Chapter 209

(1)of article 6, of sub-article

(4)of the same article and of sub-article

(2)of article 7 of this Act, which shall have effect as from the date of the deposit by Malta with the Fund of the instrument referred to in article 4 of this Act*. Financial provisions relating to membership in the Fund. Amended by: XXXI. 1969.5; VII.2023.2. 6.

(1)It shall be the function of the Central Bank of Malta - (

1. a)to pay the amounts from time to time payable to the Fund on account of Malta under the provisions of the Membership Resolution and Fund Agreement; (
2. b)on behalf of Malta to fulfil all its obligations, to exercise all its rights and to perform all its functions ensuing from Malta’s participation in the Special Drawing Account.

(2)The Central Bank of Malta may, if it thinks fit, create and issue to the Fund any such non-interest bearing and non-negotiable notes or other obligations as are provided for by Section 4 of Article III of the Fund Agreement (which Section relates to the acceptance by the Fund of notes or similar obligations in place of currency).

(3)The Central Bank of Malta is hereby authorised to receive from the Fund any sums relating to Malta’s subscription and any sums to be received by reason of operations or transactions between Malta and the Fund under Article V of the Fund Agreement.

(4)Any interest due to Malta or any charge or assessment due by Malta, as the case may be, by reason of Malta’s participation and position in the Special Drawing Account, shall be payable to or by the Central Bank of Malta on behalf of Malta. Certain provisions of Fund Agreement given force of law in Malta. Amended by: XXXI.1969.6; VII.2023.3. 7.

(1)The provisions of Sections 2 to 9 inclusive of Article IX of the Fund Agreement and the first sentence of Section 2 (

1. b)of Article VIII of the Fund Agreement shall have the force of law in Malta, so, however, that nothing in Section 9 of Article IX of the Fund Agreement shall be construed (
2. a)as entitling the Fund to import goods free of customs duty without any restriction on their subsequent sale in Malta; (
3. b)as conferring on the Fund any exemption from taxes and duties which form part of the price of goods *The Fund Agreement was signed on the 11th September, 1968 and the instrument referred to in article 4 of this Act was deposited on the 28th November, 1969. MALTA M EM BERS HI P OF THE I NT E R N AT I O N A L M O N E TA RY F U N D acquired by the Fund in Malta; or (
4. c)as conferring on the Fund any exemption from taxes or duties which are in fact no more than charges for services rendered.

(2)Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, no tax of any kind shall be levied on special drawing rights or on operations or transactions in special drawing rights. 8.

(1)The Minister may by order make such provisions as are necessary for carrying into effect any of the provisions of the Fund Agreement.

(2)The Minister may, from time to time, by order amend, repeal or substitute the Schedules made under this Act.

(3)Any Schedules made under this Act and any amendment or revocation of the said Schedules may be made in the English language only.. Powers of the Minister. Substituted by: VII.2023.4. 4 CAP. 209.] Substituted by: VII.2023.5. M ALTA M EM BERS HI P O F T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L M O N E TA RY F U N D SCHEDULE ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Source: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/ Version as amended effective January 26, 2016 by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund in Resolution No. 66-2, adopted December 15, 2010, as reproduced hereunder: ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT © 2020 International Monetary Fund Cataloging-in-Publication Data IMF Library Names: International Monetary Fund, publisher. | United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (1944 : Bretton Woods, N.H.). Title: Articles of agreement of the International Monetary Fund : adopted at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, July 22, 1944 … amended effective January 26, 2016 by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors in Resolution No. 66–2, adopted December 15, 2010. Other titles: IMF articles of agreement. Description: Washington, DC : International Monetary Fund, 2020. | Includes index. Identifiers: ISBN 978-1-51352-124-4 (paper) ISBN 978-1-51353-081-9 (ePub) ISBN 978-1-51353-082-6 (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: International Monetary Fund—Membership. | International Monetary Fund—By-laws. Classification: LCC HG3881.5.I58 I578 2020 Reprinted, March 2020 Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund Adopted at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, New Hamp­ shire, July 22, 1944. Entered into force December 27, 1945. Amended effective July 28, 1969, by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors in Resolution No. 23–5, adopted May 31, 1968; amended effective April 1, 1978, by the modifica­ tions approved by the Board of Governors in Reso­ lution No. 31–4, adopted April 30, 1976; amended effective November 11, 1992, by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors in Resolution No. 45–3, adopted June 28, 1990; amended effec­ tive August 10, 2009, by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors in Resolution No. 52–4, adopted September 23, 1997; amended effective February 18, 2011, by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors in Resolution No. 63–3, adopted May 5, 2008; amended effective March 3, 2011, by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors in Resolution No. 63–2, adopted April 28, 2008; amended effective January 26, 2016 by the modifications approved by the Board of Governors in Resolution No. 66–2, adopted December 15, 2010. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND WASHINGTON, DC Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s Page I n t r o d u c to ry A rt i c l e ��������������������������������������������������1 I. P u r p o s e s �������������������������������������������������������2 II. M e m b e r s h i p ���������������������������������������������������3 1. � Original members����������������������������������������������������3 2. � Other members ��������������������������������������������������������3 III. Q uotas a n d S u b s c r i p t i o n s ����������������������� 3 1. � Quotas and payment of subscriptions����������������������3 2. � Adjustment of quotas ����������������������������������������������3 3. � Payments when quotas are changed ������������������������4 4. � Substitution of securities for currency ��������������������5 IV. O b l i g at i o n s R egarding E x c h a n g e A r r a n g e m e n t s �����������������������������������������������5 1. � General obligations of members������������������������������5 2. � General exchange arrangements������������������������������6 3. � Surveillance over exchange arrangements ��������������6 4. � Par values ����������������������������������������������������������������7 5. � Separate currencies within a member’s territories����������������������������������������������������������������7 V. O p e r at i o n s a n d T r a n s a c t i o n s o f t h e F u n d .�������8 1. � Agencies dealing with the Fund������������������������������8 2. � Limitation on the Fund’s operations and transactions������������������������������������������������������������8 3. � Conditions governing use of the Fund’s general resources����������������������������������������������������������������8 4. � Waiver of conditions����������������������������������������������10 5. � Ineligibility to use the Fund’s general resources��������������������������������������������������������������10 6. � Other purchases and sales of special drawing rights by the Fund����������������������������������11 7. � Repurchase by a member of its currency held by the Fund����������������������������������������������������������11 8. � Charges������������������������������������������������������������������13 9. � Remuneration ��������������������������������������������������������14 10. � Computations ��������������������������������������������������������16 11. � Maintenance of value ��������������������������������������������16 12. � Other operations and transactions��������������������������16 v Table of Contents Page vi VI. C a p i ta l T r a n s f e r s ����������������������������������������� 20 1. � Use of the Fund’s general resources for capital transfers���������������������������������������������������� 20 2. � Special provisions for capital transfers������������������ 20 3. � Controls of capital transfers ���������������������������������� 20 VII. R e p l e n i s h m e n t a n d S c a r c e C u r r e n c i e s ����������� 21 1. � Measures to replenish the Fund’s holdings of currencies�������������������������������������������������������� 21 2. � General scarcity of currency���������������������������������� 21 3. � Scarcity of the Fund’s holdings������������������������������ 21 4. � Administration of restrictions�������������������������������� 22 5. � Effect of other international agreements on restrictions����������������������������������������������������������� 22 VIII. G e n e r a l O b l i g at i o n s o f M e m b e r s ������������������� 22 1. � Introduction������������������������������������������������������������ 22 2. � Avoidance of restrictions on current payments�������������������������������������������������������������� 23 3. � Avoidance of discriminatory currency practices �������������������������������������������������������������� 23 4. � Convertibility of foreign-held balances ���������������� 23 5. � Furnishing of information�������������������������������������� 24 6. � Consultation between members regarding existing international agreements������������������������ 26 7. � Obligation to collaborate regarding policies on reserve assets�������������������������������������������������� 26 IX. S tat u s , I mm u n i t i e s , a n d P r i v i l e g e s ����������������� 26 1. � Purposes of Article ������������������������������������������������ 26 2. � Status of the Fund�������������������������������������������������� 26 3. � Immunity from judicial process ���������������������������� 27 4. � Immunity from other action ���������������������������������� 27 5. � Immunity of archives �������������������������������������������� 27 6. � Freedom of assets from restrictions ���������������������� 27 7. � Privilege for communications�������������������������������� 27 8. � Immunities and privileges of officers and employees������������������������������������������������������������ 27 9. � Immunities from taxation�������������������������������������� 28 10. � Application of Article�������������������������������������������� 28 Table of Contents Page X. R e l at i o n s w i t h O t h e r I n t e r n at i o n a l O r g a n i z at i o n s ��������������������������������������������� 29 XI. R e l at i o n s w i t h N o n - M e m b e r C o u n t r i e s ��� 2 9 1. � Undertakings regarding relations with non-member countries ����������������������������������������29 2. � Restrictions on transactions with non-member countries ����������������������������������������29 XII. O r g a n i z at i o n a n d M a n a g e m e n t ��������������������� 30 1. � Structure of the Fund����������������������������������������������30 2. � Board of Governors������������������������������������������������30 3. � Executive Board ����������������������������������������������������31 4. � Managing Director and staff����������������������������������33 5. � Voting ��������������������������������������������������������������������33 6. � Reserves, distribution of net income, and investment������������������������������������������������������������34 7. � Publication of reports ��������������������������������������������36 8. � Communication of views to members��������������������36 XIII. O f f i c e s a n d D e p o s i to r i e s ������������������������������� 37 1. � Location of offices��������������������������������������������������37 2. � Depositories������������������������������������������������������������37 3. � Guarantee of the Fund’s assets������������������������������37 XIV. T r a n s i t i o n a l A r r a n g e m e n t s ������������������������� 38 1. � Notification to the Fund ����������������������������������������38 2. � Exchange restrictions ��������������������������������������������38 3. � Action of the Fund relating to restrictions ������������38 XV. S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s ������������������������������� 39 1. � Authority to allocate special drawing rights����������39 2. � Valuation of the special drawing right ������������������39 XVI. G e n e r a l D e pa rt m e n t a n d S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s D e pa rt m e n t ������������������������� 39 1. � Separation of operations and transactions��������������39 2. � Separation of assets and property��������������������������40 3. � Recording and information������������������������������������40 XVII. P a rt i c i pa n t s a n d O t h e r H o l d e r s o f S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s ������������������������������� 40 1. � Participants������������������������������������������������������������40 2. � Fund as a holder ����������������������������������������������������41 3. � Other holders����������������������������������������������������������41 vii Table of Contents Page XVIII. A l l o c at i o n a n d C a n c e l l at i o n o f S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s ������������������������������������������� 42 1. � Principles and considerations governing allocation and cancellation �����������������������������������42 2. � Allocation and cancellation������������������������������������ 42 3. � Unexpected major developments �������������������������� 43 4. � Decisions on allocations and cancellations������������ 44 XIX. O p e r at i o n s a n d T r a n s a c t i o n s i n S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s ������������������������������������������� 45 1. � Use of special drawing rights�������������������������������� 45 2. � Operations and transactions between participants���������������������������������������������������������� 45 3. � Requirement of need���������������������������������������������� 45 4. � Obligation to provide currency������������������������������ 46 5. � Designation of participants to provide currency �������������������������������������������������������������� 46 6. � Reconstitution�������������������������������������������������������� 47 7. � Exchange rates ������������������������������������������������������ 47 XX. S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s D e pa rt m e n t I n t e r e s t a n d C h a r g e s ����������������������������������� 48 1. � Interest�������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 2. � Charges������������������������������������������������������������������ 48 3. � Rate of interest and charges ���������������������������������� 48 4. � Assessments ���������������������������������������������������������� 48 5. � Payment of interest, charges, and assessments �������������������������������������������������� 49 XXI. A d m i n i s t r at i o n o f t h e G e n e r a l D e pa rt m e n t a n d t h e S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s D e pa rt m e n t ��������������������������������������� 49 XXII. G e n e r a l O b l i g at i o n s o f P a rt i c i pa n t s ������������� 51 XXIII. S u s p e n s i o n o f O p e r at i o n s a n d T r a n s a c t i o n s i n S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s .������� 51 1. � Emergency provisions�������������������������������������������� 51 2. � Failure to fulfill obligations������������������������������������ 51 XXIV. T e r m i n at i o n o f P a rt i c i pat i o n ������������������������� 52 1. � Right to terminate participation ���������������������������� 52 2. � Settlement on termination�������������������������������������� 53 3. � Interest and charges������������������������������������������������ 53 viii Table of Contents Page 4. � Settlement of obligation to the Fund����������������������54 5. � Settlement of obligation to a terminating participant������������������������������������������������������������54 6. � General Resources Account transactions ��������������54 XXV. L i q u i d at i o n o f t h e S p e c i a l D r aw i n g R i g h t s D e pa rt m e n t ��������������������������������������� 55 XXVI. W i t h d r awa l f r o m M e m b e r s h i p ����������������������� 56 1. � Right of members to withdraw������������������������������56 2. � Compulsory withdrawal ����������������������������������������56 3. � Settlement of accounts with members withdrawing ��������������������������������������������������������56 XXVII. E m e r g e n c y P r o v i s i o n s ����������������������������������� 57 1. � Temporary suspension��������������������������������������������57 2. � Liquidation of the Fund������������������������������������������57 XXVIII. A m e n d m e n t s ������������������������������������������������� 58 XXIX. I n t e r p r e tat i o n ��������������������������������������������� 59 XXX. E x p l a n at i o n o f T e r m s ����������������������������������� 59 XXXI. F i n a l P r o v i s i o n s ������������������������������������������� 61 1. � Entry into force������������������������������������������������������61 2. � Signature����������������������������������������������������������������61 SCHEDULES A. Q u o t a s ����������������������������������������������������� 6 4 B. Transitional Provisions with Respect t o R e p u r c h a s e , P ay m e n t o f A d d i t i o n a l S u b s c r i p t i o n s , G o l d , a n d C e rta i n O p e r at i o n a l M at t e r s ��������������������������������� 6 5 C. P a r V a l u e s ����������������������������������������������� 6 7 D. C o u n c i l ��������������������������������������������������� 6 9 E. Transitional Provisions with Respect t o E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ������������������������������� 7 1 F. D e s i g n at i o n ����������������������������������������������� 7 2 G. R e c o n s t i t u t i o n ����������������������������������������� 7 3 ix Table of Contents Page H. T e r m i n at i o n o f P a r t i c i pat i o n ����������������������� 7 4 I. A d m i n i s t r at i o n o f L i q u i d at i o n o f t h e S p e c i a l D r a w i n g R i g h t s D e pa r t m e n t ������������������������� 7 5 J. Settlement of Accounts with Members W i t h d r a w i n g ��������������������������������������������� 7 7 K. A d m i n i s t r at i o n o f L i q u i d at i o n ��������������������� 8 0 L. S u s p e n s i o n o f V o t i n g R i g h t s ����������������������� 8 2 M. S p e c i a l O n e - T i m e A l l o c at i o n o f S p e c i a l D r a w i n g R i g h t s ����������������������������������������� 8 4 I n d e x ��������������������������������������������������������������� 9 1 x A rt i c l e s o f A g r e e m e n t of the I n t e r n at i o n a l M o n e ta ry F u n d The Governments on whose behalf the present Agreement is signed agree as follows: Introductory Article (

1. i)The International Monetary Fund is established and shall operate in accordance with the provisions of this Agree­ ment as originally adopted and subsequently amended. (
2. ii)To enable the Fund to conduct its operations and transac­ tions, the Fund shall maintain a General Department and a Special Drawing Rights Department. Membership in the Fund shall give the right to participation in the Special Drawing Rights Department. (iii) Operations and transactions authorized by this Agreement shall be conducted through the General Department, con­ sisting in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement of the General Resources Account, the Special Disburse­ ment Account, and the Investment Account; except that operations and transactions involving special drawing rights shall be conducted through the Special Drawing Rights Department. Art. I I. Purposes Article I Purposes The purposes of the International Monetary Fund are: (
3. i)To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. (
4. ii)To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of inter­ national trade, and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development of the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy. (iii) To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchange arrangements among members, and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation. (
5. iv)To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between mem­ bers and in the elimination of foreign exchange restric­tions which hamper the growth of world trade. (
6. v)To give confidence to members by making the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to them under adequate safeguards, thus providing them with opportunity to correct maladjustments in their balance of payments without resorting to measures destructive of national or international prosperity. (
7. vi)In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members. The Fund shall be guided in all its policies and decisions by the pur­ poses set forth in this Article. Art. II, Sec. 1–2 Art. III, Sec. 1–2 II. Membership Article II Membership Section 1. Original members The original members of the Fund shall be those of the countries represented at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference whose governments accept membership before December 31, 1945. Section 2. Other members Membership shall be open to other countries at such times and in accordance with such terms as may be prescribed by the Board of Governors. These terms, including the terms for subscriptions, shall be based on principles consistent with those applied to other countries that are already members. Article III Quotas and Subscriptions Section 1. Quotas and payment of subscriptions Each member shall be assigned a quota expressed in special drawing rights. The quotas of the members represented at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference which accept membership before December 31, 1945, shall be those set forth in Schedule A. The quotas of other members shall be determined by the Board of Governors. The subscription of each member shall be equal to its quota and shall be paid in full to the Fund at the appropriate depository. Section 2. Adjustment of quotas (
8. a)The Board of Governors shall at intervals of not more than five years conduct a general review, and if it deems it appropriate propose an adjustment, of the quotas of the members. It may also, if it thinks fit, consider at any other time the adjustment of any particular quota at the request of the member concerned. (
9. b)The Fund may at any time propose an increase in the quotas of those members of the Fund that were members on August 31, 1975, in proportion to their quotas on that date in a cumulative amount not Art. III, Sec. 3 III. Quotas and Subscriptions in excess of amounts transferred under Article V, Section 12( f )(
10. i)and ( j ) from the Special Disbursement Account to the General Resources Account. (
11. c)An eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power shall be required for any change in quotas. (d ) The quota of a member shall not be changed until the member has consented and until payment has been made unless payment is deemed to have been made in accordance with Section 3(
12. b)of this Article. Section 3. Payments when quotas are changed (
13. a)Each member which consents to an increase in its quota under Section 2(
14. a)of this Article shall, within a period determined by the Fund, pay to the Fund twenty-five percent of the increase in special drawing rights, but the Board of Governors may prescribe that this pay­ ment may be made, on the same basis for all members, in whole or in part in the currencies of other members specified, with their concur­ rence, by the Fund, or in the member’s own currency. A non-participant shall pay in the currencies of other members specified by the Fund, with their concurrence, a proportion of the increase corresponding to the proportion to be paid in special drawing rights by participants. The balance of the increase shall be paid by the member in its own currency. The Fund’s holdings of a member’s currency shall not be increased above the level at which they would be subject to charges under Article V, Section 8(b)(ii), as a result of payments by other members under this provision. (
15. b)Each member which consents to an increase in its quota under Section 2(
16. b)of this Article shall be deemed to have paid to the Fund an amount of subscription equal to such increase. (
17. c)If a member consents to a reduction in its quota, the Fund shall, within sixty days, pay to the member an amount equal to the reduc­tion. The payment shall be made in the member’s currency and in such amount of special drawing rights or the currencies of other members specified, with their concurrence, by the Fund as is necessary to prevent the reduction of the Fund’s holdings of the currency below the new quota, provided that in exceptional circumstances the Fund may reduce its holdings of the currency below the new quota by payment to the member in its own currency. Art. III, Sec. 4 Art. IV, Sec. 1 IV. Obligations Regarding Exchange Arrangements (d ) A seventy percent majority of the total voting power shall be required for any decision under (
18. a)above, except for the determination of a period and the specification of currencies under that provision. Section 4. Substitution of securities for currency The Fund shall accept from any member, in place of any part of the member’s currency in the General Resources Account which in the judgment of the Fund is not needed for its operations and transactions, notes or similar obligations issued by the member or the depository designated by the member under Article XIII, Section 2, which shall be non-negotiable, non-interest bearing and payable at their face value on demand by crediting the account of the Fund in the designated deposi­ tory. This Section shall apply not only to currency subscribed by mem­ bers but also to any currency otherwise due to, or acquired by, the Fund and to be placed in the General Resources Account. Article IV Obligations Regarding Exchange Arrangements Section 1. General obligations of members Recognizing that the essential purpose of the international monetary system is to provide a framework that facilitates the exchange of goods, services, and capital among countries, and that sustains sound economic growth, and that a principal objective is the continuing development of the orderly underlying conditions that are necessary for financial and economic stability, each member undertakes to collaborate with the Fund and other members to assure orderly exchange arrangements and to promote a stable system of exchange rates. In particular, each member shall: (
19. i)endeavor to direct its economic and financial policies toward the objective of fostering orderly economic growth with reasonable price stability, with due regard to its circumstances; (
20. ii)seek to promote stability by fostering orderly underlying economic and financial conditions and a monetary system that does not tend to produce erratic disruptions; Art. IV, Sec. 2–3 IV. Obligations Regarding Exchange Arrangements (iii) avoid manipulating exchange rates or the international monetary system in order to prevent effective balance of payments adjustment or to gain an unfair competitive advantage over other members; and (
21. iv)follow exchange policies compatible with the undertak­ings under this Section. Section 2. General exchange arrangements (
22. a)Each member shall notify the Fund, within thirty days after the date of the second amendment of this Agreement, of the exchange arrangements it intends to apply in fulfillment of its obligations under Section 1 of this Article, and shall notify the Fund promptly of any changes in its exchange arrangements. (
23. b)Under an international monetary system of the kind prevailing on January 1, 1976, exchange arrangements may include (
24. i)the main­ tenance by a member of a value for its currency in terms of the special drawing right or another denominator, other than gold, selected by the member, or (
25. ii)cooperative arrangements by which members maintain the value of their currencies in relation to the value of the currency or currencies of other members, or (iii) other exchange arrangements of a member’s choice. (
26. c)To accord with the development of the international monetary system, the Fund, by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power, may make provision for general exchange arrangements with­out limiting the right of members to have exchange arrangements of their choice consistent with the purposes of the Fund and the obliga­tions under Section 1 of this Article. Section 3. Surveillance over exchange arrangements (
27. a)The Fund shall oversee the international monetary system in order to ensure its effective operation, and shall oversee the compliance of each member with its obligations under Section 1 of this Article. (
28. b)In order to fulfill its functions under (
29. a)above, the Fund shall exercise firm surveillance over the exchange rate policies of members, and shall adopt specific principles for the guidance of all members with respect to those policies. Each member shall provide the Fund with the information necessary for such surveillance, and, when requested by Art. IV, Sec. 4–5 IV. Obligations Regarding Exchange Arrangements the Fund, shall consult with it on the member’s exchange rate policies. The principles adopted by the Fund shall be consistent with coopera­tive arrangements by which members maintain the value of their cur­rencies in relation to the value of the currency or currencies of other members, as well as with other exchange arrangements of a member’s choice consistent with the purposes of the Fund and Section 1 of this Article. These principles shall respect the domestic social and political policies of members, and in applying these principles the Fund shall pay due regard to the circumstances of members. Section 4. Par values The Fund may determine, by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power, that international economic conditions permit the introduction of a widespread system of exchange arrangements based on stable but adjustable par values. The Fund shall make the determina­ tion on the basis of the underlying stability of the world economy, and for this purpose shall take into account price movements and rates of expansion in the economies of members. The determination shall be made in light of the evolution of the international monetary system, with particular reference to sources of liquidity, and, in order to ensure the effective operation of a system of par values, to arrangements under which both members in surplus and members in deficit in their balances of payments take prompt, effective, and symmetrical action to achieve adjustment, as well as to arrangements for intervention and the treat­ ment of imbalances. Upon making such determination, the Fund shall notify members that the provisions of Schedule C apply. Section 5. Separate currencies within a member’s territories (
30. a)Action by a member with respect to its currency under this Arti­cle shall be deemed to apply to the separate currencies of all territories in respect of which the member has accepted this Agreement under Article XXXI, Section 2(
31. g)unless the member declares that its action relates either to the metropolitan currency alone, or only to one or more specified separate currencies, or to the metropolitan currency and one or more specified separate currencies. (
32. b)Action by the Fund under this Article shall be deemed to relate to all currencies of a member referred to in (
33. a)above unless the Fund declares otherwise. Art. V, Sec. 1–3 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund Article V Operations and Transactions of the Fund Section 1. Agencies dealing with the Fund Each member shall deal with the Fund only through its Treasury, central bank, stabilization fund, or other similar fiscal agency, and the Fund shall deal only with or through the same agencies. Section 2. Limitation on the Fund’s operations and transactions (
34. a)Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, transactions on the account of the Fund shall be limited to transactions for the purpose of supplying a member, on the initiative of such member, with special drawing rights or the currencies of other members from the general resources of the Fund, which shall be held in the General Resources Account, in exchange for the currency of the member desiring to make the purchase. (
35. b)If requested, the Fund may decide to perform financial and tech­ nical services, including the administration of resources contributed by members, that are consistent with the purposes of the Fund. Opera­tions involved in the performance of such financial services shall not be on the account of the Fund. Services under this subsection shall not impose any obligation on a member without its consent. Section 3. Conditions governing use of the Fund’s general resources (
36. a)The Fund shall adopt policies on the use of its general resources, including policies on stand-by or similar arrangements, and may adopt special policies for special balance of payments problems, that will assist members to solve their balance of payments problems in a manner consistent with the provisions of this Agreement and that will establish adequate safeguards for the temporary use of the general resources of the Fund. (
37. b)A member shall be entitled to purchase the currencies of other members from the Fund in exchange for an equivalent amount of its own currency subject to the following conditions: (
38. i)the member’s use of the general resources of the Fund would be in accordance with the provisions of this Agree­ ment and the policies adopted under them; Art. V, Sec. 3 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund (
39. ii)the member represents that it has a need to make the pur­chase because of its balance of payments or its reserve position or developments in its reserves; (iii) the proposed purchase would be a reserve tranche pur­ chase, or would not cause the Fund’s holdings of the purchasing member’s currency to exceed two hundred percent of its quota; (
40. iv)the Fund has not previously declared under Section 5 of this Article, Article VI, Section 1, or Article XXVI, Sec­ tion 2(
41. a)that the member desiring to purchase is ineligible to use the general resources of the Fund. (
42. c)The Fund shall examine a request for a purchase to determine whether the proposed purchase would be consistent with the provisions of this Agreement and the policies adopted under them, provided that requests for reserve tranche purchases shall not be subject to challenge. (d ) The Fund shall adopt policies and procedures on the selection of currencies to be sold that take into account, in consultation with members, the balance of payments and reserve position of members and developments in the exchange markets, as well as the desirability of promoting over time balanced positions in the Fund, provided that if a member represents that it is proposing to purchase the currency of another member because the purchasing member wishes to obtain an equivalent amount of its own currency offered by the other member, it shall be entitled to purchase the currency of the other member unless the Fund has given notice under Article VII, Section 3 that its holdings of the currency have become scarce. (
43. e)(
44. i)Each member shall ensure that balances of its currency purchased from the Fund are balances of a freely usable currency or can be exchanged at the time of purchase for a freely usable currency of its choice at an exchange rate between the two currencies equivalent to the exchange rate between them on the basis of Article XIX, Section 7(a). (
45. ii)Each member whose currency is purchased from the Fund or is obtained in exchange for currency purchased from the Fund shall collaborate with the Fund and other members to enable such balances of its currency to be exchanged, at the time of purchase, for the freely usable currencies of other members. Art. V, Sec. 4–5 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund (iii) An exchange under (
46. i)above of a currency that is not freely usable shall be made by the member whose cur­ rency is purchased unless that member and the purchasing member agree on another procedure. (
47. iv)A member purchasing from the Fund the freely usable cur­rency of another member and wishing to exchange it at the time of purchase for another freely usable currency shall make the exchange with the other member if requested by that member. The exchange shall be made for a freely usable currency selected by the other member at the rate of exchange referred to in (
48. i)above. ( f ) Under policies and procedures which it shall adopt, the Fund may agree to provide a participant making a purchase in accordance with this Section with special drawing rights instead of the currencies of other members. Section 4. Waiver of conditions The Fund may in its discretion, and on terms which safeguard its interests, waive any of the conditions prescribed in Section 3(b)(iii) and (
49. iv)of this Article, especially in the case of members with a record of avoiding large or continuous use of the Fund’s general resources. In making a waiver it shall take into consideration periodic or exceptional requirements of the member requesting the waiver. The Fund shall also take into consideration a member’s willingness to pledge as collateral security acceptable assets having a value sufficient in the opinion of the Fund to protect its interests and may require as a condition of waiver the pledge of such collateral security. Section 5. Ineligibility to use the Fund’s general resources Whenever the Fund is of the opinion that any member is using the general resources of the Fund in a manner contrary to the purposes of the Fund, it shall present to the member a report setting forth the views of the Fund and prescribing a suitable time for reply. After presenting such a report to a member, the Fund may limit the use of its general resources by the member. If no reply to the report is received from the member within the prescribed time, or if the reply received is unsatisfactory, the Fund may continue to limit the member’s use of the general resources of the Fund or may, after giving reasonable notice Art. V, Sec. 6–7 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund to the member, declare it ineligible to use the general resources of the Fund. Section 6. O  ther purchases and sales of special drawing rights by the Fund (
50. a)The Fund may accept special drawing rights offered by a partici­ pant in exchange for an equivalent amount of the currencies of other members. (
51. b)The Fund may provide a participant, at its request, with special drawing rights for an equivalent amount of the currencies of other members. The Fund’s holdings of a member’s currency shall not be increased as a result of these transactions above the level at which the holdings would be subject to charges under Section 8(b)(
52. ii)of this Article. (
53. c)The currencies provided or accepted by the Fund under this Sec­ tion shall be selected in accordance with policies that take into account the principles of Section 3(d ) or 7(
54. i)of this Article. The Fund may enter into transactions under this Section only if a member whose currency is provided or accepted by the Fund concurs in that use of its currency. Section 7. Repurchase by a member of its currency held by the Fund (
55. a)A member shall be entitled to repurchase at any time the Fund’s holdings of its currency that are subject to charges under Section 8(
56. b)of this Article. (
57. b)A member that has made a purchase under Section 3 of this Arti­ cle will be expected normally, as its balance of payments and reserve position improves, to repurchase the Fund’s holdings of its currency that result from the purchase and are subject to charges under Section 8(
58. b)of this Article. A member shall repurchase these holdings if, in accordance with policies on repurchase that the Fund shall adopt and after consultation with the member, the Fund represents to the member that it should repurchase because of an improvement in its balance of payments and reserve position. (
59. c)A member that has made a purchase under Section 3 of this Article shall repurchase the Fund’s holdings of its currency that result from the purchase and are subject to charges under Section 8(
60. b)of this Article not later than five years after the date on which the purchase Art. V, Sec. 7 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund was made. The Fund may prescribe that repurchase shall be made by a member in installments during the period beginning three years and ending five years after the date of a purchase. The Fund, by an eighty­-five percent majority of the total voting power, may change the periods for repurchase under this subsection, and any period so adopted shall apply to all members. (d ) The Fund, by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power, may adopt periods other than those that apply in accordance with (
61. c)above, which shall be the same for all members, for the repur­chase of holdings of currency acquired by the Fund pursuant to a spe­cial policy on the use of its general resources. (
62. e)A member shall repurchase, in accordance with policies that the Fund shall adopt by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, the Fund’s holdings of its currency that are not acquired as a result of purchases and are subject to charges under Section 8(b)(
63. ii)of this Article. ( f ) A decision prescribing that under a policy on the use of the gen­eral resources of the Fund the period for repurchase under (
64. c)or (
65. d)above shall be shorter than the one in effect under the policy shall apply only to holdings acquired by the Fund subsequent to the effective date of the decision. (
66. g)The Fund, on the request of a member, may postpone the date of discharge of a repurchase obligation, but not beyond the maximum period under (
67. c)or (
68. d)above or under policies adopted by the Fund under (
69. e)above, unless the Fund determines, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, that a longer period for repurchase which is consistent with the temporary use of the general resources of the Fund is justified because discharge on the due date would result in exceptional hardship for the member. (
70. h)The Fund’s policies under Section 3(
71. d)of this Article may be supplemented by policies under which the Fund may decide after con­ sultation with a member to sell under Section 3(
72. b)of this Article its holdings of the member’s currency that have not been repurchased in accordance with this Section 7, without prejudice to any action that the Fund may be authorized to take under any other provision of this Agreement. (
73. i)All repurchases under this Section shall be made with special drawing rights or with the currencies of other members specified by the Art. V, Sec. 8 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund Fund. The Fund shall adopt policies and procedures with regard to the currencies to be used by members in making repurchases that take into account the principles in Section 3(d ) of this Article. The Fund’s holdings of a member’s currency that is used in repurchase shall not be increased by the repurchase above the level at which they would be subject to charges under Section 8(b)(
74. ii)of this Article. (
75. j)(
76. i)If a member’s currency specified by the Fund under (
77. i)above is not a freely usable currency, the member shall ensure that the repurchasing member can obtain it at the time of the repurchase in exchange for a freely usable cur­rency selected by the member whose currency has been specified. An exchange of currency under this provision shall take place at an exchange rate between the two cur­ rencies equivalent to the exchange rate between them on the basis of Article XIX, Section 7(a). (
78. ii)Each member whose currency is specified by the Fund for repurchase shall collaborate with the Fund and other mem­ bers to enable repurchasing members, at the time of the repurchase, to obtain the specified currency in exchange for the freely usable currencies of other members. (iii) An exchange under ( j )(
79. i)above shall be made with the member whose currency is specified unless that member and the repurchasing member agree on another procedure. (
80. iv)If a repurchasing member wishes to obtain, at the time of the repurchase, the freely usable currency of another member specified by the Fund under (
81. i)above, it shall, if requested by the other member, obtain the currency from the other member in exchange for a freely usable currency at the rate of exchange referred to in ( j)(
82. i)above. The Fund may adopt regulations on the freely usable currency to be provided in an exchange. Section 8. Charges (
83. a)(
84. i)The Fund shall levy a service charge on the purchase by a member of special drawing rights or the currency of another member held in the General Resources Account in exchange for its own currency, provided that the Fund may levy a lower service charge on reserve tranche Art. V, Sec. 9 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund purchases than on other purchases. The service charge on reserve tranche purchases shall not exceed one-half of one percent. (
85. ii)The Fund may levy a charge for stand-by or similar arrangements. The Fund may decide that the charge for an arrangement shall be offset against the service charge levied under (
86. i)above on purchases under the arrangement. (
87. b)The Fund shall levy charges on its average daily balances of a member’s currency held in the General Resources Account to the extent that they (
88. i)have been acquired under a policy that has been the sub­ ject of an exclusion under Article XXX(c), or (
89. ii)exceed the amount of the member’s quota after excluding any balances referred to in (
90. i)above. The rates of charge normally shall rise at intervals during the period in which the balances are held. (
91. c)If a member fails to make a repurchase required under Section 7 of this Article, the Fund, after consultation with the member on the reduction of the Fund’s holdings of its currency, may impose such charges as the Fund deems appropriate on its holdings of the member’s currency that should have been repurchased. (d ) A seventy percent majority of the total voting power shall be required for the determination of the rates of charge under (
92. a)and (
93. b)above, which shall be uniform for all members, and under (
94. c)above. (
95. e)A member shall pay all charges in special drawing rights, pro­ vided that in exceptional circumstances the Fund may permit a mem­ber to pay charges in the currencies of other members specified by the Fund, after consultation with them, or in its own currency. The Fund’s holdings of a member’s currency shall not be increased as a result of payments by other members under this provision above the level at which they would be subject to charges under (b)(
96. ii)above. Section 9. Remuneration (
97. a)The Fund shall pay remuneration on the amount by which the percentage of quota prescribed under (
98. b)or (
99. c)below exceeds the Art. V, Sec. 9 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund Fund’s average daily balances of a member’s currency held in the Gen­ eral Resources Account other than balances acquired under a policy that has been the subject of an exclusion under Article XXX(c). The rate of remuneration, which shall be determined by the Fund by a sev­enty percent majority of the total voting power, shall be the same for all members and shall be not more than, nor less than four-fifths of, the rate of interest under Article XX, Section 3. In establishing the rate of remuneration, the Fund shall take into account the rates of charge under Article V, Section 8(b). (
100. b)The percentage of quota applying for the purposes of (
101. a)above shall be: (
102. i)for each member that became a member before the sec­ond amendment of this Agreement, a percentage of quota corresponding to seventy-five percent of its quota on the date of the second amendment of this Agreement, and for each member that became a member after the date of the second amendment of this Agreement, a percentage of quota calculated by dividing the total of the amounts cor­ responding to the percentages of quota that apply to the other members on the date on which the member became a member by the total of the quotas of the other members on the same date; plus (
103. ii)the amounts it has paid to the Fund in currency or special drawing rights under Article III, Section 3(
104. a)since the date applicable under (b)(
105. i)above; and minus (iii) the amounts it has received from the Fund in currency or special drawing rights under Article III, Section 3(
106. c)since the date applicable under (b)(
107. i)above. (
108. c)The Fund, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, may raise the latest percentage of quota applying for the pur­poses of (
109. a)above to each member to: (
110. i)a percentage, not in excess of one hundred percent, that shall be determined for each member on the basis of the same criteria for all members, or (
111. ii)one hundred percent for all members. Art. V, Sec. 10–12 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund (d ) Remuneration shall be paid in special drawing rights, provided that either the Fund or the member may decide that the payment to the member shall be made in its own currency. Section 10. Computations (
112. a)The value of the Fund’s assets held in the accounts of the General Department shall be expressed in terms of the special drawing right. (
113. b)All computations relating to currencies of members for the pur­ pose of applying the provisions of this Agreement, except Article IV and Schedule C, shall be at the rates at which the Fund accounts for these currencies in accordance with Section 11 of this Article. (
114. c)Computations for the determination of amounts of currency in relation to quota for the purpose of applying the provisions of this Agreement shall not include currency held in the Special Disbursement Account or in the Investment Account. Section 11. Maintenance of value (
115. a)The value of the currencies of members held in the General Resources Account shall be maintained in terms of the special drawing right in accordance with exchange rates under Article XIX, Section 7(a). (
116. b)An adjustment in the Fund’s holdings of a member’s currency pursuant to this Section shall be made on the occasion of the use of that currency in an operation or transaction between the Fund and another member and at such other times as the Fund may decide or the member may request. Payments to or by the Fund in respect of an adjustment shall be made within a reasonable time, as determined by the Fund, after the date of adjustment, and at any other time requested by the member. Section 12. Other operations and transactions (
117. a)The Fund shall be guided in all its policies and decisions under this Section by the objectives set forth in Article VIII, Section 7 and by the objective of avoiding the management of the price, or the establish­ ment of a fixed price, in the gold market. Art. V, Sec. 12 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund (
118. b)Decisions of the Fund to engage in operations or transactions under (c), (d ), and (
119. e)below shall be made by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power. (
120. c)The Fund may sell gold for the currency of any member after con­ sulting the member for whose currency the gold is sold, provided that the Fund’s holdings of a member’s currency held in the General Resources Account shall not be increased by the sale above the level at which they would be subject to charges under Section 8(b)(
121. ii)of this Article with­out the concurrence of the member, and provided that, at the request of the member, the Fund at the time of sale shall exchange for the currency of another member such part of the currency received as would prevent such an increase. The exchange of a currency for the currency of another member shall be made after consultation with that member, and shall not increase the Fund’s holdings of that member’s currency above the level at which they would be subject to charges under Section 8(b)(
122. ii)of this Article. The Fund shall adopt policies and procedures with regard to exchanges that take into account the principles applied under Section 7(
123. i)of this Article. Sales under this provision to a member shall be at a price agreed for each transaction on the basis of prices in the market. (d ) The Fund may accept payments from a member in gold instead of special drawing rights or currency in any operations or transactions under this Agreement. Payments to the Fund under this provision shall be at a price agreed for each operation or transaction on the basis of prices in the market. (
124. e)The Fund may sell gold held by it on the date of the second amendment of this Agreement to those members that were members on August 31, 1975 and that agree to buy it, in proportion to their quotas on that date. If the Fund intends to sell gold under (
125. c)above for the purpose of ( f )(
126. ii)below, it may sell to each developing member that agrees to buy it that portion of the gold which, if sold under (
127. c)above, would have produced the excess that could have been distributed to it under ( f )(iii) below. The gold that would be sold under this provision to a member that has been declared ineligible to use the general resources of the Fund under Section 5 of this Article shall be sold to it when the ineligibility ceases, unless the Fund decides to make the sale sooner. The sale of gold to a member under this subsection (
128. e)shall be made in exchange for its currency and at a price equivalent at the time of sale to one special drawing right per 0.888 671 gram of fine gold. Art. V, Sec. 12 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund ( f ) Whenever under (
129. c)above the Fund sells gold held by it on the date of the second amendment of this Agreement, an amount of the proceeds equivalent at the time of sale to one special drawing right per 0.888 671 gram of fine gold shall be placed in the General Resources Account and, except as the Fund may decide otherwise under (
130. g)below, any excess shall be held in the Special Disbursement Account. The assets held in the Special Disbursement Account shall be held sep­arately from the other accounts of the General Department, and may be used at any time: (
131. i)to make transfers to the General Resources Account for immediate use in operations and transactions authorized by provisions of this Agreement other than this Section; (
132. ii)for operations and transactions that are not authorized by other provisions of this Agreement but are consistent with the purposes of the Fund. Under this subsection ( f )(
133. ii)balance of payments assistance may be made available on special terms to developing members in difficult cir­ cumstances, and for this purpose the Fund shall take into account the level of per capita income; (iii) for distribution to those developing members that were members on August 31, 1975, in proportion to their quotas on that date, of such part of the assets that the Fund decides to use for the purposes of (
134. ii)above as corresponds to the proportion of the quotas of these members on the date of distribution to the total of the quotas of all members on the same date, provided that the distribution under this provi­sion to a member that has been declared ineligible to use the general resources of the Fund under Section 5 of this Article shall be made when the ineligibility ceases, unless the Fund decides to make the distribution sooner. Decisions to use assets pursuant to (
135. i)above shall be taken by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, and decisions pursuant to (
136. ii)and (iii) above shall be taken by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power. (
137. g)The Fund may decide, by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power, to transfer a part of the excess referred to in ( f ) above to the Investment Account for use pursuant to the provisions of Article XII, Section 6( f ). Art. V, Sec. 12 V. Operations and Transactions of the Fund (
138. h)Pending uses specified under ( f ) above, the Fund may use a member’s currency held in the Special Disbursement Account for investment as it may determine, in accordance with rules and regu­ lations adopted by the Fund by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power. The income of investment and interest received under ( f ) (
139. ii)above shall be placed in the Special Disbursement Account. (
140. i)The General Resources Account shall be reimbursed from time to time in respect of the expenses of administration of the Special Disbursement Account paid from the General Resources Account by transfers from the Special Disbursement Account on the basis of a rea­sonable estimate of such expenses. (
141. j)The Special Disbursement Account shall be terminated in the event of the liquidation of the Fund and may be terminated prior to liquidation of the Fund by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power. Upon termination of the account because of the liquidation of the Fund, any assets in this account shall be distributed in accordance with the provisions of Schedule K. Upon termination prior to liquida­tion of the Fund, any assets in this account shall be transferred to the General Resources Account for immediate use in operations and trans­actions. The Fund, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, shall adopt rules and regulations for the administration of the Special Disbursement Account. (
142. k)Whenever under (
143. c)above the Fund sells gold acquired by it after the date of the second amendment of this Agreement, an amount of the proceeds equivalent to the acquisition price of the gold shall be placed in the General Resources Account, and any excess shall be placed in the Investment Account for use pursuant to the provisions of Article XII, Section 6( f ). If any gold acquired by the Fund after the date of the second amendment of this Agreement is sold after April 7, 2008 but prior to the date of entry into force of this provision, then, upon the entry into force of this provision, and notwithstanding the limit set forth in Article XII, Section 6( f )(ii), the Fund shall transfer to the Investment Account from the General Resources Account an amount equal to the proceeds of such sale less (
144. i)the acquisition price of the gold sold, and (
145. ii)any amount of such proceeds in excess of the acquisition price that may have already been transferred to the Investment Account prior to the date of entry into force of this provision. Art. VI, Sec. 1–3 VI. Capital Transfers Article VI Capital Transfers Section 1. Use of the Fund’s general resources for capital transfers (
146. a)A member may not use the Fund’s general resources to meet a large or sustained outflow of capital except as provided in Section 2 of this Article, and the Fund may request a member to exercise controls to prevent such use of the general resources of the Fund. If, after receiv­ing such a request, a member fails to exercise appropriate controls, the Fund may declare the member ineligible to use the general resources of the Fund. (
147. b)Nothing in this Section shall be deemed: (
148. i)to prevent the use of the general resources of the Fund for capital transactions of reasonable amount required for the expansion of exports or in the ordinary course of trade, banking, or other business; or (
149. ii)to affect capital movements which are met out of a mem­ ber’s own resources, but members undertake that such capital movements will be in accordance with the pur­poses of the Fund. Section 2. Special provisions for capital transfers A member shall be entitled to make reserve tranche purchases to meet capital transfers. Section 3. Controls of capital transfers Members may exercise such controls as are necessary to regulate international capital movements, but no member may exercise these controls in a manner which will restrict payments for current transac­ tions or which will unduly delay transfers of funds in settlement of commitments, except as provided in Article VII, Section 3(
150. b)and in Article XIV, Section 2. Art. VII, Sec. 1–3 VII. Replenishment and Scarce Currencies Article VII Replenishment and Scarce Currencies Section 1. Measures to replenish the Fund’s holdings of currencies The Fund may, if it deems such action appropriate to replenish its holdings of any member’s currency in the General Resources Account needed in connection with its transactions, take either or both of the following steps: (
151. i)propose to the member that, on terms and conditions agreed between the Fund and the member, the latter lend its currency to the Fund or that, with the concurrence of the member, the Fund borrow such currency from some other source either within or outside the territories of the member, but no member shall be under any obligation to make such loans to the Fund or to concur in the borrowing of its currency by the Fund from any other source; (
152. ii)require the member, if it is a participant, to sell its currency to the Fund for special drawing rights held in the General Resources Account, subject to Article XIX, Section 4. In replenishing with special drawing rights, the Fund shall pay due regard to the principles of designation under Article XIX, Section 5. Section 2. General scarcity of currency If the Fund finds that a general scarcity of a particular currency is developing, the Fund may so inform members and may issue a report setting forth the causes of the scarcity and containing recommendations designed to bring it to an end. A representative of the member whose currency is involved shall participate in the preparation of the report. Section 3. Scarcity of the Fund’s holdings (
153. a)If it becomes evident to the Fund that the demand for a member’s currency seriously threatens the Fund’s ability to supply that currency, the Fund, whether or not it has issued a report under Section 2 of this Article, shall formally declare such currency scarce and shall Art. VII, Sec. 4–5 Art. VIII, Sec. 1 VIII. General Obligations of Members thenceforth apportion its existing and accruing supply of the scarce currency with due regard to the relative needs of members, the general international economic situation, and any other pertinent considera­ tions. The Fund shall also issue a report concerning its action. (
154. b)A formal declaration under (
155. a)above shall operate as an authori­ zation to any member, after consultation with the Fund, temporarily to impose limitations on the freedom of exchange operations in the scarce currency. Subject to the provisions of Article IV and Schedule C, the member shall have complete jurisdiction in determining the nature of such limitations, but they shall be no more restrictive than is necessary to limit the demand for the scarce currency to the supply held by, or accruing to, the member in question, and they shall be relaxed and removed as rapidly as conditions permit. (
156. c)The authorization under (
157. b)above shall expire whenever the Fund formally declares the currency in question to be no longer scarce. Section 4. Administration of restrictions Any member imposing restrictions in respect of the currency of any other member pursuant to the provisions of Section 3(
158. b)of this Article shall give sympathetic consideration to any representations by the other member regarding the administration of such restrictions. Section 5. Effect of other international agreements on restrictions Members agree not to invoke the obligations of any engagements entered into with other members prior to this Agreement in such man­ner as will prevent the operation of the provisions of this Article. Article VIII General Obligations of Members Section 1. Introduction In addition to the obligations assumed under other articles of this Agreement, each member undertakes the obligations set out in this Article. Art. VIII, Sec. 2–4 VIII. General Obligations of Members Section 2. Avoidance of restrictions on current payments (
159. a)Subject to the provisions of Article VII, Section 3(
160. b)and Article XIV, Section 2, no member shall, without the approval of the Fund, impose restrictions on the making of payments and transfers for current international transactions. (
161. b)Exchange contracts which involve the currency of any member and which are contrary to the exchange control regulations of that member maintained or imposed consistently with this Agreement shall be unenforceable in the territories of any member. In addition, mem­bers may, by mutual accord, cooperate in measures for the purpose of making the exchange control regulations of either member more effec­tive, provided that such measures and regulations are consistent with this Agreement. Section 3. Avoidance of discriminatory currency practices No member shall engage in, or permit any of its fiscal agencies referred to in Article V, Section 1 to engage in, any discriminatory cur­ rency arrangements or multiple currency practices, whether within or outside margins under Article IV or prescribed by or under Schedule C, except as authorized under this Agreement or approved by the Fund. If such arrangements and practices are engaged in at the date when this Agreement enters into force, the member concerned shall consult with the Fund as to their progressive removal unless they are maintained or imposed under Article XIV, Section 2, in which case the provisions of Section 3 of that Article shall apply. Section 4. Convertibility of foreign-held balances (
162. a)Each member shall buy balances of its currency held by another member if the latter, in requesting the purchase, represents: (
163. i)that the balances to be bought have been recently acquired as a result of current transactions; or (
164. ii)that their conversion is needed for making payments for current transactions. Art. VIII, Sec. 5 VIII. General Obligations of Members The buying member shall have the option to pay either in special draw­ ing rights, subject to Article XIX, Section 4, or in the currency of the member making the request. (
165. b)The obligation in (
166. a)above shall not apply when: (
167. i)the convertibility of the balances has been restricted consistently with Section 2 of this Article or Article VI, Section 3; (
168. ii)the balances have accumulated as a result of transactions effected before the removal by a member of restrictions maintained or imposed under Article XIV, Section 2; (iii) the balances have been acquired contrary to the exchange regulations of the member which is asked to buy them; (
169. iv)the currency of the member requesting the purchase has been declared scarce under Article VII, Section 3(a); or (
170. v)the member requested to make the purchase is for any reason not entitled to buy currencies of other members from the Fund for its own currency. Section 5. Furnishing of information (
171. a)The Fund may require members to furnish it with such informa­ tion as it deems necessary for its activities, including, as the minimum necessary for the effective discharge of the Fund’s duties, national data on the following matters: (
172. i)official holdings at home and abroad of

(1)gold,

(2)for­ eign exchange; (ii) holdings at home and abroad by banking and financial agencies, other than official agencies, of

(1)gold,

(2)foreign exchange; (iii) production of gold; (

1. iv)gold exports and imports according to countries of desti­ nation and origin; (
2. v)total exports and imports of merchandise, in terms of local currency values, according to countries of destination and origin; Art. VIII, Sec. 5 VIII. General Obligations of Members (
3. vi)international balance of payments, including

(1)trade in goods and services,

(2)gold transactions,

(3)known capi­ tal transactions, and

(4)other items; (vii) international investment position, i.e., investments within the territories of the member owned abroad and invest­ ments abroad owned by persons in its territories so far as it is possible to furnish this information; (viii) national income; (

1. ix)price indices, i.e., indices of commodity prices in whole­ sale and retail markets and of export and import prices; (
2. x)buying and selling rates for foreign currencies; (
3. xi)exchange controls, i.e., a comprehensive statement of exchange controls in effect at the time of assuming mem­ bership in the Fund and details of subsequent changes as they occur; and (xii) where official clearing arrangements exist, details of amounts awaiting clearance in respect of commercial and financial transactions, and of the length of time during which such arrears have been outstanding. (
4. b)In requesting information the Fund shall take into consideration the varying ability of members to furnish the data requested. Members shall be under no obligation to furnish information in such detail that the affairs of individuals or corporations are disclosed. Members undertake, however, to furnish the desired information in as detailed and accurate a manner as is practicable and, so far as possible, to avoid mere estimates. (
5. c)The Fund may arrange to obtain further information by agree­ment with members. It shall act as a centre for the collection and exchange of information on monetary and financial problems, thus facilitating the preparation of studies designed to assist members in developing policies which further the purposes of the Fund. Art. VIII, Sec. 6–7 Art. IX, Sec. 1–2 IX. Status, Immunities, and Privileges Section 6. C  onsultation between members regarding existing interna­ tional agreements Where under this Agreement a member is authorized in the special or temporary circumstances specified in the Agreement to maintain or establish restrictions on exchange transactions, and there are other engagements between members entered into prior to this Agreement which conflict with the application of such restrictions, the parties to such engagements shall consult with one another with a view to mak­ing such mutually acceptable adjustments as may be necessary. The provisions of this Article shall be without prejudice to the operation of Article VII, Section 5. Section 7. O  bligation to collaborate regarding policies on reserve assets Each member undertakes to collaborate with the Fund and with other members in order to ensure that the policies of the member with respect to reserve assets shall be consistent with the objectives of promoting better international surveillance of international liquidity and making the special drawing right the principal reserve asset in the international monetary system. Article IX Status, Immunities, and Privileges Section 1. Purposes of Article To enable the Fund to fulfill the functions with which it is entrusted, the status, immunities, and privileges set forth in this Article shall be accorded to the Fund in the territories of each member. Section 2. Status of the Fund The Fund shall possess full juridical personality, and in particular, the capacity: (
6. i)to contract; (
7. ii)to acquire and dispose of immovable and movable prop­ erty; and (iii) to institute legal proceedings. Art. IX, Sec. 3–8 IX. Status, Immunities, and Privileges Section 3. Immunity from judicial process The Fund, its property and its assets, wherever located and by whom­ soever held, shall enjoy immunity from every form of judicial process except to the extent that it expressly waives its immunity for the pur­pose of any proceedings or by the terms of any contract. Section 4. Immunity from other action Property and assets of the Fund, wherever located and by whom­ soever held, shall be immune from search, requisition, confiscation, expropriation, or any other form of seizure by executive or legislative action. Section 5. Immunity of archives The archives of the Fund shall be inviolable. Section 6. Freedom of assets from restrictions To the extent necessary to carry out the activities provided for in this Agreement, all property and assets of the Fund shall be free from restrictions, regulations, controls, and moratoria of any nature. Section 7. Privilege for communications The official communications of the Fund shall be accorded by members the same treatment as the official communications of other members. Section 8. Immunities and privileges of officers and employees All Governors, Executive Directors, Alternates, members of commit­ tees, representatives appointed under Article XII, Section 3( j), advisors of any of the foregoing persons, officers, and employees of the Fund: (
8. i)shall be immune from legal process with respect to acts performed by them in their official capacity except when the Fund waives this immunity; (
9. ii)not being local nationals, shall be granted the same immu­ nities from immigration restrictions, alien registration requirements, and national service obligations and the same facilities as regards exchange restrictions as are Art. IX, Sec. 9–10 IX. Status, Immunities, and Privileges accorded by members to the representatives, officials, and employees of comparable rank of other members; and (iii) shall be granted the same treatment in respect of traveling facilities as is accorded by members to representatives, officials, and employees of comparable rank of other members. Section 9. Immunities from taxation (
10. a)The Fund, its assets, property, income, and its operations and transactions authorized by this Agreement shall be immune from all taxation and from all customs duties. The Fund shall also be immune from liability for the collection or payment of any tax or duty. (
11. b)No tax shall be levied on or in respect of salaries and emolu­ments paid by the Fund to Executive Directors, Alternates, officers, or employees of the Fund who are not local citizens, local subjects, or other local nationals. (
12. c)No taxation of any kind shall be levied on any obligation or secu­ rity issued by the Fund, including any dividend or interest thereon, by whomsoever held: (
13. i)which discriminates against such obligation or security solely because of its origin; or (
14. ii)if the sole jurisdictional basis for such taxation is the place or currency in which it is issued, made payable or paid, or the location of any office or place of business maintained by the Fund. Section 10. Application of Article Each member shall take such action as is necessary in its own ter­ ritories for the purpose of making effective in terms of its own law the principles set forth in this Article and shall inform the Fund of the detailed action which it has taken. Art. X Art. XI, Sec. 1–2 X. Relations with Other International Organizations Article X Relations with Other International Organizations The Fund shall cooperate within the terms of this Agreement with any general international organization and with public international organizations having specialized responsibilities in related fields. Any arrangements for such cooperation which would involve a modification of any provision of this Agreement may be effected only after amend­ment to this Agreement under Article XXVIII. Article XI Relations with Non-Member Countries Section 1. Undertakings regarding relations with non-member countries Each member undertakes: (
15. i)not to engage in, nor to permit any of its fiscal agencies referred to in Article V, Section 1 to engage in, any transactions with a non-member or with persons in a non­ member’s territories which would be contrary to the provisions of this Agreement or the purposes of the Fund; (
16. ii)not to cooperate with a non-member or with persons in a non-member’s territories in practices which would be contrary to the provisions of this Agreement or the purposes of the Fund; and (iii) to cooperate with the Fund with a view to the application in its territories of appropriate measures to prevent transactions with non-members or with persons in their territories which would be contrary to the provisions of this Agreement or the purposes of the Fund. Section 2. Restrictions on transactions with non-member countries Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the right of any member to impose restrictions on exchange transactions with non-members or with persons in their territories unless the Fund finds that such restrictions prejudice the interests of members and are contrary to the purposes of the Fund. Art. XII, Sec. 1–2 XII. Organization and Management Article XII Organization and Management Section 1. Structure of the Fund The Fund shall have a Board of Governors, an Executive Board, a Managing Director, and a staff, and a Council if the Board of Gov­ernors decides, by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power, that the provisions of Schedule D shall be applied. Section 2. Board of Governors (
17. a)All powers under this Agreement not conferred directly on the Board of Governors, the Executive Board, or the Managing Director shall be vested in the Board of Governors. The Board of Governors shall consist of one Governor and one Alternate appointed by each member in such manner as it may determine. Each Governor and each Alternate shall serve until a new appointment is made. No Alternate may vote except in the absence of his principal. The Board of Gover­nors shall select one of the Governors as Chairman. (
18. b)The Board of Governors may delegate to the Executive Board authority to exercise any powers of the Board of Governors, except the powers conferred directly by this Agreement on the Board of Governors. (
19. c)The Board of Governors shall hold such meetings as may be provided for by the Board of Governors or called by the Executive Board. Meetings of the Board of Governors shall be called whenever requested by fifteen members or by members having one-quarter of the total voting power. (d ) A quorum for any meeting of the Board of Governors shall be a majority of the Governors having not less than two-thirds of the total voting power. (
20. e)Each Governor shall be entitled to cast the number of votes allot­ ted under Section 5 of this Article to the member appointing him. ( f ) The Board of Governors may by regulation establish a procedure whereby the Executive Board, when it deems such action to be in the best interests of the Fund, may obtain a vote of the Governors on a specific question without calling a meeting of the Board of Governors. Art. XII, Sec. 3 XII. Organization and Management (
21. g)The Board of Governors, and the Executive Board to the extent authorized, may adopt such rules and regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct the business of the Fund. (
22. h)Governors and Alternates shall serve as such without compensa­ tion from the Fund, but the Fund may pay them reasonable expenses incurred in attending meetings. (
23. i)The Board of Governors shall determine the remuneration to be paid to the Executive Directors and their Alternates and the salary and terms of the contract of service of the Managing Director. (
24. j)The Board of Governors and the Executive Board may appoint such committees as they deem advisable. Membership of commit­tees need not be limited to Governors or Executive Directors or their Alternates. Section 3. Executive Board (
25. a)The Executive Board shall be responsible for conducting the business of the Fund, and for this purpose shall exercise all the powers delegated to it by the Board of Governors. (
26. b)Subject to (
27. c)below, the Executive Board shall consist of twenty Executive Directors elected by the members, with the Managing Direc­ tor as chairman. (
28. c)For the purpose of each regular election of Executive Directors, the Board of Governors, by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power, may increase or decrease the number of Executive Direc­ tors specified in (
29. b)above. (d ) Elections of Executive Directors shall be conducted at intervals of two years in accordance with regulations which shall be adopted by the Board of Governors. Such regulations shall include a limit on the total number of votes that more than one member may cast for the same candidate. (
30. e)Each Executive Director shall appoint an Alternate with full power to act for him when he is not present, provided that the Board of Governors may adopt rules enabling an Executive Director elected by more than a specified number of members to appoint two Alter­nates. Such rules, if adopted, may only be modified in the context of the regular election of Executive Directors and shall require an Executive Art. XII, Sec. 3 XII. Organization and Management Director appointing two Alternates to designate: (
31. i)the Alternate who shall act for the Executive Director when he is not present and both Alternates are present and (
32. ii)the Alternate who shall exercise the powers of the Executive Director under ( f ) below. When the Executive Directors appointing them are present, Alternates may participate in meetings but may not vote. ( f ) Executive Directors shall continue in office until their successors are elected. If the office of an Executive Director becomes vacant more than ninety days before the end of his term, another Executive Direc­tor shall be elected for the remainder of the term by the members that elected the former Executive Director. A majority of the votes cast shall be required for election. While the office remains vacant, the Alternate of the former Executive Director shall exercise his powers, except that of appointing an Alternate. (
33. g)The Executive Board shall function in continuous session at the principal office of the Fund and shall meet as often as the business of the Fund may require. (
34. h)A quorum for any meeting of the Executive Board shall be a majority of the Executive Directors having not less than one-half of the total voting power. (
35. i)(
36. i)Each Executive Director shall be entitled to cast the num­ ber of votes which counted towards his election. (
37. ii)When the provisions of Section 5(
38. b)of this Article are applicable, the votes which an Executive Director would otherwise be entitled to cast shall be increased or decreased correspondingly. All the votes which an Executive Direc­ tor is entitled to cast shall be cast as a unit. (iii) When the suspension of the voting rights of a member is terminated under Article XXVI, Section 2(b), the mem­ber may agree with all the members that have elected an Executive Director that the number of votes allotted to that member shall be cast by such Executive Director, provided that, if no regular election of Executive Direc­tors has been conducted during the period of the suspen­sion, the Executive Director in whose election the member had participated prior to the suspension, or his successor elected in accordance with paragraph 3(c)(
39. i)of Schedule L or with ( f ) above, shall be entitled to cast the number Art. XII, Sec. 4–5 XII. Organization and Management of votes allotted to the member. The member shall be deemed to have participated in the election of the Execu­ tive Director entitled to cast the number of votes allotted to the member. (
40. j)The Board of Governors shall adopt regulations under which a member may send a representative to attend any meeting of the Execu­ tive Board when a request made by, or a matter particularly affecting, that member is under consideration. Section 4. Managing Director and staff (
41. a)The Executive Board shall select a Managing Director who shall not be a Governor or an Executive Director. The Managing Director shall be chairman of the Executive Board, but shall have no vote except a deciding vote in case of an equal division. He may participate in meetings of the Board of Governors, but shall not vote at such meetings. The Managing Director shall cease to hold office when the Executive Board so decides. (
42. b)The Managing Director shall be chief of the operating staff of the Fund and shall conduct, under the direction of the Executive Board, the ordinary business of the Fund. Subject to the general control of the Executive Board, he shall be responsible for the organization, appoint­ ment, and dismissal of the staff of the Fund. (
43. c)The Managing Director and the staff of the Fund, in the dis­charge of their functions, shall owe their duty entirely to the Fund and to no other authority. Each member of the Fund shall respect the inter­national character of this duty and shall refrain from all attempts to influence any of the staff in the discharge of these functions. (d ) In appointing the staff the Managing Director shall, subject to the paramount importance of securing the highest standards of effi­ciency and of technical competence, pay due regard to the importance of recruiting personnel on as wide a geographical basis as possible. Section 5. Voting (
44. a)The total votes of each member shall be equal to the sum of its basic votes and its quota-based votes. (
45. i)The basic votes of each member shall be the number of votes that results from the equal distribution among all Art. XII, Sec. 6 XII. Organization and Management the members of 5.502 percent of the aggregate sum of the total voting power of all the members, provided that there shall be no fractional basic votes. (
46. ii)The quota-based votes of each member shall be the num­ ber of votes that results from the allocation of one vote for each part of its quota equivalent to one hundred thousand special drawing rights. (
47. b)Whenever voting is required under Article V, Section 4 or 5, each member shall have the number of votes to which it is entitled under (
48. a)above adjusted (
49. i)by the addition of one vote for the equivalent of each four hundred thousand special drawing rights of net sales of its currency from the general resources of the Fund up to the date when the vote is taken, or (
50. ii)by the subtraction of one vote for the equivalent of each four hundred thousand special drawing rights of its net purchases under Article V, Section 3(
51. b)and ( f ) up to the date when the vote is taken, provided that neither net purchases nor net sales shall be deemed at any time to exceed an amount equal to the quota of the member involved. (
52. c)Except as otherwise specifically provided, all decisions of the Fund shall be made by a majority of the votes cast. Section 6. Reserves, distribution of net income, and investment (
53. a)The Fund shall determine annually what part of its net income shall be placed to general reserve or special reserve, and what part, if any, shall be distributed. (
54. b)The Fund may use the special reserve for any purpose for which it may use the general reserve, except distribution. (
55. c)If any distribution is made of the net income of any year, it shall be made to all members in proportion to their quotas. (d ) The Fund, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, may decide at any time to distribute any part of the general reserve. Any such distribution shall be made to all members in propor­tion to their quotas. Art. XII, Sec. 6 XII. Organization and Management (
56. e)Payments under (
57. c)and (d ) above shall be made in special draw­ ing rights, provided that either the Fund or the member may decide that the payment to the member shall be made in its own currency. (
58. f)(
59. i)The Fund may establish an Investment Account for the purposes of this subsection ( f ). The assets of the Invest­ ment Account shall be held separately from the other accounts of the General Department. (
60. ii)The Fund may decide to transfer to the Investment Account a part of the proceeds of the sale of gold in accordance with Article V, Section 12(
61. g)and, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, may decide to transfer to the Investment Account, for immediate investment, currencies held in the General Resources Account. The amount of these transfers shall not exceed the total amount of the general reserve and the special reserve at the time of the decision. (iii) The Fund may use a member’s currency held in the Investment Account for investment as it may determine, in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the Fund by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power. The rules and regulations adopted pursuant to this provision shall be consistent with (vii), (viii), and (
62. ix)below. (
63. iv)The income of investment may be invested in accordance with the provisions of this subsection ( f ). Income not invested shall be held in the Investment Account or may be used for meeting the expenses of conducting the busi­ ness of the Fund. (
64. v)The Fund may use a member’s currency held in the Invest­ment Account to obtain the currencies needed to meet the expenses of conducting the business of the Fund. (
65. vi)The Investment Account shall be terminated in the event of liquidation of the Fund and may be terminated, or the amount of the investment may be reduced, prior to liqui­ dation of the Fund by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power. (vii) Upon termination of the Investment Account because of liquidation of the Fund, any assets in this account shall be Art. XII, Sec. 7–8 XII. Organization and Management distributed in accordance with the provisions of Schedule K, provided that a portion of these assets corresponding to the proportion of the assets transferred to this account under Article V, Section 12(
66. g)to the total of the assets trans­ferred to this account shall be deemed to be assets held in the Special Disbursement Account and shall be distributed in accordance with Schedule K, paragraph 2(a)(ii). (viii) Upon termination of the Investment Account prior to liquidation of the Fund, a portion of the assets held in this account corresponding to the proportion of the assets transferred to this account under Article V, Section 12(
67. g)to the total of the assets transferred to the account shall be transferred to the Special Disbursement Account if it has not been terminated, and the balance of the assets held in the Investment Account shall be transferred to the General Resources Account for immediate use in operations and transactions. (
68. ix)On a reduction of the amount of the investment by the Fund, a portion of the reduction corresponding to the pro­portion of the assets transferred to the Investment Account under Article V, Section 12(
69. g)to the total of the assets transferred to this account shall be transferred to the Spe­cial Disbursement Account if it has not been terminated, and the balance of the reduction shall be transferred to the General Resources Account for immediate use in opera­tions and transactions. Section 7. Publication of reports (
70. a)The Fund shall publish an annual report containing an audited statement of its accounts, and shall issue, at intervals of three months or less, a summary statement of its operations and transactions and its holdings of special drawing rights, gold, and currencies of members. (
71. b)The Fund may publish such other reports as it deems desirable for carrying out its purposes. Section 8. Communication of views to members The Fund shall at all times have the right to communicate its views informally to any member on any matter arising under this Agreement. Art. XIII, Sec. 1–3 XIII. Offices and Depositories The Fund may, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, decide to publish a report made to a member regarding its monetary or economic conditions and developments which directly tend to produce a serious disequilibrium in the international balance of payments of members. The relevant member shall be entitled to representation in accordance with Section 3(
72. j)of this Article. The Fund shall not pub­lish a report involving changes in the fundamental structure of the eco­nomic organization of members. Article XIII Offices and Depositories Section 1. Location of offices The principal office of the Fund shall be located in the territory of the member having the largest quota, and agencies or branch offices may be established in the territories of other members. Section 2. Depositories (
73. a)Each member shall designate its central bank as a depository for all the Fund’s holdings of its currency, or if it has no central bank it shall designate such other institution as may be acceptable to the Fund. (
74. b)The Fund may hold other assets, including gold, in the deposi­ tories designated by the five members having the largest quotas and in such other designated depositories as the Fund may select. Initially, at least one-half of the holdings of the Fund shall be held in the depository designated by the member in whose territories the Fund has its prin­cipal office and at least forty percent shall be held in the depositories designated by the remaining four members referred to above. However, all transfers of gold by the Fund shall be made with due regard to the costs of transport and anticipated requirements of the Fund. In an emer­gency the Executive Board may transfer all or any part of the Fund’s gold holdings to any place where they can be adequately protected. Section 3. Guarantee of the Fund’s assets Each member guarantees all assets of the Fund against loss resulting from failure or default on the part of the depository designated by it. Art. XIV, Sec. 1–3 XIV. Transitional Arrangements Article XIV Transitional Arrangements Section 1. Notification to the Fund Each member shall notify the Fund whether it intends to avail itself of the transitional arrangements in Section 2 of this Article, or whether it is prepared to accept the obligations of Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, and 4. A member availing itself of the transitional arrangements shall notify the Fund as soon thereafter as it is prepared to accept these obligations. Section 2. Exchange restrictions A member that has notified the Fund that it intends to avail itself of transitional arrangements under this provision may, notwithstanding the provisions of any other articles of this Agreement, maintain and adapt to changing circumstances the restrictions on payments and transfers for current international transactions that were in effect on the date on which it became a member. Members shall, however, have continuous regard in their foreign exchange policies to the purposes of the Fund, and, as soon as conditions permit, they shall take all possible measures to develop such commercial and financial arrangements with other members as will facilitate international payments and the promotion of a stable system of exchange rates. In particular, members shall withdraw restrictions maintained under this Section as soon as they are satisfied that they will be able, in the absence of such restrictions, to settle their balance of payments in a manner which will not unduly encumber their access to the general resources of the Fund. Section 3. Action of the Fund relating to restrictions The Fund shall make annual reports on the restrictions in force under Section 2 of this Article. Any member retaining any restrictions incon­ sistent with Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, or 4 shall consult the Fund annually as to their further retention. The Fund may, if it deems such action necessary in exceptional circumstances, make representations to any member that conditions are favorable for the withdrawal of any particular restriction, or for the general abandonment of restrictions, inconsistent with the provisions of any other articles of this Agree­ment. The member shall be given a suitable time to reply to such rep­ resentations. If the Fund finds that the member persists in maintaining Art. XV, Sec. 1–2 Art. XVI, Sec. 1 XV. Special Drawing Rights restrictions which are inconsistent with the purposes of the Fund, the member shall be subject to Article XXVI, Section 2(a). Article XV Special Drawing Rights Section 1. Authority to allocate special drawing rights (
75. a)To meet the need, as and when it arises, for a supplement to existing reserve assets, the Fund is authorized to allocate special draw­ing rights in accordance with the provisions of Article XVIII to mem­bers that are participants in the Special Drawing Rights Department. (
76. b)In addition, the Fund shall allocate special drawing rights to members that are participants in the Special Drawing Rights Depart­ ment in accordance with the provisions of Schedule M. Section 2. Valuation of the special drawing right The method of valuation of the special drawing right shall be deter­ mined by the Fund by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, provided, however, that an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power shall be required for a change in the principle of valuation or a fundamental change in the application of the principle in effect. Article XVI General Department and Special Drawing Rights Department Section 1. Separation of operations and transactions All operations and transactions involving special drawing rights shall be conducted through the Special Drawing Rights Department. All other operations and transactions on the account of the Fund authorized by or under this Agreement shall be conducted through the General Department. Operations and transactions pursuant to Article XVII, Section 2 shall be conducted through the General Department as well as the Special Drawing Rights Department. Art. XVI, Sec. 2–3 Art. XVII, Sec. 1 XVII. Participants and Other Holders of Special Drawing Rights Section 2. Separation of assets and property All assets and property of the Fund, except resources administered under Article V, Section 2(b), shall be held in the General Department, provided that assets and property acquired under Article XX, Section 2 and Articles XXIV and XXV and Schedules H and I shall be held in the Special Drawing Rights Department. Any assets or property held in one Department shall not be available to discharge or meet the liabilities, obligations, or losses of the Fund incurred in the conduct of the opera­ tions and transactions of the other Department, except that the expenses of conducting the business of the Special Drawing Rights Department shall be paid by the Fund from the General Department which shall be reimbursed in special drawing rights from time to time by assessments under Article XX, Section 4 made on the basis of a reasonable estimate of such expenses. Section 3. Recording and information All changes in holdings of special drawing rights shall take effect only when recorded by the Fund in the Special Drawing Rights Depart­ ment. Participants shall notify the Fund of the provisions of this Agree­ ment under which special drawing rights are used. The Fund may require participants to furnish it with such other information as it deems necessary for its functions. Article XVII Participants and Other Holders of Special Drawing Rights Section 1. Participants Each member of the Fund that deposits with the Fund an instrument setting forth that it undertakes all the obligations of a participant in the Special Drawing Rights Department in accordance with its law and that it has taken all steps necessary to enable it to carry out all of these obligations shall become a participant in the Special Drawing Rights Department as of the date the instrument is deposited, except that no member shall become a participant before the provisions of this Agree­ ment pertaining exclusively to the Special Drawing Rights Department have entered into force and instruments have been deposited under this Art. XVII, Sec. 2–3 XVII. Participants and Other Holders of Special Drawing Rights Section by members that have at least seventy-five percent of the total of quotas. Section 2. Fund as a holder The Fund may hold special drawing rights in the General Resources Account and may accept and use them in operations and transactions conducted through the General Resources Account with participants in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement or with prescribed holders in accordance with the terms and conditions prescribed under Section 3 of this Article. Section 3. Other holders The Fund may prescribe: (
77. i)as holders, non-members, members that are non-partici­pants, institutions that perform functions of a central bank for more than one member, and other official entities; (
78. ii)the terms and conditions on which prescribed holders may be permitted to hold special drawing rights and may accept and use them in operations and transactions with participants and other prescribed holders; and (iii) the terms and conditions on which participants and the Fund through the General Resources Account may enter into operations and transactions in special drawing rights with prescribed holders. An eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power shall be required for prescriptions under (
79. i)above. The terms and conditions prescribed by the Fund shall be consistent with the provisions of this Agreement and the effective functioning of the Special Drawing Rights Department. Art. XVIII, Sec. 1–2 XVIII. Allocation and Cancellation of Special Drawing Rights Article XVIII Allocation and Cancellation of Special Drawing Rights Section 1. P  rinciples and considerations governing allocation and cancellation (
80. a)In all its decisions with respect to the allocation and cancellation of special drawing rights the Fund shall seek to meet the long-term global need, as and when it arises, to supplement existing reserve assets in such manner as will promote the attainment of its purposes and will avoid economic stagnation and deflation as well as excess demand and inflation in the world. (
81. b)The first decision to allocate special drawing rights shall take into account, as special considerations, a collective judgment that there is a global need to supplement reserves, and the attainment of a better balance of payments equilibrium, as well as the likelihood of a better working of the adjustment process in the future. Section 2. Allocation and cancellation (
82. a)Decisions of the Fund to allocate or cancel special drawing rights shall be made for basic periods which shall run consecutively and shall be five years in duration. The first basic period shall begin on the date of the first decision to allocate special drawing rights or such later date as may be specified in that decision. Any allocations or cancellations shall take place at yearly intervals. (
83. b)The rates at which allocations are to be made shall be expressed as percentages of quotas on the date of each decision to allocate. The rates at which special drawing rights are to be cancelled shall be expressed as percentages of net cumulative allocations of special draw­ ing rights on the date of each decision to cancel. The percentages shall be the same for all participants. (
84. c)In its decision for any basic period the Fund may provide, not­ withstanding (
85. a)and (
86. b)above, that: (
87. i)the duration of the basic period shall be other than five years; or (
88. ii)the allocations or cancellations shall take place at other than yearly intervals; or Art. XVIII, Sec. 3 XVIII. Allocation and Cancellation of Special Drawing Rights (iii) the basis for allocations or cancellations shall be the quo­ tas or net cumulative allocations on dates other than the dates of decisions to allocate or cancel. (
89. d)A member that becomes a participant after a basic period starts shall receive allocations beginning with the next basic period in which allocations are made after it becomes a participant unless the Fund decides that the new participant shall start to receive allocations begin­ ning with the next allocation after it becomes a participant. If the Fund decides that a member that becomes a participant during a basic period shall receive allocations during the remainder of that basic period and the participant was not a member on the dates established under (
90. b)or (
91. c)above, the Fund shall determine the basis on which these allocations to the participant shall be made. (
92. e)A participant shall receive allocations of special drawing rights made pursuant to any decision to allocate unless: (
93. i)the Governor for the participant did not vote in favor of the decision; and (
94. ii)the participant has notified the Fund in writing prior to the first allocation of special drawing rights under that decision that it does not wish special drawing rights to be allocated to it under the decision. On the request of a par­ticipant, the Fund may decide to terminate the effect of the notice with respect to allocations of special drawing rights subsequent to the termination. ( f ) If on the effective date of any cancellation the amount of special drawing rights held by a participant is less than its share of the special drawing rights that are to be cancelled, the participant shall eliminate its negative balance as promptly as its gross reserve position permits and shall remain in consultation with the Fund for this purpose. Special drawing rights acquired by the participant after the effective date of the cancellation shall be applied against its negative balance and cancelled. Section 3. Unexpected major developments The Fund may change the rates or intervals of allocation or cancel­ lation during the rest of a basic period or change the length of a basic period or start a new basic period, if at any time the Fund finds it desir­ able to do so because of unexpected major developments. Art. XVIII, Sec. 4 XVIII. Allocation and Cancellation of Special Drawing Rights Section 4. Decisions on allocations and cancellations (
95. a)Decisions under Section 2(a), (b), and (
96. c)or Section 3 of this Article shall be made by the Board of Governors on the basis of pro­ posals of the Managing Director concurred in by the Executive Board. (
97. b)Before making any proposal, the Managing Director, after hav­ ing satisfied himself that it will be consistent with the provisions of Section 1(
98. a)of this Article, shall conduct such consultations as will enable him to ascertain that there is broad support among participants for the proposal. In addition, before making a proposal for the first allocation, the Managing Director shall satisfy himself that the provi­ sions of Section 1(
99. b)of this Article have been met and that there is broad support among participants to begin allocations; he shall make a proposal for the first allocation as soon after the establishment of the Special Drawing Rights Department as he is so satisfied. (
100. c)The Managing Director shall make proposals: (
101. i)not later than six months before the end of each basic period; (
102. ii)if no decision has been taken with respect to allocation or cancellation for a basic period, whenever he is satisfied that the provisions of (
103. b)above have been met; (iii) when, in accordance with Section 3 of this Article, he con­siders that it would be desirable to change the rate or inter­vals of allocation or cancellation or change the length of a basic period or start a new basic period; or (
104. iv)within six months of a request by the Board of Governors or the Executive Board; provided that, if under (i), (iii), or (
105. iv)above the Managing Director ascertains that there is no proposal which he considers to be consistent with the provisions of Section 1 of this Article that has broad support among participants in accordance with (
106. b)above, he shall report to the Board of Governors and to the Executive Board. (d ) An eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power shall be required for decisions under Section 2(a), (b), and (
107. c)or Section 3 of this Article except for decisions under Section 3 with respect to a decrease in the rates of allocation. Art. XIX, Sec. 1–3 XIX. Operations and Transactions in Special Drawing Rights Article XIX Operations and Transactions in Special Drawing Rights Section 1. Use of special drawing rights Special drawing rights may be used in the operations and transactions authorized by or under this Agreement. Section 2. Operations and transactions between participants (
108. a)A participant shall be entitled to use its special drawing rights to obtain an equivalent amount of currency from a participant designated under Section 5 of this Article. (
109. b)A participant, in agreement with another participant, may use its special drawing rights to obtain an equivalent amount of currency from the other participant. (
110. c)The Fund, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, may prescribe operations in which a participant is authorized to engage in agreement with another participant on such terms and condi­tions as the Fund deems appropriate. The terms and conditions shall be consistent with the effective functioning of the Special Drawing Rights Department and the proper use of special drawing rights in accordance with this Agreement. (d ) The Fund may make representations to a participant that enters into any operation or transaction under (
111. b)or (
112. c)above that in the judgment of the Fund may be prejudicial to the process of designation according to the principles of Section 5 of this Article or is otherwise inconsistent with Article XXII. A participant that persists in entering into such operations or transactions shall be subject to Article XXIII, Section 2(b). Section 3. Requirement of need (
113. a)In transactions under Section 2(
114. a)of this Article, except as otherwise provided in (
115. c)below, a participant will be expected to use its special drawing rights only if it has a need because of its balance of payments or its reserve position or developments in its reserves, and not for the sole purpose of changing the composition of its reserves. Art. XIX, Sec. 4–5 XIX. Operations and Transactions in Special Drawing Rights (
116. b)The use of special drawing rights shall not be subject to chal­lenge on the basis of the expectation in (
117. a)above, but the Fund may make representations to a participant that fails to fulfill this expecta­tion. A participant that persists in failing to fulfill this expectation shall be subject to Article XXIII, Section 2(b). (
118. c)The Fund may waive the expectation in (
119. a)above in any trans­ actions in which a participant uses special drawing rights to obtain an equivalent amount of currency from a participant designated under Section 5 of this Article that would promote reconstitution by the other participant under Section 6(
120. a)of this Article; prevent or reduce a nega­ tive balance of the other participant; or offset the effect of a failure by the other participant to fulfill the expectation in (
121. a)above. Section 4. Obligation to provide currency (
122. a)A participant designated by the Fund under Section 5 of this Article shall provide on demand a freely usable currency to a partici­pant using special drawing rights under Section 2(
123. a)of this Article. A participant’s obligation to provide currency shall not extend beyond the point at which its holdings of special drawing rights in excess of its net cumulative allocation are equal to twice its net cumulative allocation or such higher limit as may be agreed between a participant and the Fund. (
124. b)A participant may provide currency in excess of the obligatory limit or any agreed higher limit. Section 5. Designation of participants to provide currency (
125. a)The Fund shall ensure that a participant will be able to use its special drawing rights by designating participants to provide currency for specified amounts of special drawing rights for the purposes of Sec­ tions 2(
126. a)and 4 of this Article. Designations shall be made in accord­ ance with the following general principles supplemented by such other principles as the Fund may adopt from time to time: (
127. i)A participant shall be subject to designation if its balance of payments and gross reserve position is sufficiently strong, but this will not preclude the possibility that a par­ticipant with a strong reserve position will be designated even though it has a moderate balance of payments deficit. Participants shall be designated in such manner Art. XIX, Sec. 6–7 XIX. Operations and Transactions in Special Drawing Rights as will promote over time a balanced distribution of holdings of special drawing rights among them. (
128. ii)Participants shall be subject to designation in order to pro­mote reconstitution under Section 6(
129. a)of this Article, to reduce negative balances in holdings of special drawing rights, or to offset the effect of failures to fulfill the expec­ tation in Section 3(
130. a)of this Article. (iii) In designating participants, the Fund normally shall give priority to those that need to acquire special drawing rights to meet the objectives of designation under (
131. ii)above. (
132. b)In order to promote over time a balanced distribution of holdings of special drawing rights under (a)(
133. i)above, the Fund shall apply the rules for designation in Schedule F or such rules as may be adopted under (
134. c)below. (
135. c)The rules for designation may be reviewed at any time and new rules shall be adopted if necessary. Unless new rules are adopted, the rules in force at the time of the review shall continue to apply. Section 6. Reconstitution (
136. a)Participants that use their special drawing rights shall reconsti­tute their holdings of them in accordance with the rules for reconstitu­tion in Schedule G or such rules as may be adopted under (
137. b)below. (
138. b)The rules for reconstitution may be reviewed at any time and new rules shall be adopted if necessary. Unless new rules are adopted or a decision is made to abrogate rules for reconstitution, the rules in force at the time of review shall continue to apply. A seventy percent majority of the total voting power shall be required for decisions to adopt, modify, or abrogate the rules for reconstitution. Section 7. Exchange rates (
139. a)Except as otherwise provided in (
140. b)below, the exchange rates for transactions between participants under Section 2(
141. a)and (
142. b)of this Article shall be such that participants using special drawing rights shall receive the same value whatever currencies might be provided and whichever participants provide those currencies, and the Fund shall adopt regulations to give effect to this principle. Art. XX, Sec. 1–4 XX. Special Drawing Rights Department Interest and Charges (
143. b)The Fund, by an eighty-five percent majority of the total voting power, may adopt policies under which in exceptional circumstances the Fund, by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power, may authorize participants entering into transactions under Section 2(
144. b)of this Article to agree on exchange rates other than those applicable under (
145. a)above. (
146. c)The Fund shall consult a participant on the procedure for deter­ mining rates of exchange for its currency. (
147. d)For the purpose of this provision the term participant includes a terminating participant. Article XX Special Drawing Rights Department Interest and Charges Section 1. Interest Interest at the same rate for all holders shall be paid by the Fund to each holder on the amount of its holdings of special drawing rights. The Fund shall pay the amount due to each holder whether or not sufficient charges are received to meet the payment of interest. Section 2. Charges Charges at the same rate for all participants shall be paid to the Fund by each participant on the amount of its net cumulative allocation of special drawing rights plus any negative balance of the participant or unpaid charges. Section 3. Rate of interest and charges The Fund shall determine the rate of interest by a seventy percent majority of the total voting power. The rate of charges shall be equal to the rate of interest. Section 4. Assessments When it is decided under Article XVI, Section 2 that reimbursement shall be made, the Fund shall levy assessments for this purpose at the same rate for all participants on their net cumulative allocations. Art. XX, Sec. 5 Art. XXI XXI. Administration of the General Department and the SDR Department Section 5. Payment of interest, charges, and assessments Interest, charges, and assessments shall be paid in special drawing rights. A participant that needs special drawing rights to pay any charge or assessment shall be obligated and entitled to obtain them, for cur­ rency acceptable to the Fund, in a transaction with the Fund conducted through the General Resources Account. If sufficient special drawing rights cannot be obtained in this way, the participant shall be obligated and entitled to obtain them with a freely usable currency from a partici­ pant which the Fund shall specify. Special drawing rights acquired by a participant after the date for payment shall be applied against its unpaid charges and cancelled. Article XXI Administration of the General Department and the Special Drawing Rights Depart