposes of article 1 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules.
b)Any arbitration under this Article shall at the request of any party to the dispute be held in a state that is a party to the New York Convention. Claims submitted to arbitration hereunder shall be considered to arise out of a commercial relationship or transaction for the purposes of article I of that Convention. 6. A tribunal established under paragraph 4 shall decide the issues in dispute in accordance with this Treaty and applicable rules and principles of international law. 7. An Investor other than a natural person which has the nationality of a Contracting Party party to the dispute on the date of the consent in writing referred to in paragraph 4 and which, before a dispute between it and that Contracting Party arises, is controlled by Investors of another Contracting Party, shall for the purpose of article 25

(2)b) of the ICSID Convention be treated as a “national of another Contracting State" and shall for the purpose of article 1

(6)of the Additional Facility Rules be treated as a “national of another State".

The awards of arbitration, which may include an award of interest, shall be final and binding upon the parties to the dispute. An award of arbitration concerning a measure of a sub-national government or authority of the disputing Contracting Party shall provide that the Contracting Party may pay monetary damages in lieu of any other remedy granted. Each Contracting Party shall carry out without delay any such award and shall make provision for the effective enforcement in its Area of such awards. Article
Ratification, acceptance or approval This Treaty shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by signatories. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Depositary. Article
Entry into force
This Treaty shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval thereof, or of accession thereto, by a state or Regional Economic Integration Organization which is a signatory to the Charter as of 16 June
For each state or Regional Economic Integration Organization which ratifies, accepts or approves this Treaty or accedes thereto after the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, it shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit by such state or Regional Economic Integration Organization of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
For the purposes of paragraph 1, any instrument deposited by a Regional Economic Integration Organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by member states of such Organization. Article
Provisional application
Each signatory agrees to apply this Treaty provisionally pending its entry into force for

Article 44

, to the extent that such provisional application is not inconsistent with its constitution, laws or regulations. 2.

a)Notwithstanding paragraph 1 any signatory may, when signing, deliver to the Depositary a declaration that it is not able to accept provisional application. The obligation contained in paragraph 1 shall not apply to a signatory making such a declaration. Any such signatory may at any time withdraw that declaration by written notification to the Depositary.
b)Neither a signatory which makes a declaration in accordance with subparagraph a nor Investors of that signatory may claim the benefits of provisional application under paragraph 1.
c)Notwithstanding subparagraph a), any signatory making a declaration referred to in subparagraph a shall apply Part VII provisionally pending the entry into force of the Treaty for

Article 44

, to the extent that such provisional application is not inconsistent with its laws or regulations. 3.

a)Any signatory may terminate its provisional application of this Treaty by written notification to the Depositary of its intention not to become a Contracting Party to the Treaty. Termination of provisional application for any signatory shall take effect upon the expiration of 60 days from the date on which such signatory's written notification is received by the Depositary.
b)In the event that a signatory terminates provisional application under subparagraph a, the obligation of the signatory under paragraph 1 to apply Parts III and V with respect to any Investments made in its Area during such provisional application by Investors of other signatories shall nevertheless remain in effect with respect to those Investments for twenty years following the effective date of termination, except as otherwise provided in subparagraph c).
c)Subparagraph
b)shall not apply to any signatory listed in Annex PA. A signatory shall be removed from the list in Annex PA effective upon delivery to the Depositary of its request therefor. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (“VCLT”) 3.2. Articles 11, 12, 14, 25, 27, 31 and 32 VCLT in the official English version are as follows. Article 11. Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed. Article 12. Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by signature 1. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by the signature of its representative when: (
a)the treaty provides that signature shall have that effect; (
b)it is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that signature should have that effect; or (
c)the intention of the State to give that effect to the signature appears from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation. 2. For the purposes of paragraph 1: (
a)the initialling of a text constitutes a signature of the treaty when it is established that the negotiating States so agreed; (
b)the signature ad referendum of a treaty by a representative, if confirmed by his State, constitutes a full signature of the treaty. Article 14. Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by ratification, acceptance or approval 1. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by ratification when: (
a)the treaty provides for such consent to be expressed by means of ratification; (
b)it is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that ratification should be required; (
c)the representative of the State has signed the treaty subject to ratification; or (
d)the intention of the State to sign the treaty subject to ratification appears from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation. 2. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by acceptance or approval under conditions similar to those which apply to ratification. Article 25. Provisional application 1. A treaty or a part of a treaty is applied provisionally pending its entry into force if: (
a)the treaty itself so provides; or (
b)the negotiating States have in some other manner so agreed. 2. Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the negotiating States have otherwise agreed, the provisional application of a treaty or a part of a treaty with respect to a State shall be terminated if that State notifies the other States between which the treaty is being applied provisionally of its intention not to become a party to the treaty. Article 27. Internal law and observance of treaties A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. This rule is without prejudice to article 46. Article 31. General rule of interpretation 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes: (
a)any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connexion with the conclusion of the treaty; (
b)any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connexion with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty. 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context: (
a)any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions; (
b)any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation; (
c)any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended. Article 32. Supplementary means of interpretation Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: (
a)leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or (
b)leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable. The Russian Constitution 3.3. Articles 10, 15, 86, 94, 105 and 106 of the Russian Constitution, according to the unofficial English translation submitted by the Russian Federation, read as follows: Article 10 State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised on the basis of its division into legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative, executive and judicial authorities shall be independent. Article 15 1 . The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall have the supreme juridical force, direct application and shall be used on the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation shall not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation. 2. The bodies of state authority, bodies of local self-government, officials, private citizens and their associations shall be obliged to observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and laws. 3. Laws shall be officially published. Unpublished laws shall not be used. Normative legal acts concerning human rights, freedoms and duties of man and citizen may not be used, if they are not officially published for general knowledge. 4. The universally-recognised norms of international law and international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation shall be a component part of its legal system. If an international treaty or agreement of the Russian Federation establishes other rules than those envisaged by law, the rules of the international agreement shall be applied. Article 86 The President of the Russian Federation shall
a)Govern the foreign policy of the Russian Federation,
b)Hold negotiations and sign international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation,
c)Sign ratification instruments (…) Article 94 The Federal Assembly – the parliament of the Russian Federation – shall be the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. Article 95 1. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers – the Council of the Federation and the State Duma (…) Article 105 1. Federal laws shall be adopted by the State Duma. (…) Article 106 Federal laws adopted by the State Duma on the following issues shall be the liable to obligatory consideration by the Council of the Federation
a)federal budget;
b)federal taxes and dues;
c)financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, and money issue;
d)ratification and denunciation of international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation;
e)the status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation;
f)peace and war. The Russian Federal Law on International Treaties (“FLIT”) 3.4. Articles 2, 6, 11, 14, 15 and 23 of the Russian Federal Law on International Treaties, also designated as RFW International Treaties by the Russian Federation, hereinafter: FLIT, are as follows, according to the unofficial English translation submitted by the Russian Federation: Article 2 Use of terms For the purposes of this Federal Law: [. . .]
b)“ratification,” “approval,” “acceptance,” and “accession” mean in each case a form whereby the Russian Federation expresses its consent to be bound by an international treaty;
c)“signature” means either a stage in the conclusion of a treaty, or a form of expressing consent of the Russian Federation to be bound by an international treaty, if the treaty provides that signature shall have that effect, or it is otherwise established that the Russian Federation and the other negotiating States were agreed that signature should have that effect, or the intention of the Russian Federation to give that effect to the signature appears from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation;
d)“conclusion” means the expression of consent of the Russian Federation to be bound by an international treaty; Article 6 Expression of consent of the Russian Federation to be bound by an international treaty 1. Consent of the Russian Federation to be bound by an international treaty may be expressed by means of: signature of the treaty; exchange of the documents constituting the treaty; ratification of the treaty; approval of the treaty; acceptance of the treaty; accession to the treaty; or any other means of expressing consent agreed by the contracting parties. 2. Decisions to grant consent for the Russian Federation to be bound by international treaties shall be made by state bodies of the Russian Federation in accordance with their competence as established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation. Article 11 1. Decisions to negotiate and to sign international treaties of the Russian Federation shall be made:
a)with respect to treaties to be concluded on behalf of the Russian Federation, by the President of the Russian Federation, but with respect to treaties to be concluded on behalf of the Russian Federation on matters under the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation, by the Government of the Russian Federation;
b)with respect to treaties to be concluded on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation, by the Government of the Russian Federation. 2. Decisions to negotiate and to sign international treaties of the Russian Federation on matters under the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be made by the President of the Russian Federation if circumstances so require. Article 14 Ratification of international treaties of the Russian Federation In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation the ratification of international treaties of the Russian Federation shall be effected through the enactment of federal law. Article 15 International treaties of the Russian Federation subject to ratification 1. The following international treaties of the Russian Federation shall be subject to ratification:
a)international treaties whose implementation requires amendment of existing legislation or enactment of new federal laws, or that set out rules different from those provided for by a law;
b)international treaties whose subject is basic rights and freedoms of the person and the citizen;
c)international treaties concerning the territorial demarcation of the Russian Federation with other States, including international treaties on the State Border of the Russian Federation, as well as international treaties concerning the demarcation of the exclusive economic zone or continental shelf of the Russian Federation;
d)international treaties concerning the basis of inter-State relations, concerning issues affecting the defense capability of the Russian Federation, concerning disarmament and international arms control, and international peace and security, as well as peace treaties and collective security treaties;
e)international treaties concerning the participation of the Russian Federation in inter-State unions, international organizations, and other inter-State associations, if such treaties require the Russian Federation to transfer certain powers to them or establish that decisions of their bodies are binding upon the Russian Federation. 2. An international treaty shall likewise be subject to ratification if the parties have agreed to subsequent ratification when concluding the international treaty. Article 23 Provisional application of international treaties by the Russian Federation 1. An international treaty or a part of a treaty may, prior to its entry into force, be applied by the Russian Federation provisionally if the treaty itself so provides or if an agreement to that effect has been reached with the parties that have signed the treaty. 2. Decisions on the provisional application of a treaty or a part thereof by the Russian Federation shall be made by the body that has taken the decision to sign the international treaty according to the procedure set out in Article 11 of this Federal Law. If an international treaty - the decision on the consent to the binding character of which for the Russian Federation is, under this Federal Law, to be taken in the form of a Federal Law - provides for the provisional application of the treaty or a part thereof, or if an agreement to that effect was reached among the parties in some other manner, then this treaty shall be submitted to the State Duma within six months from the start of its provisional application. The term of provisional application may be prolonged by way of a decision taken in the form of a federal law according to the procedure set out in Article 17 of this Federal Law for the ratification of international treaties. 3. Unless the international treaty provides otherwise, or the respective States otherwise agree, the provisional application by the Russian Federation of a treaty or a part thereof shall be terminated upon notification to the other States that apply the treaty provisionally of the intention of the Russian Federation not to become a party to the treaty. The Russian Fundamentals of Legislation 3.5. Articles 1 and 43 of the Fundamentals of Legislation on Foreign Investments in the USSR 1991 (hereinafter: the Fundamentals of Legislation) read as follows, according to the unofficial English translation submitted by the Russian Federation: Article 1 Legislation on Foreign Investments of the USSR and republics Relations in connection with foreign investments in the territory of the USSR shall be regulated by the legislation of the USSR and republics, except where these Fundamentals and other legislation of the USSR and the republics on foreign investments provide otherwise. The laws of the republics shall regulate in accordance with these Fundamentals the relations arising in connection with foreign investments in the republics’ territories, subject to specific features of their economic operations and investment policy, except to the extent that regulation of the relations is referred to the jurisdiction of the Union, and the relations that must be regulated by the Union pursuant to the USSR international treaties. Article 43 Disputes between foreign investors and the State are subject to consideration in the USSR in courts, unless otherwise provided by international treaties of the USSR. Disputes of foreign investors and enterprises with foreign investments with Soviet State bodies acting as a party to relationships regulated by civil legislation, enterprises, social organizations and other Soviet legal entities, disputes between participants of the enterprise with foreign investments and the enterprise itself are subject to consideration in the USSR in courts or, upon agreement of the parties, in arbitration proceedings, inter alia, abroad, and in cases provided by legislative acts of the Union of SSR and the republics - in arbitrazh courts, economic courts and others. The Law on Foreign Investments 3.6. Articles 2, 7, and 9 of the Law on Foreign Investments 1991, also designated as RFW Foreign Investments 1991 (hereinafter: the Law of Foreign Investments 1991) by the Russian Federation, are as follows, according to the unofficial English translation submitted by the Russian Federation or derived from the export report of A. Asoskov (Expert Report Annex 30) mentioned below: Article 2. Foreign investments Foreign investments are all types of material assets and intellectual property injected by foreign investors into objects of entrepreneurial and other types of activity with the aim of obtaining profit (income). Article 7. Guarantees Against Expropriation and Unlawful Actions of State Bodies and Their Officials Foreign investments in the RSFSR may not be subject to nationalization, requisition or confiscation, except in cases provided by legislative acts, when such measures are taken in public interest. In cases of nationalization or requisition prompt, adequate and effective compensation is paid to the foreign investor. Decisions on nationalization are made by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. Decisions on requisition and confiscation are made under the procedure prescribed by the legislation in effect in the territory of the RSFSR. Decisions of governmental bodies on expropriation of foreign investments may be contested in the RSFSR courts. Foreign investors are entitled to compensation of damages, including lost profit, incurred as a result of compliance with the instructions of State bodies of the RSFSR and their officials that are inconsistent with the legislation in effect in the territory of the RSFSR, and as a result of improper discharge by such bodies and their officials of statutory obligations owed to the foreign investor or an enterprise with foreign investments. Article 9. Dispute Resolution Investment disputes, including disputes over the amount, conditions and procedure of the payment of compensation, shall be resolved by the Supreme Court of the RSFSR or the Supreme Arbitrazh Court of the RSFSR, unless another procedure is established by an international treaty in force in the territory of the RSFSR. Disputes of foreign investors and enterprises with foreign investments against RSFSR State bodies, disputes between investors and enterprises with foreign investments involving matters relating to their operations, as well as disputes between participants of an enterprise with foreign investments and the enterprise itself shall be resolved by the RSFSR courts, or, upon agreement of the parties, by an arbitral tribunal, or, in cases specified by the laws, by authorities authorized to consider economic disputes. International treaties in force in the territory of the RSFSR may provide for recourse to international means of resolution of disputes arising in connection with foreign investments in the territory of the RSFSR. 3.7. Articles 2 and 10 of the Law on Foreign Investments 1999, also designated as RFW Foreign Investments 1999 (hereinafter: the Law on Foreign Investments 1999) by the Russian Federation, are as follows, according to the unofficial English translation submitted by the Russian Federation or derived from the export report of A. Asoskov (Expert Report Annex 31): Article 2. The Basic Terms Used in the Present Federal Law The following basic terms are used for the purposes of the present Federal Law: (…) foreign investment - the injection of foreign capital in objects of entrepreneurial activity in the territory of the Russian Federation in the form of objects of civil law rights belonging to a foreign investor, unless such objects are excluded from the realm of civil law relations or are restricted in the Russian Federation pursuant to federal laws, including money, securities (denominated in a foreign currency and the currency of the Russian Federation), other property, property rights which can be evaluated in a monetary form, exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activities (intellectual property), as well as services and information. Article 10. Guarantees of Due Resolution of Disputes Arising in Connection with Investments and Business of a Foreign Investor in the Territory of the Russian Federation A dispute of a foreign investor arising in connection with its investments and business activity conducted in the territory of the Russian Federation shall be resolved in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation and federal laws in courts, arbitrazh courts or through international arbitration (arbitral tribunal). 4The dispute between the parties in all cases 4.1. The Russian Federation requires, in brief, that the court quash the Interim Awards of 30 November 2009 and the Final Awards of 18 July 2014 (hereinafter jointly referred to as: the Yukos Awards) issued in the cases between the Russian Federation as Respondent in the Arbitration and the defendants as the respective Claimants in the Arbitration in a provisionally enforceable judgment, in so far as is possible, and that the court order the defendants to pay the costs of these proceedings, plus interest at the statutory rate from the fourteenth day following the date of this judgment. 4.2. In brief, the Russian Federation bases these identical claims on the following. There are six grounds in Section 1065 subsection 1 of the Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Rv), which is relevant to this case, that each lead to the legal effect of reversal of the Yukos Awards. The six grounds are stated in Section 1065 subsection 1 under the following letters:

(1)a (absence of valid arbitration agreement), in connection with which the Tribunal was not competent to take cognizance of and given an award on the defendant’s claims;

(2)c (the Tribunal overstepped its remit);

(3)b (there were irregularities in the Tribunal’s composition), particularly because assistant Valasek evidently played a significant substantive role in assessing the evidence, in the deliberations of the Tribunal and in preparing the Final Awards;

(4)d (the Yukos Awards lack substantiation in several critical aspects);

(5)e (the Yukos Awards are contrary to Dutch to public policy and public morality, including in this case the fundamental right of the Russian Federation to a fair trial), since the Awards show the Tribunal’s partiality and biases. 4.

The defendants have disputed all of the aspects of the Russian Federation’s claim supported by reasons. 4.
The parties’ arguments and other assertions are discussed in more detail below, in so far as relevant. 5The assessment of the disputes in all cases Introduction Authentic texts or translation? 5.
The relevant passages from the Yukos Awards in the authentic, English version are cited in 2.10-
The quotations below from the Awards are shown in Dutch in the Dutch-language judgment. For this, the court has used the Dutch translation produced by the Russian Federation. It should be noted that the defendants have not argued that this translation is inadequate. 5.
Citations of the ECT are hereinafter in the previously used English-language version, in principle. Whenever the court uses the Dutch translation, it makes use of the Dutch text as published in the Treaty Series (Tractatenblad). The competence of the court in these proceedings 5.
Since The Hague was the place of Arbitration, this court is competent to take cognizance of the claim described in 4.
This follows from Section 1073 subsection 1 Rv, in conjunction with Section 1064 subsection 2 Rv, as it applied up until 1 January
Section 1074 Rv old applies in this case based on Section IV of the Act of 2 June 2014 (Stb. 200) which stipulates that this Act, containing new arbitration regulations, applies to arbitrations pending on or after the date of the entry into force of the Act. At the time, on 1 January 2015, the Arbitration was no longer pending. The competence of the Tribunal Introduction 5.
In view of the first ground put forward by the Russian Federation to support its request for reversal of the Yukos Awards, the court will first assess whether the Tribunal was competent to take cognizance of the claims of the Claimants in the Arbitration. First and foremost, the court would like to state the following regarding the assessment framework. Although under Section 1052 subsection 1 Rv the appointed Tribunal in the Arbitration was qualified to assess its jurisdiction, the fundamental character of the right to access to the courts entails that ultimately an ordinary court is entrusted with answering the question whether or not a valid arbitration agreement in the sense of Section 1065 subsection 1 under a Rv was lacking. This fundamental character also entails that, in deviation from a principally restrictive assessment in reversal proceedings, the court does not restrictively assess a request for reversal of an arbitral award on the ground of a lacking valid agreement (cf. recent Supreme Court ruling of 26 September 2014, ECLI:NL:HR:2014:2837). Furthermore, in assessing such a request, the court takes as a starting point that the onus is on the defendants to prove that the Tribunal is competent. After all, the burden of proof was also on them (as Claimants) in the Arbitration, while in the current proceedings the same jurisdiction issue is to be dealt with. 5.
The Tribunal based its jurisdiction assessment on two independent grounds. These grounds, which are discussed below, are linked to

(1)the meaning of Article 45 ECT and

(2)the question whether the arbitration provision of Article 26 ECT is “not inconsistent” with the Russian Constitution, laws or other regulations. Article 45 ECT General 5.

Before discussing the meaning of Article 45 ECT, the court would like to remind the parties that the Russian Federation did not ratify the ECT. Article 39 ECT mainly pertains to ratification, as does Article 44, which relates to the entry into force of the Treaty. However, by way of exception, the Treaty also provides for a “provisional application”, laid down in Article
Article 45 paragraph 1 5.
The first ground for reversal is linked to the meaning of Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT, which forms the basis for the provisional application of the Treaty referred to in this section. According to that provision, each Signatory consents to the provisional application of the ECT “to the extent that such provisional application is not inconsistent with its constitution, laws or regulations”. The court designates this restriction hereinafter as the “Limitation Clause”, in accordance with the terminology used in the Interim Awards. The Tribunal decided that by signing the ECT the Russian Federation consented to the provisional application of the entire Treaty pending its entry into force, unless the principle of provisional application itself were contrary to the Russian Constitution, laws or other regulations. According to the Tribunal, the Limitation Clause contained in Article 45 paragraph 1 entailed an “all or nothing” approach. This opinion, extensively covered in 2.10, can be summarised as follows, only taking into account the considerations relevant to this judgment. The numbers in parentheses refer to the corresponding grounds for the decision of the Tribunal. - The phrase “to the extent” is often used as a formulation when drafters of a provision in a treaty or act want to express that a particular provision should only be applied to the extent to which the subsequent words are complied with.

(303)- However, the key to the interpretation of the Limitation Clause in this case is to be found in the word “such”. The phrase “such provisional application” refers to the provisional application stated earlier in the paragraph, namely the provisional application of “this Treaty”. The meaning of the phrase “such provisional application” is therefore context-specific: the meaning is derived from the specific use of the provisional application referred to in this phrase. (304 and 305) - In the context of Article 45 paragraph 2 under c ECT, the phrase “such provisional application” necessarily has another meaning. It refers to the provisional application of only Part VII of the Treaty.

(306)- There are two possible interpretations of the phrase concerning the provisional application of this treaty. The passage could provide for the provisional application of the entire treaty or several parts of the treaty. Considering the context, the first interpretation corresponds better with the ordinary meaning that must be ascribed to the terms.

(308)- This conclusion fully agrees with the decision the tribunal took regarding its jurisdiction in the Kardassopoulos case.

(309)- The alternative to the Tribunal’s “all or nothing” approach is that the provisional application depends on the answer to the question whether one specific provision of the Treaty can be reconciled with the national legislation regime of a Signatory. This would be diametrically opposed to the object and purpose of the Treaty, and even to the nature of international law. And it would also be incompatible with the pacta sunt servanda principle and Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). (312-319) - The chosen interpretation of Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT is also supported by state practice. Six states expressly invoked the Limitation Clause of Article 45 paragraph 1. Similarly, in the lists the Secretariat of the ECT kept of signatories’ intentions, it designated the states that planned to invoke Article 45 paragraph 1 as intending to completely avoid provisional application of the Treaty. (321 and 322) - In view of the conclusion of the Tribunal on the interpretation of Article 45 paragraph 1, it is unnecessary to take the travaux preparatoires into account.

(329)- The provisional application principle is not contrary to Russian laws. (330 et seq.) 5.

The Russian Federation contested the Tribunal’s interpretation of Article 45 paragraph 1, stating reasons. In the opinion of the Russian Federation, the scope of the provisional application depends on the agreement of each individual treaty provision with the Constitution, laws or regulations. By relying on the same arguments as are stated in the Interim Awards, the defendants have supported the Tribunal’s opinion. This means that it essentially concerns the question whether or not the Limitation Clause should be interpreted in such a way that this clause relates to the provisional application principle – in which case the possibility of applying the ECT (as a whole) provisionally depends on the answer to the question whether national law provides for this principle – or that the provisional application of the ECT is limited to the treaty provisions that are not contrary to national law. 5.
The interpretation of the Limitation Clause must take place according to the regulations laid down in Articles 31 and 32 (VCLT), that is in accordance with the meaning assigned to the phrases in common parlance, with due observance of their context and in light of the object of the ECT (Article 31 paragraph 1 VCLT). The context of a treaty in any case comprises the text, including preamble and annexes (Article 31 paragraph 2 VCLT). Article 31 paragraph 3 VCLT states that an interpretation should include, among other things, all later use in the application of the treaty resulting in agreement among the parties about the interpretation of the treaty. Pursuant to Article 32 paragraph 2 VCLT, significance can also be attached to supplemental means of interpretation, and in particular preparatory work (travaux preparatoires) and the circumstances in which the treaty was concluded. These interpretation means can be used to confirm the meaning ensuing from the application of Article 31, or to determine the meaning if the interpretation, also by applying Article 31, leaves the meaning (a) ambiguous or obscure, or (b) leads to a manifestly absurd or unreasonable result. 5.
In interpreting Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT, the ordinary meaning of phrases is paramount. This particularly concerns the word “extent”, which the Oxford Thesaurus of English defines as “degree, scale, level, magnitude, scope, extensiveness, amount, size; coverage, breadth, width, reach and range.” This dovetails with the Russian Federation’s stated description of the words “to the extent” and which it derived from the Oxford English dictionary (second edition, 1989) and Webster’s Third International Dictionary of the English Language

(1961): “to the extent”: “space or degree to which anything is extended”, “width of application, operation, etc. scope”, “range (as of inclusiveness or application) over which something extends” and “the limit to which something extends”. 5.11. The term “to the extent” in common parlance signifies a degree of application, scope or – formulated slightly differently – a differentiation. This meaning is also expressed in several other language versions of the treaty. For instance, in the German-language version, the term is translated as “in dem Maβe”, in the French-language version as “dans la mesure où” and in the Dutch-language version as “voor zover”. 5.12. Separate from their context, the ordinary meaning of these words is more indicative of the accuracy of the explanation put forward by the Russian Federation. After all, in the interpretation of the Tribunal – in which the word “if” would be more fitting – the Limitation Clause is limited to one form of irreconcilability with national law, namely a ban on provisional application itself. The Tribunal has specifically acknowledged that the drafters of a treaty or legislative provision often use the term “to the extent” to indicate that a provision can only be applied to the extent to which the subsequent words are complied with. However, considering the context in which this term should be placed, the Tribunal attached decisive importance to the adjective “such”. According to the Tribunal, the words “such provisional application” only refer to the term “this Treaty” mentioned earlier in Article 45 paragraph 1, and it concerns whether or not “such provisional application of this Treaty” is not contrary to national law. The court holds that this notional addition does not provide clarity. This reference to the treaty, which is evident – another interpretation is after all inconceivable – does not provide clarity on the question whether the provisional application can only relate to the Treaty as a whole, and therefore to the provisional application principle, or only parts of the treaty, meaning particular treaty provisions. Special significance can therefore not be attached to the reference to “this Treaty” in the interpretation of the Limitation Clause. 5.13. However, what the court does deem relevant for the context-related interpretation is first and foremost the circumstance that Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT links the provisional application to the irreconcilability with not only the “constitution” and “laws”, but expressly also to “regulations”. The Russian Federation rightly pointed out that a ban on the provisional application of treaties as such usually results from constitutional requirements and may be enshrined in a formal act. It is, however, inconceivable that a ban on the provisional application of a treaty can be laid down in delegated legislation, given the principal nature of a ban. But it is conceivable that a test of compatibility of individual treaty provisions is laid down in delegated legislation. Regarding this aspect, the defendants limited themselves to stating that the use of the word “regulations” only emphasises that the drafters of the ECT intended to provide a broad as possible overview to ensure that each provision of the law of a Signatory incompatible with a provisional application as such was included. This may be unusual, according to the defendants, but they do not deem it impossible that a regulation contains a provision related to the principle of provisional application. The court finds this explanation insufficient and furthermore holds that any reference to such intention on the part of the drafters of the Treaty is lacking. Article 45 paragraph 2 5.14. Regarding the context in which the explanation of the Limitation Clause should take place, Article 45 paragraph 2 ECT is also relevant. At the time of signing, a state can submit a declaration that it is not able to accept provisional application (Article 45 paragraph 2 under a ECT). For such situations, Article 45 paragraph 2 under c provides for the Signatory to nevertheless comply with the provisional application “to the extent that such provisional application is not inconsistent with its laws and regulations” of Part VII of the Treaty (“Structure and Institutions”). In this paragraph, the same terminology is used as in the first paragraph, with the difference that Article 45 paragraph 2 under c does not contain a reference to the Constitution. The Tribunal failed to clearly address the meaning of Article 45 paragraph 2 under c and limited itself to the opinion that in the context of this provision, the phrase “such provisional application” necessarily has a different meaning than the same reference in Article 45 paragraph 1, and referred to the provisional application of only Part VII of the Treaty. Whether the Tribunal was referring to the principle of provisional application does not become clear from its considerations. 5.15. Since the provisional application in Article 45 paragraph 2 under c remains limited to Part VII, this alone does not make it evident that in this provision the principle of provisional application is designated as a relevant criterion. After all, such a principle can only concern a treaty as a whole; and it is not conceivable that it regards part of a treaty. This was also acknowledged in the Interim Awards under 311 in the consideration that the Limitation Clause entails an “all or nothing” approach: either the entire Treaty is applied provisionally, or not at all. If Article 45 paragraph 2 under c does cover the provisional application principle, as put forward by the defendants, it is furthermore difficult to understand why this provision lacks “the constitution” as assessment criterion. In light of this, it must be assumed that Article 45 paragraph 2 under c, which makes the scope of the provisional applications exclusively conditional on compatibility of Part VII with legislation, primary or delegated, also covers the specific treaty provisions from that part. The court does not agree with the Tribunal’s explanation if that explanation differs from the interpretation in this section. 5.16. In this respect, the Russian Federation rightly pointed out that in their approach the defendants have lost sight of the interaction between paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 45 ECT. In their vision (discussed in section 5.24 and subsequent sections), a Signatory may only invoke the Limitation Clause if its national laws prohibit provisional application as such and if it has submitted a declaration in the sense of Article 45 paragraph 2. Invocation of the Limitation Clause, which relies on incompatibility of the principle of provisional application with the Constitution and other laws and regulations, appears to be difficult to reconcile with the obligation of Article 45 paragraph 2 under c to, in that case, still apply Part VII “to the extent that such provisional application” is not contrary to said laws and regulations. 5.17. In short, the Tribunal interpreted the Limitation Clause in a way that significantly deviates from the meaning that must be assigned to the corresponding words in Article 45 paragraph 2 under c ECT. In the opinion of the court, there is no proper ground for this deviation. A consistent explanation of both paragraphs supports the interpretation of the Limitation Clause, in the opinion of the Russian Federation. Provisional conclusion on Article 45 paragraph 1 5.18. The above considerations lead to the conclusion that the ordinary meaning of the term “to the extent” in paragraph 1, partly in the context of the term, results in an interpretation of the Limitation Clause in which the option of provisional application is focused on and depends on the compatibility of separate treaty provisions with national laws. Object and purpose of the ECT and the nature of international law 5.19. The Tribunal also held that the interpretation of the Limitation Clause it had rejected supposedly conflicted with the object and purpose of the ECT and the nature of international law. This opinion is based on the pacta sunt servanda principle of Article 26 VCLT and the associated principle, laid down in Article 27 VCLT, that a signatory may not invoke the provisions of its national laws to justify the non-application of a treaty. The court does not agree with this opinion of the Tribunal either. The court would like to state first and foremost that although the Tribunal made a general reference to the object of the ECT (providing a legal framework to promote long-term cooperation in the area of energy, based on mutual benefit and complementarity and in accordance with the objects and principles of the Treaty), but failed to specify to what extent a limited application of the treaty provisions – under Article 45 ECT – would be contrary to this object. Be that as it may, the principles in Articles 26 and 27 VCLT, referred to by the Tribunal, do not automatically lead to the interpretation of Article 45 as applied by the Tribunal. These principles express that signatories are bound by a treaty that has entered into effect and may not frustrate the application of the treaty by invoking national laws. And although these principles similarly extend to treaties that have entered into force based on provisional application, they are not limitless. Signatories to a treaty can explicitly limit the provisional application of treaty provisions, as becomes apparent from Article 25 VCLT which reads as follows, in so far as is relevant: “A treaty or a part of a treaty is applied provisionally pending its entry into force if (

a)the treaty itself so provides”. As argued by the Russian Federation, with reference also to academic lawyers, a provision such as the Limitation Clause provides for the solution of conflicts between states’ national laws and international obligations that ensure from the provisional application of treaties (see the summons, 148 and the literature in note 163). In this case, the Signatories to the ECT have explicitly laid down in the Limitation Clause in Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT, explained in the sense accepted by the court, that the scope of the provisional application is limited to treaty provisions that are not contrary to national law. Even while it is possible that provisions of national law can stand in the way of the performance of one or more provisions of the ECT, the basis for doing so is encased in the ECT itself – i.e., at treaty level. In other words: a state that relies on a conflict between a treaty provision and national law, on sound grounds and referencing the Limitation Clause, does not act contrary to the pacta sunt servanda principle, nor to the principle of Article 27 VCLT. As was considered by the Tribunal and is relevant in this case, the fact that the invocation of a provision of national law can lead to a discussion about the meaning of the contents of said provision and thus result in uncertainty in international matters, does not affect this. After all, that is inherent in the Limitation Clause contained in the ECT. Opinion of other tribunal 5.20. For the sake of completeness, the court also considers that for the interpretation of the Limitation Clause significance should also not be attached to the circumstance that the Tribunal’s opinion is supported by the opinion of another tribunal – Chaired by the same person, incidentally – in another ECT-based arbitration, namely the Kardassopoulos case. The motivation in the Interim Awards of the award in that case does not contain substantive arguments for a different interpretation of Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT. State practice 5.21. All parties have discussed the meaning of state practice. The court disregards this practice and the meaning of this practice in its assessment of Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT. This is furthermore also the primary standpoint of the defendants (see: statement of defence, 145 and the rejoinder, 56). Article 31 paragraph 3 preamble and under b VCLT links the acknowledgement of relevance of state practice to the condition that through this later use the parties agree on the interpretation of the treaty concerned. In other words: significance can only be attached to this practice if the states involved have explicitly or implicitly accepted it. None of the parties have argued that there is a (wide) application practice supported by all states involved, nor has any evidence arisen to prove this practice. The travaux preparatoires 5.22. Another question to be answered concerning the interpretation of Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT is whether significance should be attached to the travaux preparatoires of the ECT, as mentioned by the Russian Federation. From Article 32 VCLT it follows that if application of the interpretation rules contained in Article 31 leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure or leads to a result that is manifestly absurd or unreasonable, use may be made of supplemental means of interpretation, specifically of (data from) the preparatory work referred to here. There is no ground to apply this supplemental means of interpretation; the court holds that the explanation – in accordance with Article 31 VCLT – does not lead to an ambiguous or obscure meaning or to a result that is manifestly absurd or unreasonable. Superfluously, the court would like to point out the statement of the Russian Federation concerning the addition of the term “regulations” to the draft text of the Limitation Clause. Mr Bamberger, chairman of the legal advisory committee to the Conference on the ECT, answered the question of the Secretary-General of the Conference on the ECT about the addition of this term as follows: “the effect is to suggest that relatively minor impediments in the form of regulations, no matter how insignificant they may be, can be the occasion for failing to apply the Treaty provisionally when in fact those regulations could be brought into conformity without serious effort.” Conclusion about the interpretation of Article 45 5.23. The foregoing considerations lead to the conclusion that the court accepts the Russian Federation’s supported interpretation of Article 45 ECT. This means that the Russian Federation was only bound by the treaty provisions reconcilable with Russian law. Before delivering its opinion on the compatibility of Article 26 ECT with Russian law, the court will first deal with the following issue raised by the defendants. Prior declaration required? 5.24. The defendants have taken the viewpoint – as they also did in the Arbitration – that based on Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT a prior declaration is required, which the Russian Federation failed to submit. In support of this assertion, they argued that paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 45 are complementary in the sense that in the first paragraph the general rule of provisional application is laid down, while in the second paragraph the notification procedure is explained. This standpoint, which implies that the Russian Federation was obliged to submit a declaration that it did not consent to the provisional application of the ECT, is not only confirmed in a textual interpretation of Article 45 but is also in accordance with the object and purpose of the ECT, according to the defendants. 5.25. The court is inclined to follow the reasoning of the Russian Federation when it argues that this issue cannot be raised in the current reversal proceedings. The Tribunal did not follow the reasoning of the defendants and therefore did not base its competence on the absence of such a declaration. In accordance with the legal system of reversal proceedings, from which it follows that the grounds for reversal are stated in the summons and which has determined that a ground for reversal can only be directed against a positive arbitral decision on jurisdiction (Section 1064 subsection 5 and Section 1065 subsection preamble and under a Rv), there appears to be no room in these proceedings to form an opinion on the question whether or not the Tribunal could have assumed its jurisdiction based on another argument it rejected. 5.26. Nevertheless, the court will discuss this issue for the sake of completeness. The court deems the Tribunal’s opinion correct based on the following grounds. In these considerations, the court once again starts from the ordinary meaning of the used words referred to in Article 31, as considered in their context. 5.27. In light of their ordinary meaning, the wording of paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 45 ECT – read in isolation and together – do not indicate that the Limitation Clause of paragraph 1 depends on the submission of a declaration under paragraph 2. Although the first paragraph contains an arrangement for provisional application, the same holds for the second paragraph. Nothing in the texts of these paragraphs indicates that paragraph 2 is intended as a procedure rule for the specification of the arrangement in paragraph 1. Article 45 paragraph 2 describes a specific regime that enables a Signatory to completely renounce provisional application, also if under paragraph 1 there is no impediment for provisional application, and therefore there is no incompatibility with national law. Furthermore, the word “[n]otwithstanding” used in Article 45 paragraph 2, which is used at the beginning of the second paragraph and which indicates a deviation from, and not continuation of, the first paragraph, and the word “may”, which refers to a possibility and not to a prescribed mechanism in conjunction with paragraph 1, indicate that Article 45 paragraph 2 does not contain a procedural rule to specify Article 45 paragraph 1. The ordinary meaning of the components of Article 45 mentioned here therefore leads to an explanation in which the first paragraph does not require a prior declaration. 5.28. States wishing to invoke the exception of Article 45 paragraph 2 are bound by submitting an express declaration, while such a declaration cannot be deduced from Article 45 paragraph 1. Incidentally, there are insufficient grounds for the opinion that regardless of this situation, a certain form of prior declaration or notification is required to be able to invoke the Limitation Clause of Article 45 paragraph 1. Although during the negotiations the various states stressed the importance of transparency regarding an invocation of the Limitation Clause, and the Secretariat of the ECT encouraged the Signatories to be transparent about the provisional application (see the Interim Awards under 282), these circumstances are not compelling enough to deduce an implicit obligation to submit a prior declaration. If the drafters of the Treaty had also wanted to make invocation of the Limitation Clause due to incompatibility with national law conditional on a prior declaration, they obviously would have expressly included this, like they also did in paragraph 2. They did not do this. The argument of the defendants regarding the object and purpose of the ECT can be largely reduced to the already mentioned desirability of transparency and therefore does not lead to a different opinion. The principle of reciprocity mentioned by the defendant in that respect, which they believe will be impaired it the Tribunal’s explanation were to be followed, also does not succeed. In connection with this aspect, the Russian Federation has correctly remarked that Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT does not contain indications for a requirement of absolute reciprocity. The fact that Article 45 paragraph 2 under b contains the principle of reciprocity for the cases described in paragraph 2 under a does not automatically lead to the opinion that Article 45 paragraph 1 contains an obligation to submit a prior declaration. 5.29. The defendants can also not successfully derive an argument from the context of paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 45 ECT. In referring to that context, they first and foremost allude to Article 45 paragraph 3 ECT, which contains an arrangement for the termination of the provisional application of the ECT, and for the provisions of Parts III and V to remain in effect with respect to any investments made in the territory of the state concerned during such provisional application for twenty years following termination of the provisional application. The defendants argue that if Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT would allow a Signatory to dodge provisional application at any given time and with immediate effect, the detailed provisions of Article 45 paragraph 3 ECT would not have any effect. The court rejects this argument. First, the defendants forget that material conditions are attached to an invocation of the Limitation Clause – unlike the termination in Article 45 paragraph 3 ECT – namely conflict between a Treaty provision and national law. Furthermore, the Russian Federation rightly argues that there is no incompatibility. With the express reference to the obligation on the Signatory under the first paragraph to apply Parts III and V, Article 45 paragraph 3 under b ECT limits the continued effect of the Treaty provisions in the same way as the Limitation Clause. 5.30. Finally, it also applies to the issue that has been discussed here that since it has neither been argued, nor has it become evident that there was agreement among the Signatories on the application practice regarding invocation of the clauses in Article 45 paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 ECT, and the defendants did not rely on a subsequent state practice, no significance can be attached to the manner in which the states involved have implemented Article 45 ECT. Superfluously, the court considers that it is not disputed between the parties that a number of states have invoked the Limitation Clause without explicitly submitting the declaration stated in Article 45 paragraph 2 ECT. The singe fact that these states appear on a list compiled by the Secretariat of states supposedly not intending to provisionally apply the ECT, is irrelevant here. 5.31. The court arrives at the conclusion that even if this question were relevant to the decision on the claim, the Russian Federation was not obliged to submit a prior declaration in the sense of Article 45 paragraph 2 for a successful reliance on the Limitation Clause of Article 45 paragraph 1. Article 26 ECT 5.32. In light of the meaning the court assigns to the Limitation Clause of Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT, the question arises – and this is also the subject of dispute between the parties – whether the arbitral provision in Article 26 ECT, from which the Tribunal derived its competence, is in accordance with Russian law. This provision, as follows from paragraph 1 of Article 26, relates to “disputes between a Contracting Party and an Investor of another Contracting Party relating to an Investment of the latter in the Area of the former, which concern an alleged breach of an obligation of the former under Part III”. Article 26 has therefore only created the option for arbitration for an (alleged) breach of obligations as laid down in Part III of the Treaty (“Investment Promotion and Protection”). One of the obligations laid down can be found in Article 10 ECT. This provision obliges the contracting parties to treat the investments of foreign investors fairly and equitably and to refrain from taking discriminatory measures which hamper (the use
of)these investments. Another obligation (to refrain from an action), laid down in Article 13 ECT, put briefly, determines that investors may not be nationalised, expropriated or subject to measures with a similar effect as nationalisation or expropriation. The obligations arising from Articles 10 and 13 ECT, through references in Article 21 ECT which relates to “taxes”, may also pertain to taxes or tax measures of contracting parties. The defendants’ claims for compensation in the Arbitration are based on the assertion that the Russian Federation has breached these obligations. The breach of the obligations of Article 10 ECT asserted by the defendants consisted of, among other things, impeding the course of justice and a fair trial, more specifically, by the numerous house searches and seizures, the failure to give due notice of administrative acts, cases not being heard by an impartial judge, the sale by auction of Yuganskneftegaz (YNG) and the initiation of bankruptcy proceedings against Yukos. The defendants have based their allegation about a breach of the obligations in Article 13 ECT on a number of circumstances, some of which also form the basis of the breach of Article 10 ECT. This includes, among other things, the seizure of the defendants’ shares in Yukos, the additional tax assessments over the years 2000-2004, the sale of YNG at a sham auction and the initiation of Yukos’ bankruptcy. According to the defendants, these circumstances have led to the deprivation of all of their investments. They qualified this as expropriation. In the Final Awards, the Tribunal accepted the breach of Article 13 ECT and therefore did not take a position on the alleged breach of Article 10 ECT. 5.33. Against this backdrop, the court will now assess whether the provisional application of the arbitral provision of Article 26 ECT is in accordance with the Russian Constitution, laws or other regulations. In this context, the court states the following first and foremost. In the view of the defendants, a provision of the ECT, such as Article 26, can only be incompatible with Russian law if the Treaty provision concerned is prohibited in national law. They believe that there cannot be incompatibility if Russian law does not expressly provide for the treaty provision concerned. The court holds that the defendants’ interpretation is too limited. Leaving aside the fact that a linguistic explanation of Article 45 ECT does not yield a basis for such an interpretation, it is also not evident. Given in part the fact that the provisional application finds its legitimacy in the signing (and the sovereignty of the Signatories is at stake in a number of treaty provisions), the provisional application of the arbitral provision contained in Article 26 is also contrary to Russian law if there is no legal basis for such a method of dispute settlement, or – when viewed in a wider perspective – if it does not harmonise with the legal system or is irreconcilable with the starting points and principles that have been laid down in or can be derived from legislation. Whenever the court for the sake of brevity uses “compatibility” of the provisions of the ECT with Russian laws below, the court refers to this interpretation of the term “not inconsistent” in Article 45 paragraph 1 ECT. 5.34. It is, rightly, not contested between the parties that the issue of compatibility or incompatibility should be answered according to Russian law. In the Dutch legal system, foreign law is not designated as a fact, but as law. This follows from Section 25 Rv, which stipulates that the court may supplement legal bases of its own motion. It is accepted in the legal system that the law the court must apply pursuant to this section also includes foreign law (see among other cases, HR 22 February 2002, ECLI: NL: HR: 2002:AD8197 and more recently HR 17 December 2010, ECLI: NL: HR: 2010:BO1979). From this it follows that the court must determine the contents of the relevant Russian laws in these reversal proceedings. While the determination thereof does not take place based on provided evidence, as is evident from the foregoing, it can be determined in part based on the expert’s reports provided by the parties. The Russian Federation has taken advantage of the opportunity to provide experts’ reports regarding the relevant Russian laws. The reports chiefly concern the February 2006 expert’s report of A.A. Kostin (hereinafter: Kostin), which was also submitted in the Arbitration, whose position is described as “Senior Professor and head of the Private International and Civil Law Department of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations”, and the October 2014 expert’s report with annexes of A.V. Asoskov (hereinafter: Asoskov) submitted in these reversal proceedings. The positions of this expert are designated as “Professor of the International Private Law Department of the Russian School of Private Law and Assistant Professor of the Civil Law Department at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University”. In the court’s establishment of the contents of Russian law, which first and foremost examines substantive legislation and regulations, these experts’ reports are included. The Law on Foreign Investments General 5.35. The Tribunal sought the answer to the question whether (the provisional application
of)the arbitral provision of Article 26 ECT is contrary to Russian law in two consecutive provisions in the Law on Foreign Investments. This concerns Article 9 paragraph 2 of this act of 1991 and Article 10 of the same act in its 1999 version. Based on these two provisions, the Tribunal arrived at the opinion that disputes between investors and a state of a nature that is relevant to these proceedings may be arbitrated under Russian law (Interim Award under 370). 5.36. In examining the meaning of these two legislative provisions, the court will first discuss the standpoint of the Russian Federation that other Russian laws have never allowed for arbitration for disputes arising from public-law legal relations. In this context, the Russian Federation pointed out provisions from various Russian laws, a number of which were in force prior to the signing of the ECT while others entered into force more recently. This concerns, among other things, Article 1 paragraph 2 of the 1993 International Arbitration Law (expert’s report Asoskov, note 7). Herein it is determined that: “The following kinds of disputes shall be submitted for international commercial arbitration by agreement between the parties: disputes arising from contractual and other civil law relationships arising from the maintenance of foreign trade and other international economic relations, if the commercial enterprise of at least one of the parties is located abroad (…)”. A quotation from the manual “International Commercial Arbitration” written by Prof. V.A. Musin and Prof. O.Yu. Skvortsov in 2012 (expert’s report Asoskov, note 16) states the following, among other things, about this provision: “Therefore, if relations between the parties are of a public law nature, then a dispute arising out of such relations cannot be referred to international commercial arbitration.” 5.37. In addition, both Asoskov and Kostin listed legislative provisions which make arbitration conditional on the nature of the dispute. Pursuant to Article 21 of the 1992 Arbitrazh Procedure Code, arbitration based on agreement is possible in case of an “economic dispute” (expert’s report Asoskov, note 9). Article 1 of the 1992 Provisional Regulation on Arbitral Tribunal for Resolving Economic Disputes mentions arbitration of disputes “arising out of civil law relations”(expert’s report Asoskov, note 10). In Article 23 of the 1995 Arbitrazh Procedure Code and in Article 4 of the same act in the 2002 version, the option of arbitration is also related to disputes “that arises out of civil law relations” (expert’s report Asoskov, note 11 and 12). The same applies to Article 11 of the 1995 Russian Civil Code (expert’s report Asoskov, note 27) and Article 3 of the 2002 Civil Procedure Code (expert’s report Asoskov, note 14). 5.38. Both Asoskov (in sections 23 and 24 of his expert’s report) and Kostin (on page 3 of his expert’s report) have concluded that public-law d

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ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2016:4230

judgment THE HAGUE DISTRICT COURT Chamber for Commercial Affairs case number / cause list number Judgment of 20 April 2016 in the following joined cases I. the case with case number / cause list numbe

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