EUROPEAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY ROAD (ADR

EUROPEAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY ROAD (ADR EUROPEAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY ROAD (ADR) COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 97/28/EC of 11 June 1997 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 76/756/EEC relating to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles and their trailers (Text with EEA relevance) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Having regard to Council Directive 70/156/EEC relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers (1), as last amended by European Parliament and Council Directive 96/79/EC (2), and in particular Article 13 (2) thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 76/756/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles and their trailers (3), as last amended by Commission Directive 91/663/EEC (4), and in particular Article 5 thereof, Whereas Directive 76/756/EEC is one of the separate Directives of the EC type-approval procedure which has been established by Directive 70/156/EEC; whereas, consequently, the provisions laid down in Directive 70/156/EEC relating to vehicle systems, components and separate technical units apply to this Directive; Whereas, in particular, Articles 3 (4) and 4 (3) of Directive 70/156/EEC require each separate Directive to have attached to it an information document and also a type-approval certificate based on Annex VI to that Directive in order that type-approval may be computerized; whereas the type-approval certificate provided for in Directive 76/756/EEC must be amended accordingly; Whereas the procedures need to be simplified in order to maintain the equivalence, established by Article 9 (2) of Directive 70/156/EEC, between certain separate Directives and the corresponding regulations of the United Nations' Economic Commission for Europe when the said regulations are amended; whereas, as a first step, the technical requirements of Directive 76/756/EEC need to be replaced by those of Regulation No 48 by way of cross-reference; Whereas, in order to improve road traffic safety, it has inter alia been decided to require the mandatory installation of a third stop lamp on vehicles of category M1 and to permit the optional installation of daytime running lamps on motor vehicles; Whereas there is a need to examine further the optional provisions relating to the performance requirements of individual lighting and light signalling devices and their installation on motor vehicles and their trailers; whereas it is essential that the necessary technical work be completed so that further amendments can be introduced expeditiously into Directive 76/756/EEC; Whereas reference is made to Council Directive 76/757/EEC (5), as last amended by Commission Directive 97/29/EC (6); Whereas the measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee for Adaptation to Technical Progress established by Directive 70/156/EEC, HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: Article 1 Directive 76/756/EEC is hereby amended as follows: 1.  The first sentence of Article 4 is replaced by the following: 2.  'A Member State which has granted EC type-approval shall take the necessary measures to ensure that it is informed of any modification to any of the parts or characteristics referred to in the definition of vehicle type with regard to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices.` 3.  The Annexes are replaced by the Annex to this Directive. Article 2 1.  From 1 January 1998, or, if the publication of the texts referred to in Article 3 is delayed beyond 1 July 1997, six months after the actual date of publication of these texts, Member States may not, on grounds relating to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices, - refuse, in respect of a type of vehicle, to grant EC type-approval or national type-approval, or - prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of vehicles, provided that the vehicles comply with the requirements of Directive 76/756/EEC, as amended by this Directive. 2.  From 1 October 1998 Member States: - shall no longer grant EC type-approval, and 3.  - may refuse to grant national type-approval for any type of vehicle on grounds relating to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices, if the requirements of Directive 76/756/EEC, as amended by this Directive, are not complied with. 4.  From 1 October 2000 Member States: - shall consider certificates of conformity which accompany new vehicles in accordance with the provisions of Directive 70/156/EEC to be no longer valid for the purposes of Article 7 (1) of that Directive, and - may refuse the registration, sale and entry into service of new vehicles which are not accompanied by a certificate of conformity in accordance with Directive 70/156/EEC on grounds relating to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices, if the requirements of Directive 76/756/EEC, as amended by this Directive, are not complied with. Article 3 The paragraphs and annexes of UN-ECE Regulation No 48 referred to in Annex II, item 1, shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities before 1 July 1997. Article 4 1.  Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 1 January 1998; however, if the publication of the texts referred to in Article 3 is delayed beyond 1 July 1997, the Member States shall comply with this obligation six months after the actual date of publication of these texts. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. They shall apply those provisions from 1 January 1998, or, if the publication of the texts referred to in Article 3 is delayed beyond 1 July 1997, six months after the actual date of publication of those texts. When Member States adopt these provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference at the time of their official publication. The procedure for such reference shall be adopted by Member States. 2.  Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 5 This Directive shall enter into force on the 20 day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. Article 6 This Directive is addressed to the Member States. Done at Brussels, 11 June 1997. ANNEX I ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS FOR TYPE-APPROVAL 1. APPLICATION FOR EC TYPE-APPROVAL OF A VEHICLE TYPE 1.1. The application for EC type-approval pursuant to Article 3 (4) of Directive 70/156/EEC of a vehicle type with regard to the installation of its lighting and light-signalling devices shall be submitted by the manufacturer. 1.2. A model for the information document is given in Appendix 1. 1.3. The following must be submitted to the technical service responsible for conducting the type-approval tests: 1.3.1. a vehicle representative of the type to be approved. 2. GRANTING OF EC TYPE-APPROVAL OF A VEHICLE TYPE 2.1. If the relevant requirements are complied with, EC type-approval pursuant to Article 4 (3) of Directive 70/156/EEC shall be granted. 2.2. A model for the EC type-approval certificate is given in Appendix 2. 2.3. An approval number in accordance with Annex VII to Directive 70/156/EEC shall be assigned to each type of vehicle approved. The same Member State must not assign the same number to another type of vehicle. 3. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE AND AMENDMENTS TO APPROVALS 3.1. In the case of modifications of the type approved pursuant to this Directive, the provisions of Article 5 of Directive 70/156/EEC shall apply. 4. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION 4.1. As a general rule, measures to ensure the conformity of production shall be taken in accordance with the provisions laid down in Article 10 of Directive 70/156/EEC. 4.2. Specific requirements with respect to the tests to be carried out are laid down in Annex 9 of the documents referred to in item 1 of Annex II to this Directive. Appendix 1 Information document No . . . pursuant to Annex I of Council Directive 70/156/EEC relating to the EC type-approval of a vehicle with respect to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices (Directive 76/756/EEC, as last amended by Directive . . ./. . ./EC) (*) The following information, if applicable, must be supplied in triplicate and include a list of contents. Any drawings must be supplied in appropriate scale and in sufficient detail on size A4 or on a folder of A4 format. Photographs, if any, must show sufficient detail. If the systems, components or separate technical units have electronic controls, information concerning their performance must be supplied. 0. GENERAL 0.1. Make (trade name of manufacturer): . 0.2. Type and general commercial description(s): . 0.3. Means of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle (b): . 0.3.1. Location of that marking: . 0.4. Category of vehicle (c): . 0.5. Name and address of manufacturer: . 0.8. Address(es) of assembly plant(s): 1. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLE 1.1. Photographs and/or drawings of a representative vehicle: . 1.8. Hand of drive: left/right (1) 1.8.1. Vehicle is equipped to be driven in right/left (1) hand traffic 2. MASSES AND DIMENSIONS (e) (in kg and mm) 2.1. Wheel base(s) (fully loaded) (f): . 2.4. Range of vehicle dimensions (overall) 2.4.1. For chassis without bodywork 2.4.1.1. Length (j): . 2.4.1.2. Width (k): . 2.4.1.2.1. Maximum width: . 2.4.1.2.2. Minimum width: . 2.4.1.3. Height (unladen) (1) (for suspensions adjustable for height, indicate normal running position): 2.4.2. For chassis with bodywork 2.4.2.1. Length (j): . 2.4.2.2. Width (k): . 2.4.2.3. Height (unladen) (1) (for suspensions adjustable for height, indicate normal running position): (*) The item numbers and footnotes used in this information document correspond to those set out in Annex I to Directive 70/156/EEC. Items not relevant for the purposes of this Directive are omitted.2.6. Mass of the vehicle with bodywork, and with coupling device in the case of a towing vehicle of a category other than M1, in running order, or mass of the chassis with cab if the manufacturer does not fit the bodywork and/or coupling device (including coolant, oils, fuel, 100 % other liquids except used waters, tools, spare wheel and driver and, for buses and coaches, the mass of the crew member (75 kg) if there is a crew seat in the vehicle) (o) (max. and min. for each variant): . 2.6.1. Distribution of this mass among the axles and, in the case of a semitrailer of centre-axle trailer, load on the coupling point (max. and min.): . 2.8. Technically permissible maximum laden mass stated by the manufacturer (y) (max. and min.): 2.8.1. Distribution of this mass among the axles and, in the case of a semitrailer of centre-axle trailer, load on the coupling point (max. and min.): . 3. POWER PLANT (q) 3.2.5. Electrical system 3.2.5.1. Rated voltage: .......... V, pos./neg. ground (1) 6. SUSPENSION 6.2.1. Level adjustment: yes/no/optional (1) 6.6. Tyres and wheels 6.6.2. Upper and lower limits of rolling radii 6.6.2.1. Axle 1: . 6.6.2.2. Axle 2: . 6.6.2.3. Axle 3: . 6.6.2.4. Axle 4: . 9. BODYWORK 9.10.3. Seats 9.10.3.1. Number: . 9.10.3.2. Position and arrangement: . 10. LIGHTING AND LIGHT-SIGNALLING DEVICES 10.1. Table of all devices: number, make, model, type-approval mark, maximum intensity of main-beam headlamps, colour, tell-tale: . 10.2. Drawing of the position of lighting and light-signalling devices: . 10.3. For every lamp and reflector specified in Directive 76/756/EEC, supply the following information (in writing and/or by diagram) 10.3.1. Drawing showing the extent of the illuminating surface: . 10.3.2. Method used for the definition of the apparent surface (paragraph 2.10 of the documents referred to in Annex II to Directive 76/756/EEC, item 1): . 10.3.3. Axis of reference and centre of reference: . 10.3.4. Method of operation of concealable lamps: . 10.3.5. Any specific mounting and wiring provisions: . 10.4. Dipped beam lamps: normal orientation as per paragraph 6.2.6.1 of the documents referred to in Annex II to Directive 76/756/EEC, item 1 10.4.1. Value of initial adjustment: . 10.4.2. Location of indication: . 10.4.3. Description/drawing (1) and type of headlamp levelling device (e. g. automatic, stepwise manually adjustable, continuously adjustable) . 10.4.4. Control device: . 10.4.5. Reference marks: . 10.4.6. Marks assigned for loading conditions: . applicable only for vehicles with headlamp levelling device Appendix 2 MODEL Maximum format: A4 (210 × 297 mm) EC-TYPE-APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Stamp of administration Communication concerning the - type-approval (1), - extension of type-approval (1), - refusal of type-approval (1), - withdrawal of type-approval (1), of a type of a vehicle/component/separate technical unit (1) with regard to Directive 76/756/EEC, as last amended by Directive . . ./. . ./EC. Type-approval number: . Reason for extension: . SECTION I 0.1. Make (trade name of manufacturer): . 0.2. Type and general commercial descriptions: . 0.3. Means of identification of type if marked on the vehicle/component/separate technical unit (1) (2): 0.3.1. Location of that marking: . 0.4. Category of vehicle (1) (3): . 0.5. Name and address of manufacturer: . 0.7. In the case of components and separate technical units, location and method of affixing of the EC approval mark: . 0.8. Address(es) of assembly plant(s): . SECTION II 1. Additional information (where applicable): See Addendum 2. Technical service responsible for carrying out the tests: . 3. Date of test report: . 4. Number of test report: . 5. Remarks (if any): See Addendum 6. Place: . 7. Date: . 8. Signature: . 9. The index to the information package lodged with the approval authority, which may be obtained on request, is attached. (1) Delete where not applicable. (2) If the means of identification of type contains characters not relevant to describe the vehicle, component or separate technical unit types covered by this type-approval certificate such characters shall be represented in the documentation by the symbol: "?" (e.g. ABC??123???).(3) As defined in Annex II A to Directive 70/156/EEC.Addendum to EC type-approval certificate No . . . concerning the type-approval of a vehicle with regard to Directive 76/756/EEC, as last amended by Directive . . ./. . ./EC 1. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 1.1. List of the optional lamps which may be installed on this vehicle type: . 5. REMARKS 5.1. Any comments on movable components: . ANNEX II TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 1. The technical requirements are those set out in paragraphs 2, 2.2 to 2.25.2, 5 and 6 and Annexes 3 to 9 of UN-ECE Regulation No 48 which consists of a consolidation of the following documents: - the 01 series of amendments including corrections (1), - Corrigendum 2 to the 01 series of amendments (2), - the Supplement 1 to the 01 series of amendments including corrections to the 01 series of amendments and Corrigendum 1 to Revision 1 of Regulation No 48 (3), - Corrigendum 4 to the 01 series of amendments (4), except that: 1.1. paragraph 2.4 shall be understood as follows: "Unladen vehicle" means a vehicle in running order, as defined in item 2.6 of Appendix 1 of Annex I to this Directive, but without driver. 1.2. The footnote reference (2) in paragraph 2.7.24 and the pertaining footnote are deleted. 1.3. The term "the communication form (item 10.1 of Annex 1)" mentioned in paragraph 5.19.1 shall be understood as "the type-approval-certificate (item 5.1 of the Addendum to Appendix 2 of Annex I to this Directive)". 1.4. In footnote (4) to paragraph 6.2.9, introduced by reference document (3), "Contracting Parties to the respective regulations" shall be understood as "Member States". 1.5. In paragraphs 6.14.2, 6.15.2, 6.16.2 and 6.17.2, "Regulation No 3" shall be understood as "Directive 76/757/EEC". 1.6. The footnote reference (5) in paragraph 6.19 and the pertaining footnote are deleted. 1.7. Footnote (1) in Annex 5 shall be understood as follows: "For definitions of the categories, see Annex II A to Directive 70/156/EEC". 2. Without prejudice to the requirements of Article 8, in particular (2a), (2c) and (3) of Directive 70/156/EEC, to the requirements of this Annex and to any requirements in any of the separate Directives, the installation of any other lighting or light-signalling device than those defined in paragraphs 2.7.1 to 2.7.24 of the documents referred to in item 1 above is prohibited. Technical requirements of Regulation No 48 of the United Nations' Economic Commission for Europe referred to in Article 3 and in Annex II, item 1, of Commission Directive 97/28/EC adapting to technical progress Council Directive 76/756/EEC relating to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles and their trailers (1) 2. DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Regulation 2.2. 'Vehicle type with regard to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices` means vehicles which do not differ in the essential respects mentioned in paragraphs 2.2.1. to 2.2.4. The following are likewise considered not to be 'vehicles of a different type`: vehicles which differ within the meaning of paragraphs 2.2.1. to 2.2.4., but not in such a way as to entail a change in the kind, number, positioning and geometric visibility of the lamps and the inclination of the dipped-beam prescribed for the vehicle type in question, and vehicles on which optional lamps are fitted or are absent; 2.2.1. the dimension and the external shape of the vehicle; 2.2.2. the number and positioning of the devices; 2.2.3. the headlamp-levelling system; 2.2.4. the suspension system. 2.3. 'Transverse plane` means a vertical plane perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. 2.4. 'Unladen vehicle` means a vehicle without driver, crew, passengers and load, but with a full supply of fuel, spare wheel and the tools normally carried. 2.5. 'Laden vehicle` means a vehicle loaded to its technically permissible maximum mass, as stated by the manufacturer, who shall also fix the distribution of this mass between the axles in accordance with the method described in annex 5. 2.6. 'Device` means an element or an assembly of elements used to perform one or more functions; 2.7. 'Lamp` means a device designed to illuminate the road or to emit a light signal to other road users. Rear registration plate lamps and retro-reflectors are likewise to be regarded as lamps; 2.7.1. 'Light source with regard to filament lamps` means the filament itself. In the case of a lamp having several filaments, each one shall constitute a light source; 2.7.2. 'Equivalent lamps` means lamps having the same function and authorized in the country in which the vehicle is registered; such lamps may have different characteristics from those installed on the vehicle when it is approved on condition that they satisfy the requirements of this Regulation; 2.7.3. 'Independent lamps` means devices having separate illuminating surfaces, (2) separate light sources and separate lamp bodies; 2.7.4. 'Grouped lamps` means devices having separate illuminating surfaces (3) and separate light sources, but a common lamp body; 2.7.5. 'Combined lamps` means devices having separate illuminating surfaces, (4) but a common light source and a common lamp body; 2.7.6. 'Reciprocally incorporated lamps` means devices having separate light sources or a single light source operating under different conditions (for example, optical, mechanical, electrical differences), totally or partially common illuminating surfaces (5) and a common lamp body; 2.7.7. 'Single-function lamp` means a part of a device which performs a single lighting or light-signalling function; 2.7.8. 'Concealable lamp` means a lamp capable of being partly or completely hidden when not in use. This result may be achieved by means of a movable cover, by displacement of the lamp or by any other suitable means. The term 'retractable` is used more particularly to describe a concealable lamp the displacement of which enables it to be inserted within the bodywork; 2.7.9. 'Driving beam (main-beam) headlamp` means the lamp used to illuminate the road over a long distance ahead of the vehicle; 2.7.10. 'Passing beam (dipped-beam) headlamp` means the lamp used to illuminate the road ahead of the vehicle without causing undue dazzle or discomfort to oncoming drivers and other road-users; 2.7.11. 'Direction-indicator lamp` means the lamp used to indicate to other road-users that the driver intends to change direction to the right or to the left; A direction-indicator lamp or lamps may also be used according to provisions of Regulation No 'X`. (6*) 2.7.12. 'Stop lamp` means the lamp used to indicate to other road-users to the rear of the vehicle that its driver is applying the service brake. The stop lamps may be activated by the application of a retarder or a similar device; 2.7.13. 'Rear-registration plate illuminating device` means the device used to illuminate the space reserved for the rear registration plate; such a device may consist of several optical components; 2.7.14. 'Front position lamp` means the lamp used to indicate the presence and the width of the vehicle when viewed from the front; 2.7.15. 'Rear position lamp` means the lamp used to indicate the presence and width of the vehicle when viewed from the rear; 2.7.16. 'Retro-reflector` means a device used to indicate the presence of a vehicle by the reflection of light emanating from a light source not connected to the vehicle, the observer being situated near the source; For the purposes of this Regulation the following are not considered as retro-reflectors: 2.7.16.1. - retro-reflecting number plates; 2.7.16.2. - the retro-reflecting signals mentioned in the ADR (European Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road); 2.7.16.3. - other retro-reflecting plates and signals which must be used to comply with national requirements for use as regards certain categories of vehicles or certain methods of operation; 2.7.17. 'Hazard warning signal` means the simultaneous operation of all of a vehicle's direction-indicator lamps to show that the vehicle temporarily constitutes a special danger to other road-users; 2.7.18. 'Front fog lamp` means the lamp used to improve the illumination of the road in case of fog, snowfall, rainstorms or dust clouds; 2.7.19. 'Rear fog lamp` means a lamp used to make the vehicle more easily visible from the rear in dense fog; 2.7.20. 'Reversing lamp` means the lamp used to illuminate the road to the rear of the vehicle and to warn other road-users that the vehicle is reversing or about to reverse; 2.7.21. 'Parking lamp` means a lamp which is used to draw attention to the presence of a stationary vehicle in a built-up area. In such circumstances it replaces the front and rear position lamps; 2.7.22. 'End-outline marker lamp` means the lamp fitted near to the extreme outer edge and as close as possible to the top of the vehicle and intended to indicate clearly the vehicle's overall width. This lamp is intended, for certain vehicles and trailers, to complement the vehicle's front and rear position lamps by drawing particular attention to its bulk; 2.7.23. 'Side marker lamp` means a lamp used to indicate the presence of the vehicle when viewed from the side; 2.7.24. 'Daytime running lamp` means a lamp facing in a forward direction used to make the vehicle more easily visible when driving during daytime. (7) 2.8. 'Light emitting surface` of a 'lighting device`, 'light-signalling device` or a retro-reflector means all or part of the exterior surface of the transparent material as declared in the request for approval by the manufacturer of the device on the drawing, see Annex 3; 2.9. 'Illuminating surface` (see Annex 3); 2.9.1. 'Illuminating surface of a lighting device` (paragraphs 2.7.9., 2.7.10., 2.7.18. and 2.7.20) means the orthogonal projection of the full aperture of the reflector, or in the case of headlamps with an ellipsoidal reflector of the 'projection lens` on a transverse plane. If the lighting device has no reflector, the definition of paragraph 2.9.2. shall be applied. If the light emitting surface of the lamp extends over part only of the full aperture of the reflector, then the projection of that part only is taken into account. In the case of a dipped-beam headlamp, the illuminating surface is limited by the apparent trace of the cut-off on to the lens. If the reflector and lens are adjustable relative to one another, the mean adjustment should be used; 2.9.2. 'Illuminating surface of a light-signalling device other than a retro-reflector` (paragraphs 2.7.11. to 2.7.15., 2.7.17., 2.7.19. and 2.7.21. to 2.7.24.) means the orthogonal projection of the lamp in a plane perpendicular to its axis of reference and in contact with the exterior light-emitting surface of the lamp, this projection being bounded by the edges of screens situated in this plane, each allowing only 98 per cent of the total luminous intensity of the light to persist in the direction of the axis of reference. To determine the lower, upper and lateral limits of the illuminating surface, only screens with horizontal or vertical edges shall be used; 2.9.3. 'Illuminating surface of a retro-reflector` (paragraph 2.7.16.) means the orthogonal projection of a retro-reflector in a plane perpendicular to its axis of reference and delimited by planes contiguous to the outermost parts of the retro-reflector's optical system and parallel to that axis. For the purposes of determining the lower, upper and lateral edges of the device, only horizontal and vertical planes shall be considered; 2.10. The 'apparent surface` for a defined direction of observation means, at the request of the manufacturer or his duly accredited representative, the orthogonal projection of: either the boundary of the illuminating surface projected on the exterior surface of the lens (a-b), or the light-emitting surface (c-d), in a plane perpendicular to the direction of observation and tangential to the most exterior point of the lens (see Annex 3 to this Regulation); 2.11. 'Axis of reference` (or 'reference axis`) means the characteristic axis of the lamp determined by the manufacturer (of the lamp) for use as the direction of reference (H = 0°, V = 0°) for angles of field for photometric measurements and for installing the lamp on the vehicle; 2.12. 'Centre of reference` means the intersection of the axis of reference with the exterior light-emitting surface; it is specified by the manufacturer of the lamp; 2.13. 'Angles of geometric visibility` means the angles which determine the field of the minimum solid angle in which the apparent surface of the lamp must be visible. That field of the solid angle is determined by the segments of the sphere of which the centre coincides with the centre of reference of the lamp and the equator is parallel with the ground. These segments are determined in relation to the axis of reference. The horizontal angles â correspond to the longitude and the vertical angles á to the latitude. There must be no obstacle on the inside of the angles of geometric visibility to the propagation of light from any part of the apparent surface of the lamp observed from infinity. If measurements are taken closer to the lamp, the direction of observation must be shifted parallel to achieve the same accuracy. On the inside of the angles of geometric visibility no account is taken of obstacles, if they were already presented when the lamp was type-approved. If, when the lamp is installed, any part of the apparent surface of the lamp is hidden by any further parts of the vehicle, proof shall be furnished that the part of the lamp not hidden by obstacles still conforms to the photometric values prescribed for the approval of the device as an optical unit (see Annex 3 of this Regulation); Nevertheless, when the vertical angle of geometric visibility below the horizontal may be reduced to 5° (lamp at less than 750 mm above the ground) the photometric field of measurements of the installed optical unit may be reduced to 5° below the horizontal. 2.14. 'Extreme outer edge` on either side of the vehicle, means the plane parallel to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle and touching its lateral outer edge, disregarding the projection: 2.14.1. of tyres near their point of contact with the ground, and of connections for tyre-pressure gauges; 2.14.2. of any anti-skid devices mounted on the wheels; 2.14.3. of rear-view mirrors; 2.14.4. of side direction indicator lamps, end-outline marker lamps, front and rear position lamps, parking lamps, retro-reflectors and side-marker lamps; 2.14.5. of Customs seals affixed to the vehicle, and of devices for securing and protecting such seals. 2.15. 'Overall width` means the distance between the two vertical planes defined in paragraph 2.14. above; 2.16. The following shall be deemed to be: 2.16.1. 'A single lamp` means a device or part of a device, having one function and one apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis (see paragraph 2.10. of this Regulation) and one or more light sources. For the purpose of installation on a vehicle, a 'single lamp` also means any assembly of two independent or grouped lamps, whether identical or not, having the same function, if they are installed so that the projection of their apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis occupies not less than 60 per cent of the smallest rectangle circumscribing the projections of the said apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis. In such a case, each of these lamps shall, where approval is required, be approved as a type 'D` lamp. This possible combination does not apply to main beam headlamps, dipped beam headlamps and front fog lamps. 2.16.2. 'Two lamps` or 'an even number of lamps`, means a single light- emitting surface in the shape of a band or strip if such band or strip is placed symmetrically in relation to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle, extends on both sides to within at least 0.4 m of the extreme outer edge of the vehicle, and is not less than 0.8 m long; the illumination of such surface shall be provided by not less than two light sources placed as close as possible to its ends; the light-emitting surface may be constituted by a number of juxtaposed elements on condition that the projections of the several individual light-emitting surfaces on a transverse plane occupy not less than 60 per cent of the area of the smallest rectangle circumscribing the projections of the said individual light-emitting surfaces; 2.17. 'Distance between two lamps` which face in the same direction means the shortest distance between the two apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis. Where the distance between the lamps clearly meets the requirements of the Regulation, the exact edges of apparent surfaces need not be determined. 2.18. 'Operating tell-tale` means a visual or auditory signal (or any equivalent signal) indicating that a device has been switched on and is operating correctly or not; 2.19. 'Closed-circuit tell-tale` means a visual (or any equivalent signal) indicating that a device has been switched on, but not indicating whether it is operating correctly or not; 2.20. 'Optional lamp` means a lamp, the installation of which is left to the discretion of the manufacturer; 2.21. 'Ground` means the surface on which the vehicle stands which should be substantially horizontal; 2.22. 'Movable components` of the vehicle mean those body panels or other vehicle parts the position(s) of which can be changed by tilting, rotating or sliding without the use of tools. They do not include tiltable driver cabs of trucks; 2.23. 'Normal position of use of a movable component` means the position(s) of a movable component specified by the vehicle manufacturer for the normal condition of use and the park condition of the vehicle; 2.24. 'Normal condition of use of a vehicle` means: 2.24.1. for a motor vehicle, when the vehicle is ready to move with its propulsion engine running and its movable components in the normal position(s) as defined is paragraph 2.23.; 2.24.2. and for a trailer, when the trailer is connected to a drawing motor vehicle in the conditions as prescribed in paragraph 2.24.1. and its movable components are in the normal position(s) as defined in paragraph 2.23. 2.25. 'Park condition of a vehicle` means: 2.25.1. for a motor vehicle, when the vehicle is at standstill and its propulsion engine is not running and its movable components are in the normal position(s) as defined in paragraph 2.23; 2.25.2. and for a trailer, when the trailer is connected to a drawing motor vehicle in the condition as described in paragraph 2.25.1. and its movable components are in the normal position(s) as defined in paragraph 2.23. 5. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS 5.1. The lighting and light-signalling devices shall be so fitted that under normal conditions of use as defined in paragraphs 2.24, 2.24.1 and 2.24.2 and notwithstanding any vibrations to which they may be subjected, they retain the characteristics prescribed by this Regulation and enable the vehicle to comply with the requirements of this Regulation. In particular, it shall not be possible for the lamps to be inadvertently maladjusted. 5.2. The illuminating lamps described in paragraphs 2.7.9., 2.7.10. and 2.7.18. shall be so installed that correct adjustment of their orientation can easily be carried out. 5.3. For all light-signalling devices, including those mounted on the side panels, the reference axis of the lamp when fitted to the vehicle must be parallel to the bearing plane of the vehicle on the road; in addition it must be perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle in the case of side retro-reflectors and of side-marker lamps and parallel to that plane in the case of all other signalling devices. In each direction a tolerance of ±3° shall be allowed. In addition, any specific instructions as regards fitting laid down by the manufacturer must be complied with. 5.4. In the absence of specific instructions, the height and orientation of the lamps shall be verified with the vehicle unladen and placed on a flat, horizontal surface in the condition defined in paragraphs 2.24., 2.24.1. and 2.24.2. 5.5. In the absence of specific instructions lamps constituting a pair shall: 5.5.1. be fitted to the vehicle symmetrically in relation to the median longitudinal plane (this estimate to be based on the exterior geometrical form of the lamp and not on the edge of its illuminating surface referred to in paragraph 2.9.); 5.5.2. be symmetrical to one another in relation to the median longitudinal plane, this requirement is not valid with regard to the interior structure of the lamp; 5.5.3. satisfy the same colorimetric requirements; and 5.5.4. have substantially identical photometric characteristics. 5.6. On vehicles whose external shape is asymmetrical the above requirements shall be satisfied so far as is possible. 5.7. Lamps may be grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated with one another provided that all requirements regarding colour, position, orientation, geometric visibility, electrical connections and other requirements, if any, for each lamp, are fulfilled. 5.8. The maximum height above the ground shall be measured from the highest point and the minimum height from the lowest point of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis. In the case of dipped-beam headlamp, the minimum height in relation to the ground is measured from the lowest point of the effective outlet of the optical system (e.g. reflector, lens, projection lens) independent of its utilization. Where the (maximum and minimum) height above the ground clearly meets the requirements of the Regulation, the exact edges of any surface need not be determined. The position, as regards width, will be determined from that edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis which is the furthest from the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle when referred to the overall width, and from the inner edges of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis when referred to the distance between lamps. Where the position, as regards width, clearly meets the requirements of the Regulation, the exact edges of any surface need not be determined. 5.9. In the absence of specific instructions, no lamps other than direction-indicator lamps and the vehicle-hazard warning signal shall be flashing lamps. 5.10. No red light which could give rise to confusion shall be emitted from a lamp as defined in paragraph 2.7. in a forward direction and no white light which could give rise to confusion, other than from the reversing lamp, shall be emitted from a lamp as defined in paragraph 2.7. in a rearward direction. No account shall be taken of lighting devices fitted for the interior lighting of the vehicle. In case of doubt, this requirement shall be verified as follows: 5.10.1. For the visibility of red light towards the front, there must be no direct visibility of the light-emitting surface of a red lamp if viewed by an observer moving within Zone 1 in a transverse plane situated 25 m in front of the vehicle (see Annex 4); 5.10.2. For the visibility of white light towards the rear, there must be no direct visibility of a light-emitting surface of a white lamp if viewed by an observer moving within Zone 2 in a transverse plane situated 25 m behind the vehicle (see Annex 4); 5.10.3. In their respective planes, the zones 1 and 2 explored by the eye of the observer are bounded; 5.10.3.1. In height, by two horizontal planes 1 m and 2.2 m respectively above the ground, 5.10.3.2. In width, by two vertical planes which, forming to the front and to the rear respectively an angle of 15° outwards from the vehicle's median longitudinal plane, pass through the point or points of contact of vertical planes parallel to the vehicle's median longitudinal plane delimiting the vehicle's overall width; if there are several points of contact, the foremost shall correspond to the forward plane and the rearmost to the rearward plane. 5.11. The electrical connections must be such that the front and rear position lamps, the end-outline marker lamps, if they exist, the side-marker lamps, if they exist, and the rear registration plate lamp can only be switched on and off simultaneously. This condition does not apply when using front and rear position lamps, as well as side-marker lamps when combined or reciprocally incorporated with said lamps, as parking lamps. 5.12. The electrical connections must be such that the main-beam and dipped-beam headlamps and the front fog lamps cannot be switched on unless the lamps referred to in paragraph 5.11 are also switched on. This requirement shall not apply, however, to main-beam or dipped-beam headlamps when their luminous warnings consist of the intermittent lighting up at short intervals of the main-beam headlamp or the intermittent lighting up at short intervals of the dipped-beam headlamp or the alternate lighting up at short intervals of the main-beam and dipped beam headlamps. 5.13. Tell-tale Where a closed-circuit tell-tale is prescribed by this Regulation it may be replaced by an 'operating` tell-tale. 5.14. Concealable lamps 5.14.1. The concealment of lamps shall be prohibited, with the exception of the main-beam headlamps, the dipped-beam headlamps and the front fog lamps, which may be concealed when they are not in use. 5.14.2. In the event of any failure affecting the operation of the concealement device(s) the lamps shall remain in the position of use, if already in use, or shall be capable of being moved into the position of use without the aid of tools. 5.14.3. It must be possible to move the lamps into the position of use and to switch them on by means of a single control, without excluding the possibility of moving them into the position of use without switching them on. However, in the case of grouped main-beam and dipped-beam headlamps, the control referred to above is required only to activate the dipped-beam headlamps. 5.14.4. It must not be possible deliberately, from the driver's seat, to stop the movement of switched-on lamps before they reach the position of use. If there is a danger of dazzling other road users by the movement of the lamps, they may light up only when they have reached their position of use. 5.14.5. When the concealment device has a temperature of -30°C to +50°C the headlamps must be capable of reaching the position of use within three seconds of initial operation of the control. 5.15. The colours of the light emitted by the lamps are the following: 5.16. Number of lamps The number of lamps mounted on the vehicle shall be equal to the number(s) specified in subparagraph 2 of each of the paragraphs 6.1 to 6.19. 5.17. Except as provided by paragraphs 5.18., 5.19. and 5.21., lamps may be installed on movable components. 5.18. Rear position lamps, rear direction indicators and rear retro-reflectors, triangular as well as non triangular, must not be installed on movable components unless at all fixed positions of the movable components the lamps on the movable components meet all the position, geometric visibility and photometric requirements for those lamps. Should the above functions be obtained by an assembly of two lamps marked 'D` (see paragraph 2.16.1.) only one of these lamps needs to meet the above mentioned requirements. 5.19. There must not be any movable component, with or without a light-signalling device installed on it, which in any fixed position hides more than 50 % of the apparent surface of front and rear position lamps, front and rear direction indicator lamps and retro-reflectors when viewed in the reference axis of this specific device. If this is not practicable: 5.19.1. a remark in the communication form (item 10.1. of annex 1) shall inform other Administrations that more than 50 % of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis can be hidden by the movable components; 5.19.2. in case of paragraph 5.19.1. a notice in the vehicle shall inform the user that in certain position(s) of the movable components other road users shall be warned of the presence of the vehicle on the road; for example by means of a warning triangle or other devices according to national requirements for use on the road. 5.20. When the movable components are in a position other than a 'Normal position` as defined in paragraph 2.23. the devices installed on them shall not cause undue discomfort to road users. 5.21. When a lamp is installed on a movable component and the movable component is in the normal position(s) of use (see paragraph 2.23.), the lamp must always return to the position(s) specified by the manufacturer in accordance with this Regulation. In the case of dipped-beam headlamps and front fog lamps, this requirement shall be considered satisfied if, when the movable components are moved and returned to the normal position 10 times, no value of the angular inclination of these lamps, relative to its support, measured after each operation of the movable component, differs by more than 0.15 % from the average of the 10 measured values. If this value is exceeded each limit specified in paragraph 6.2.6.1.1. shall then be modified by this excess to decrease the allowed range of inclinations when checking the vehicle according to Annex 6. 5.22. With the exception of retro-reflectors, a lamp even bearing an approval mark is deemed not to be present when it cannot be made to operate by the sole installation of a filament lamp. 6. INDIVIDUAL SPECIFICATIONS 6.1. Main-beam headlamp 6.1.1. Presence Mandatory on motor vehicles. Prohibited on trailers. 6.1.2. Number Two or four. Where a vehicle is fitted with four concealable headlamps the installation of two additional headlamps shall only be authorized for the purpose of light-signalling, consisting of intermittent illumination, at short intervals (see paragraph 5.12.) in daylight. 6.1.3. Arrangement No individual specifications. 6.1.4. Position 6.1.4.1. In width: no individual specifications. 6.1.4.2. In height: no individual specifications. 6.1.4.3. In length: at the front of the vehicle and fitted in such a way that the light emitted does not cause discomfort to the driver either directly or indirectly through the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflecting surfaces of the vehicle. 6.1.5. Geometric visibility The visibility of the illuminating surface, including its visibility in areas which do not appear to be illuminated in the direction of observation considered, must be ensured within a divergent space defined by generating lines based on the perimeter of the illuminating surface and forming an angle of not less than 5° with the axis of reference of the headlamp. The origin of the angles of geometric visibility is the perimeter of the projection of the illuminating surface on a transverse plane tangent to the foremost part of the lens of the headlamp. 6.1.6. Orientation Towards the front. Apart from the devices necessary to maintain correct adjustment, and when there are two pairs of headlamps one pair, consisting of headlamps functioning as main-beam headlamps only, may swivel, according to the angle of lock of the steering, about a substantial vertical axis. 6.1.7. Electrical connections 6.1.7.1. The main-beam headlamps may be switched on either simultaneously or in pairs. For changing over from the dipped to the main beam at least one pair of main-beam headlamps shall be switched on. For changing over from the main-beam to the dipped-beam all main-beam headlamps shall be switched off simultaneously. 6.1.7.2. The dipped-beams may remain switched on at the same time as the main beams. 6.1.7.3 Where four concealable headlamps are fitted their raised position must prevent the simultaneous operation of any additional headlamps fitted, if these are intended to provide light signals consisting of intermittent illumination at short intervals (see paragraph 5.12.) in daylight. 6.1.8. Tell-tale Circuit-closed tell-tale mandatory. 6.1.9. Other requirements 6.1.9.1. The aggregate maximum intensity of the main-beam headlamps which can be switched on simultaneously shall not exceed 225,000 cd, which corresponds to a reference value of 75. 6.1.9.2. This maximum intensity shall be obtained by adding together the individual reference marks which are indicated on the several headlamps. The reference mark '10` shall be given to each of the headlamps marked 'R` or 'CR`. 6.2. Dipped-beam headlamp 6.2.1. Presence Mandatory on motor vehicles. Prohibited on trailers. 6.2.2. Number Two. 6.2.3. Arrangement No special requirement. 6.2.4. Position 6.2.4.1. In width: that edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis which is farthest from the vehicle's median longitudinal plane shall be not more than 400 mm from the extreme outer edge of the vehicle. The inner edges of the apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axes shall be not less than 600 mm apart. This distance may be reduced to 400 mm where the overall width of the vehicle is less than 1,300 mm. 6.2.4.2. In height: not less than 500 mm and not more than 1,200 mm above the ground. 6.2.4.3. In length: at the front of the vehicle. This requirement shall be deemed to be satisfied if the light emitted does not cause discomfort to the driver either directly, or indirectly through the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflecting surfaces of the vehicle. 6.2.5. Geometric visibility Defined by angles á and â as specified in paragraph 2.13. á = 15° upwards and 10° downwards, â = 45° outwards and 10° inwards. Since the photometric values required for dipped-beam headlamps do not cover the full geometric field of vision, a minimum value of 1 cd in the space remaining is required for type-approval purposes. The presence of partitions or other items of equipment near the headlamp shall not give rise to secondary effects causing discomfort to other road users. 6.2.6. Orientation Towards the front. 6.2.6.1. Vertical orientation 6.2.6.1.1. The initial downward inclination of the cut-off of the dipped-beam to be set in the unladen vehicle state with one person in the driver's seat shall be specified within an accuracy of 0.1 % by the manufacturer and indicated in a clearly legible and indelible manner on each vehicle close to either headlamp or the manufacturer's plate by the symbol shown in annex 7. The value of this indicated downward inclination shall be defined in accordance with paragraph 6.2.6.1.2. 6.2.6.1.2. Depending on the mounting height in metres (h) of the lower edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of the dipped-beam headlamp, measured on the unladen vehicles, the vertical inclination of the cut-off of the dipped-beam shall, under all the static conditions of annex 5, remain between the following limits and the initial aiming shall have the following values: h 1.0 limits: between - 1.0 % and - 3.0 % initial aiming: between - 1.5 % and - 2.0 % The above limits and the initial aiming values are summarized in the diagram below. 6.2.6.2. Headlamp levelling device 6.2.6.2.1. In the case where a headlamp levelling device is necessary to satisfy the requirements of paragraphs 6.2.6.1.1. and 6.2.6.1.2., the device shall be automatic. 6.2.6.2.2. However, devices which are adjusted manually, either continuously or non-continuously, shall be permitted, provided they have a stop position at which the lamps can be returned to the initial inclination defined in paragraph 6.2.6.1.1. by means of the usual adjusting screws or similar means. These manually adjustable devices must be operable from the driver's seat. Continually adjustable devices must have reference marks indicating the loading conditions that require adjustment of the dipped-beam. The number of positions on devices which are not continuously adjustable must be such as to ensure compliance with the range of values prescribed in paragraph 6.2.6.1.2. in all the loading conditions defined in annex 5. For these devices also, the loading conditions of annex 5 that require adjustment of the dipped-beam shall be clearly marked near the control of the device (see annex 8).6.2.6.3. Measuring procedure 6.2.6.3.1. After adjustment of the initial inclination, the vertical inclination of the dipped-beam, expressed in per cent, shall be measured in static conditions under all the loading conditions defined in annex 5.'6.2.6.3.2. In the event of a failure of devices described in paragraphs 6.2.6.2.1. and 6.2.6.2.2., the dipped-beam shall not assume a position in which the dip is less than it was at the time when the failure of the device occurred.` 6.2.7. Electrical connections The control for changing over to the dipped-beam must switch off all main-beam headlamps simultaneously. The dipped beam may remain switched on at the same time as the main beams. In the case of dipped-beam headlamps according to Regulation No 'X` (8*) the gas-discharge light sources shall remain switched on during the main-beam operation. 6.2.8. Tell-tale Tell-tale optional. 6.2.9. Other requirements The requirements of paragraph 5.5.2. shall not apply to dipped-beam headlamps. Dipped-beam headlamps shall not swivel according to the angle of lock of steering. Dipped-beam headlamps with gas-discharge light sources shall only be permitted in conjunction with the installation of headlamp cleaning device(s) according to Regulation No 45. (9) In addition, with respect to vertical inclination, the provisions of paragraph 6.2.6.2.2. shall not be applied when these headlamps are installed. 6.3. Front fog lamp 6.3.1. Presence Optional on motor vehicles. Prohibited on trailers. 6.3.2. Number Two. 6.3.3. Arrangement No special requirement. 6.3.4. Position 6.3.4.1. In width: that point on the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis which is farthest from the vehicle's median longitudinal plane shall not be more than 400 mm from the extreme outer edge of the vehicle. 6.3.4.2. In height: not less than 250 mm above the ground. No point on the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis must be higher than the highest point on the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of the dipped-beam headlamp. 6.3.4.3. In length: at the front of the vehicle. This requirement shall be deemed to be satisfied if the light emitted does not cause discomfort to the driver either directly, or indirectly through the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflecting surfaces of the vehicle. 6.3.5. Geometric visibility Defined by angles á and â as specified in paragraph 2.13, á = 5° upwards and downwards, â = 45° outwards and 10° inwards. 6.3.6. Orientation Towards the front. The alignment of the front fog lamps must not vary according to the angle of lock of the steering. They must be directed forward without causing undue dazzle or discomfort to oncoming drivers and other road users. 6.3.7. Electrical connections It must be possible to switch the front fog lamps on and off independently of the main-beam headlamps, the dipped-beam headlamps or any combination of main-and dipped-beam headlamps. 6.3.8. Tell-tale Tell-tale optional. 6.3.9. Other requirements None. 6.4. Reversing lamp 6.4.1. Presence Mandatory on motor vehicles. Optional on trailers. 6.4.2. Number One or two. 6.4.3. Arrangement No special requirement. 6.4.4. Position 6.4.4.1. In width: no special requirement. 6.4.4.2. In height: not less than 250 mm nor more than 1,200 mm above the ground. 6.4.4.3. In length: at the back of the vehicle. 6.4.5. Geometric visibility Defined by angles á and â as specified in paragraph 2.13., 6.4.6. Orientation Rearwards. 6.4.7. Electrical connections They shall be such that the lamp can light up only if the reverse gear is engaged and if the device which controls the starting and stopping of the engine is in such a position that operation of the engine is possible. It shall not light up or remain lit if either of the above conditions is not satisfied. 6.4.8. Tell-tale Tell-tale optional. 6.4.9. Other requirements None. 6.5. Direction indicator lamp 6.5.1. Presence (see figure below) Mandatory. Types of direction indicator lamps fall into categories (1, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 5 and 6) the assembly of which on one vehicle constitutes an arrangement ('A` and 'B`). Arrangement 'A` shall apply to all motor vehicles. Arrangement 'B` shall apply to trailers only. 6.5.2. Number According to the arrangement. 6.5.3. Arrangements (see figure below) A: two front direction indicator lamps of the following categories: - 1 or 1a or 1b, if the distance between the edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of this lamp and that of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of the dipped-beam headlamp and/or the front fog lamp, if there is one, is at least 40 mm; - 1a or 1b, if the distance between the edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of this lamp and that of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of the dipped-beam headlamp and/or the front fog lamp, if there is one, is greater than 20 mm and less than 40 mm; - 1b, if the distance between the edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of this lamp and that of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of the dipped-beam headlamp and/or the front fog lamp, if there is one, is less than or equal to 20 mm; two rear direction indicator lamps (category 2a or 2b); two side direction indicator lamps of the categories 5 or 6(minimum requirements): 5 for all M1 vehicles; for N1, M2 and M3 vehicles not exceeding 6 metres in length. 6 for all N2 and N3 vehicles; for N1, M2 and M3 vehicles exceeding 6 metres in length. It is permitted to replace category 5 side direction indicator lamps by category 6 side direction indicator lamps in all instances. Where lamps combining the functions of front direction indicator lamps (categories 1, 1a, 1b) and side direction indicator lamps (categories 5 or 6) are fitted, two additional side direction indicator lamps (categories 5 or 6) may be fitted to meet the visibility requirements of paragraph 6.5.5. B: two rear direction indicator lamps (categories 2a or 2b). 6.5.4. Position 6.5.4.1. In width: the edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis farthest from the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle must not be more than 400 mm from the extreme outer edge of the vehicle. The distance between the inner edges of the two apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axes shall not be less than 600 mm. This distance may be reduced to 400 mm where the overall width of the vehicle is less than 1,300 mm. 6.5.4.2. In height: above the ground. 6.5.4.2.1. The height of the light-emitting surface of the side direction-indicator lamps of categories 5 or 6 must not be less than 500 mm measured from the lowest point or more than 1,500 mm measured from the highest point. 6.5.4.2.2. The height of the direction indicator lamps of categories 1,1a, 1b, 2a and 2b, measured in accordance with paragraph 5.8., shall not be less than 350 mm or more than 1,500 mm. 6.5.4.2.3. If the structure of the vehicle does not permit these upper limits, measured as specified above, to be respected, they may be increased to 2,300 mm for side direction indicator lamps of categories 5 and 6, and to 2,100 mm for the direction indicator lamps of categories 1, 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b. 6.5.4.3. In length (see figure below) The distance between the light-emitting surface of the side direction indicator lamp (categories 5 and 6) and the transverse plane which marks the forward boundary of the vehicle's overall length, shall not exceed 1,800 mm. If the structure of the vehicle makes it impossible to comply with the minimum angles of visibility, this distance may be increased to 2,500 millimetres. 6.5.5. Geometric visibility Horizontal angles, see figure below Vertical angles: 15° above and below the horizontal for direction indicator lamps of categories 1, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b and 5. The vertical angle below the horizontal may be reduced to 5° if the lamps are less than 750 mm above the ground; 30° above and 5° below the horizontal for direction indicator lamps of category 6. Figure (see paragraph 6.5) (*) The value of 5° given for dead angle of visibility to the rear of the side direction indicator is an upper limit. 6.5.6. Orientation According to the specifications for installation by the manufacturer, if any. 6.5.7. Electrical connections Direction-indicator lamps shall switch on independently of the other lamps. All direction-indicator lamps on one side of a vehicle shall be switched on and off by means of one control and shall flash in phase. 6.5.8. Tell-tale Operating tell-tale mandatory for front and rear direction-indicator lamps. It may be visual or auditory or both. If it is visual it shall be a flashing light which, at least in the event of the malfunc …