Chapter 415

COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 1 CHAPTER 415 COPYRIGHT ACT To make new provision in respect of copyright and neighbouring rights and certain "sui generis" intellectual property rights in substitution of the provisions of the Copyright Act, Cap. 196. 14th August, 2000; 1st January, 2001 ACT XIII of 2000 , as amended by Acts VI of 2001 , IX of 2003 , IX of 2009 , VIII of 2011 and XXXV of 2023. 1. The short title of this Act is the Copyright Act. 1A. The provisions of this Act and of any subsidiary legislation made thereunder shall also apply, in accordance with the provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as ratified by the Law of the Sea (Ratification) Act, to an exclusive economic zone area or an environment protection area as defined in the Exclusive Economic Zone Act. Any artificial island, installation, structure, equipment or device therein shall, solely for the purposes of this Act and any subsidiary legislation made thereunder, be treated as if they were situated in Malta itself. Short title. Extension of applicability to exclusive economic zone area or environment protection area. Added by: XXXV.2023.49. Cap. 362. Cap. 625. PART I DEFINITIONS 2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires - "European Union" means the European Union referred to in the Treaty; "artistic work" shall include, irrespective of artistic quality, any of the following, or works similar thereto: (a) paintings, drawings, etchings, lithographs, woodcuts, engravings and prints; (b) maps, plans, diagrams and three-dimensional works relative to geography, science or topography, but excluding semiconductor product topographies; (c) works of sculpture; (d) photographs not comprised in an audiovisual work; (e) works of architecture in the form of buildings or models; and (f) works of artistic craftsmanship, including pictorial woven tissues and articles of applied handicraft and industrial art; "audiovisual work" means a work that consists of a series of related images which impart the impression of motion, with or without accompanying sounds, susceptible of being made visible and, where accompanied by sounds, susceptible of being made audible; "author" means the natural person or group of natural persons Interpretation. Amended by: IX. 2003.92; IX. 2009.2. 2 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT who created the work eligible for copyright but in the case of an audiovisual work it includes the principal director but excludes the producer of the first fixation of the audiovisual work; "Board" means the Copyright Board established under article 45; "body of persons" means any company or association of persons whether corporate or unincorporated, whether vested with legal personality or not, and includes any other body however called having legal personality; "broadcasting" means the transmission by wireless means for the public reception of sounds or of images and sounds or of the representations thereof, including transmission by satellite. Broadcast does not include a rebroadcast; "broadcasting authority" means the Broadcasting Authority established by article 118 of the Constitution; "broadcasting organization" means any broadcaster whether licensed under the Broadcasting Act or under any other law, and includes a broadcasting contractor operating in Malta; "cable retransmission" means the simultaneous, unaltered and unabridged retransmission by a cable or any other material carrier for reception by the public of an initial transmission by wire or over t h e a i r, i n c l u d i n g t h a t b y s a t e l l i t e , o f t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o programmes intended for reception by the public, from within Malta or from a State in which the exclusive right to authorize cable retransmission of works eligible for copyright or neighbouring rights is protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; "collecting society" means any organization which manages or administers copyright or neighbouring rights as its sole purpose or as one of its main purposes as regulated by the provisions of this Act; "collective work" means a work which has been created by two or more physical persons at the initiative and under the direction of a physical person or legal entity with the understanding that it will be disclosed by the latter person or entity under his or its own name and that the identity of the contributing physical persons will not be indicated in the work; "commercial exploitation" in relation to semiconductor product topographies means the sale, rental, leasing or any other method of commercial distribution, or an offer for these purposes: Provided that where exploitation takes place under conditions of confidentiality to the extent that no further distribution to third parties occurs there shall not be deemed to have been "commercial exploitation"; "communication to the public" means the transmission of a work or performance or sound recording by wire or wireless means to the public and for the purpose of article 7 includes the making available to the public of the work in such a way that members of the public may access the work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them: COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. Provided that the mere provision of physical facilities for enabling or making of a communication does not in itself amount to an act of communication to the public: Provided further that for the purposes of article 19, communication to the public also includes making the sounds or the representations of sounds fixed in a sound recording audible to the public; "communication to the public by satellite" means the act of introducing, under the control and responsibility of a broadcasting org anizat io n, th e program me-carryi ng si gnal s in tend ed for reception by the public into an uninterrupted chain of communication leading to the satellite and down towards the earth and the State where such an act takes place shall be deemed to be the place of origin of that act of communication to the public by satellite: Provided that if the programme-carrying signals are encrypted, then there is communication to the public by satellite if the means for decrypting the broadcast are provided to the public by the broadcasting organisation or with its consent: Provided further that if the act of communication to the public by satellite takes place in a State other than Malta or other than a State in which the exclusive right to authorize or prevent the satellite broadcasting of a work eligible for copyright or neighbouring rights is protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party, if the programme-carrying signals are transmitted to the satellite from an uplink station situated in Malta, that act of communication to the public by satellite shall be deemed to have occurred in Malta so that the rights provided for by this Act shall be exercisable against the person operating the uplink station, or else in the absence of an uplink station in Malta, if a broadcasting organisation established in Malta has commissioned the act of communication to the public by satellite, that act shall be deemed to have occurred in Malta and the rights provided for by this Act shall be exercisable against that broadcasting organisation; "computer program" includes computer programs whatever may be the mode or form of their expression including those which are incorporated in hardware, interfaces which provide for the physical interconnection and interaction or the interoperability between elements of software and hardware and preparatory design material leading to the development of a computer program: Provided that the nature of the preparatory design material is such that a computer program can result therefrom at a later stage; "copy" means a reproduction in written or graphic form including digital reproduction, in the form of a recording or audiovisual work, or in any other material form, so however that an object shall not be taken to be a copy of an architectural work unless the object is a building or model; "copyright" means copyright under this Act; "database" means a collection of independent works, data or 3 4 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT other materials arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means without it being necessary for these materials to have been physically stored in an organized manner but does not extend to computer programs used in the making or operation of a database accessible by electronic means comprised within the term "computer program"; "distribution" means the making available to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership; "fixation" means the embodiment of sounds, images, or both, or digital representations thereof, in any material form, from which they can be perceived, reproduced or communicated through a device; "lawful" means done in compliance with provisions of this Act, and "lawfully" shall be construed accordingly; "lending" means making available for use, for a limited period of time and not for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage, when it is made through establishments which are accessible to the public: Provided that even when lending by such an establishment gives rise to payment of an amount, as long as this amount does not go beyond what is necessary to cover the operational costs of the establishment, there is no direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage within the meaning of this Act; "licence" means a lawfully granted licence permitting the doing of an act controlled by copyright or neighbouring rights; "literary work" shall include, irrespective of literary quality, any of the following, or works similar thereto: (a) novels, stories and poetical works; (b) plays, stage directions, choreographic works or entertainment in dumb show, film scenarios and broadcasting script; (c) textbooks, treatises, histories, biographies, essays and articles; (d) encyclopaedias and dictionaries; (e) letters, reports and memoranda; (f) lectures, addresses and sermons; (g) computer programs, but save as provided in article 12 of the Statute Law Revision Act, 1980, does not include any written law, law report or judicial decisions; "Malta" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it by article 124 of the Constitution of Malta; " M e m b e r St a t e " m e a n s a s t a t e w h i c h i s a m em b e r o f t h e European Union; "Minister" means the Minister responsible for the protection of copyright and neighbouring rights and includes to the extent of the authority given, any person authorised by the Minister in that COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. behalf for any purpose of this Act other than for the purpose of article 59; "musical work" means any musical work, irrespective of musical quality, and includes works composed for musical accompaniment; "owner of copyright" means the author who is first owner, an assignee or an exclusive licensee, as the case may be, of a copyright and in the case of a collective work, the first owner of copyright shall be the natural or legal person under whose initiative and direction the work has been created; "perceptual disability" means a disability that prevents or inhibits a person from reading or hearing a literary, musical, dramatic or artistic work in its original format, and includes such a disability resulting from: (a) severe or total impairment of sight or hearing or the inability to focus or move one’s eyes; (b) the inability to hold or manipulate a book; or (c) an impairment relating to comprehension. "performance" means the direct rendition of the work to a public which takes place under such circumstances that the works performed can be perceived by the public without any intermediate communication; "performers" includes singers, musicians, dancers, actors or other artists who sing, deliver, declaim, play in, act in, interpret or o t h e r w i s e p e r f o r m l i t e r a r y, m u s i c a l a n d a r t i s t i c w o r k s o r expressions of folklore and includes also singers, musicians, actors or other artists who sing, play in or perform in variety, circus and folklore shows or exhibitions; "person" includes a body of persons; "prescribed" means prescribed by regulations made under article 59; "producer of a sound recording" means the legal entity who or which takes the initiative and has the responsibility for the first fixation of the sounds of a performance or other sounds or the representation of sounds; "rebroadcast" means simultaneous broadcasting by one broadcasting organization of the broadcast of another broadcasting organization not under its control, whether situated in Malta or abroad, and "rebroadcasting" shall be construed accordingly: Provided that "later rebroadcast" shall mean only any such subsequent broadcast and "later rebroadcasting" shall be construed accordingly; "rental" means making available for use, for a limited period of time and for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage; "reproduction" means the making of one or more copies in any material form of a literary, musical or artistic work, audiovisual work or sound recording and includes storing such work in any medium by electronic means; 5 6 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT "rights-management information" means any information provided by rightholders which identifies the work or other subjectmatter referred to in this Act, the author or any other rightholder, or information about the terms and conditions of use of the work or other subject-matter, and any numbers or codes that represent such information; "satellite" means any satellite operating on frequency bands which, under international telecommunications law are reserved for the broadcast of signals for reception by the public or which are reserved for closed, point-to-point communication. In the latter case, however, the circumstances in which individual reception of the signals takes place must be comparable to those which apply in the first case; "semiconductor product" means the final or an intermediate form of any product consisting of a body of material which includes a layer of semiconducting material, having one or more layers composed of conducting, insulating or semiconducting material, the layers being arranged in accordance with a predetermined three-dimensional pattern and intended to perform, exclusively or together with other functions, an electronic function; "semiconductor product topography" means a series of related images, however fixed or encoded, representing the three dimensional pattern of the layers of which a semiconductor product is composed and in which series, each image has the pattern or part of the pattern of a surface of the semiconductor product at any stage of its manufacture; "sound recording" means the fixation of a sequence of sounds or of a digital representation of sounds capable of being perceived aurally and of being reproduced, but does not include a soundtrack associated with an audiovisual work; "technological measures" means any technology, device or component that, in the normal course of its operation, is designed to prevent or restrict acts, in respect of works or other subjectmatter, which are not authorised by the rightholder of any copyright or neighbouring right or the sui generis rights as provided for by this Act. Technological measures shall be deemed "effective" where the use of a protected work or other subject-matter is controlled by the rightholders through application of an access control or protection process, such as encryption, scrambling or other transformation of the work or other subject-matter or a copy control mechanism, which achieves the protection objective; Cap. 460. "the Treaty" has the same meaning assigned to it by the European Union Act; "work of joint authorship" means a work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in which the contribution of each author is not separable from the contribution of the other author or authors. (2) For the purposes of this Act the following provisions shall apply with respect to publication: (a) a work or a sound recording shall be deemed to have COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 7 been published if copies thereof have been made available in a reasonable quantity for sale, rental, lending or in any other manner sufficient to render the work accessible to the public: Provided that in the case of a work, the making available to the public had taken place with the consent of the author or other owner of copyright, and in the case of a sound recording, with the consent of the producer of the sound recording or his successor in title; (b) for the purposes of article 19, a sound recording made available to the public by wire or wireless means in such a way that members of the public may access it from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, shall be considered as if it had been published for commercial purposes; (c) where in the first instance a part only of a work is published, that part shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as a separate work; (d) a publication in any country shall be treated as being a first publication notwithstanding that there has been an earlier first publication elsewhere, if the two publications took place within a period of not more than thirty days. PART II COPYRIGHT 3. (1) Subject to the provisions of this article the following works shall be eligible for copyright: (a) artistic works; (b) audiovisual works; (c) databases; (d) literary works; (e) musical works. (2) A literary, musical, or artistic work shall not be eligible for copyright unless the work has an original character and it has been written down, recorded, fixed or otherwise reduced to material form. Furthermore, copyright protection shall not extend to ideas, procedures, methods of operations or mathematical concepts as such. (3) A work shall not be ineligible for copyright by reason only that the making of the work, or the doing of any act in relation to the work, involved an infringement of copyright in some other work. (4) A database shall not be eligible for copyright unless by reason of the selection or arrangement of its contents, it constitutes Works eligible for copyright. Amended by: IX. 2009.3. 8 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT the author’s intellectual creation. Moreover the copyright conferred to a database shall not extend to its contents and shall be without prejudice to any rights subsisting in such contents themselves. Qualification for copyright protection by virtue of authors. 4. (1) Copyright shall be conferred by this article on every work eligible for copyright of which the author or, in the case of a work of joint authorship, any of the joint authors, is, at the time when the work is made: (a) an individual who is a citizen of, or is domiciled or permanently resident in Malta or in a State in which copyright is protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; (b) a body of persons or a commercial partnership constituted, established, registered and vested with legal personality under the laws of Malta or of a State in which copyright is protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party. (2) The terms of copyright protection conferred by this article shall be calculated according to the following table: TABLE Type of Work Date of Expiration of Copyright (i) Literary, musical Seventy years after the end of the or artistic works and year in which the author dies, database irrespective of the date when the work is lawfully made available to the public. (ii)Audiovisual works Seventy years after the end of the year in which the last of the following person dies: the principal director, the author of the screenplay, the author of the dialogue and the composer of music specifically created for use in the audiovisual work. (3) In the case of an anonymous or pseudonymous literary, musical or artistic work, or in the case of a collective work, the copyright in the work subsists until the end of the expiration of 70 years from the end of the year in which it was lawfully made available to the public or after the end of the year in which the work was made if it has not been made available to the public: Provided that when the pseudonym adopted by the author leaves no doubt as to his identity or in the event of the identity of the author becoming known during the period referred to in the preceding paragraph of this sub-article or where in the case of collective works by a body of persons the natural persons who have created the work are individually identifiable in the versions of the work made available to the public the terms of copyright protection shall be calculated in accordance with the provision of paragraph (i) of the last preceding sub-article. (4) In the case of joint authorship reference in the preceding table to the death of the author shall be deemed to refer to the joint author who dies last, whether or not he is a qualified person in COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 9 terms of article 4(1). (5) In the case of a person who for the first time lawfully publishes or lawfully communicates to the public a previously unpublished work the copyright protection of which has expired, he shall benefit from a protection equivalent to the economic rights covered by copyright but limitedly for a period of twenty-five years from the time when the work was first lawfully published or lawfully communicated to the public. (6) Where a work is published in volumes, parts, instalments, issues or episodes and the term of protection runs from the time when the work was lawfully made available to the public, the term of protection shall run for each such item separately. 5. (1) Copyright shall be conferred by this article on every work which is eligible for copyright and which is made or first published in Malta or in a State in which such works are protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party and which has not been the subject of copyright conferred by article 4. Qualification for copyright protection by reference to country where work is made or published. (2) Copyright conferred on a work by this article shall have the same duration as is provided for in article 4 in relation to the same type of work. 6. (1) Copyright shall be conferred by this article on every work which is eligible for copyright and which is made by or under the direction or control of the Government of Malta and also such governments of other States, international bodies or other intergovernmental organisations as may be prescribed by the Minister responsible for the Industrial Property Office. Copyright works of Government and international bodies. (2) Copyright conferred by this article on databases or on a literary, musical or artistic work shall subsist until the end of the expiration of seventy years from the end of the year in which it was first published. (3) Copyright conferred by this article on an audiovisual work shall have the same duration as is provided for by article 4 in relation to the same type of work. (4) Article 4(5) shall apply in like manner to works eligible for c op yr ig ht t o wh ic h t his article a pplies which, having been unpublished, are lawfully published or lawfully communicated to the public for the first time after copyright protection has expired. (5) Articles 4 and 5 shall not be deemed to confer copyright on works to which this article applies. 7. (1) Copyright in an audiovisual work, a database, a literary, musical or artistic work shall be the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit the doing in Malta in respect of the protected material in its totality or substantial part thereof, either in its original form or in any form recognisably derived from the original of any of the following: (a) the direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part; Nature of copyright in an audiovisual work, database, literary, musical and artistic work. Substituted by: IX. 2003.93. Amended by: VIII. 2011.16. 10 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT (b) the rental and lending; (c) the distribution; (d) the translation in other languages including different computer languages; (e) the adaptation, the arrangement and any other alteration and the reproduction, distribution, communication, display or performance to the public of the results thereof; (f) the broadcasting or rebroadcasting or the communication to the public or cable retransmission; (g) display or performance to the public: Provided that the right to authorise or prohibit the cable retransmission of a television broadcast shall be exercisable only through a collecting society. (2) The right to authorise or prohibit cable retransmission shall not apply when the transmission is made in Malta: Cap. 399. (a) if the retransmission is in pursuance of a ‘must carry’ requirement in conformity with the Electronic Communications (Regulation) Act; and (b) if and to the extent that the transmission is made for reception in the area in which the cable retransmission may be received. (3) The right to authorise or prohibit the cable retransmission of a television broadcast shall be exercisable only through a collecting society. (4) In the case provided for in subarticle (2) where a rightholder has not transferred the management of his rights to a collecting society, the collecting society which manages rights of the same category shall be deemed to be mandated to manage his rights. Such rightholder shall have the same rights and obligations resulting from the agreement between the cable operator and the collecting society which is so deemed to be mandated to manage his rights as the rightholders who have mandated that collecting society and he may claim such rights within a period of three years from the date of the cable retransmission which includes his work or other protected subject-matter. (5) Where no agreement is concluded regarding authorization of the cable retransmission of a broadcast, either party may call upon the assistance of one or more mediators appointed by the chairman of the Malta Arbitration Centre, unless otherwise agreed to by all the parties. The tasks of the mediators shall be to provide assistance with negotiation. They may also submit proposals to the parties. It shall be assumed that all the parties accept a proposal as r e f e r r e d t o in t h i s su b a r t i c l e i f n o n e of t he m e x p r e s s e s i t s opposition within a period of three months. Notice of the proposal and of any opposition thereto shall be served on the parties concerned by judicial act, unless otherwise agreed to by the parties. The mediators shall be so selected that their independence and impartiality are beyond reasonable doubt. COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 8. (1) The first sale or other transfer of ownership in the market of the original work enjoying copyright or copies thereof, when such sale is effected by or with the consent of the copyright owner himself, shall exhaust the exclusive distribution right in respect of that work or its copy. 11 Exhaustion of the distribution rights. Substituted by: IX. 2003.94. (2) For the purposes of this article "market" means the market in Malta and as from the 1st May 2004 the European Union. 9. (1) Copyright in an audiovisual work, a database, a literary work other than in the case of a computer programme, a muscial or artistic work shall not include the right to authorise or prohibit (a) temporary acts of reproduction, which are transient or incidental and an integral and essentail part of a technological process and whose sole purpose is to enable: (i) a transmission in a network between third parties by an intermediary, or (ii) another lawful use of a work or other subjectmatter to be made, and which have no independent economic significance; (b) reproductions on paper or any similar medium, effected by the use of any kind of photographic technique or by some other process having similar effects, with the exception of sheet music, provided that the rightholders received fair compensation; (c) reproductions on any medium made by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commerical, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation which takes account of the application or non-application or technological measures to the work or subject-matter concerned; (d) specific acts of reproduction made by publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments or museums, or by archives, which are not for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage; (e) ephemeral recordings or works made by broadcasting organisations by means of their own facilities and for their own broadcasts: Provided that any reproduction of a work made under this paragraph may, if it is of exceptional documentary character be preserved in official archives; (f) reproduction of broadcasts made by social institutions pursuing non-commercial purposes, such as hospitals or prisons, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation; (g) the performing, playing or showing of a work in a place where no admission fee is charged in respect of such an act by any club whose aim is not profit- Restriction with regard to certain works. Substituted by: IX. 2003.95. Amended by: IX. 2009.4. 12 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT making; (h) the reproduction, translation, distribution or communication to the public of a work for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching or scientific research only to the extent justified by the noncommercial purpose to be achieved, and as long as the source, including the author’s name, is, unless this is impossible, indicated; (i) the reproduction, translation, distribution or communication to the public of a work for the benefit of people with a disability, which are directly related to the disability and on a non-commercial nature, to the extent required by the specific disability; (j) the reproduction by the press, translation, distribution or communication to the public of published articles on current economic, political or religious topics or of broadcast works or other subject-matter of the same character, in cases where such use is not expressly reserved, and as long as the source, including the author’s name, is indicated, or use of works or other subject-matter in connection with the reporting of current events, to the extent justified by the informatory purpose and as long as the source, including the author’s name, is, unless this is impossible, indicated; (k) the reproduction, translation, distribution or communication to the public of quotations for purposes such as criticism or review, provided that they relate to a work or other subject-matter which has already been lawfully made available to the public, as long as, unless this is impossible, the source, including the author’s name, is indicated, and that their use is in accordance with fair practice, and to the extent required by the specific purposes; (l) the reproduction, translation, distribution or communication to the public of a work for the purposes of public security or to ensure the proper performance or reporting of administrative, parliamentary or judicial proceedings; (m) the reproduction, translation, distribution or communication to the public of political speeches as well as extracts of public lectures or similar works or subject-matter to the extent justified by informatory purposes and provided that the source, including the author’s name, is, except where this is impossible, indicated; (n) the reproduction, translation, distribution or communication to the public of a work for use during religious celebrations or official celebrations organized by a public authority; (o) the reading or recitation in public by a person of any COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. reasonable extract from a published literary work if accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement; (p) the inclusion in a communication to the public, the making of a graphic representation and the making of a photograph or film, of a work of architecture or sculpture or similar works made to be located permanently in public places; (q) the incidental inclusion of a work or other subject matter in other material; (r) the reproduction, distribution or communication to the public of a work for the purpose of advertising the public exhibition or sale of artistic works, to the extent necessary to promote the event, excluding any other commercial use; (s) the reproduction or communication to the public of a work by way of caricature, pastiche or parody; (t) the reproduction, translation, distribution or communication to the public of a work in connection with the demonstration or repair of equipment; (u) the reproduction, distribution or communication to the public of an artistic work in the form of a builidng or a drawing or plan of a building for the purposes of reconstructing the building; (v) the communication to the public, for the purpose of research or private study, to individual members of the public by dedicated terminals on the premises of establishments referred to in paragraph (d) of works and other subject-matter, not subject to purchase or licensing terms, which are contained in their collections; (w) in the case of a database, the performance of those acts which are normally necessary in order that the licensed user obtains access to the contents of the database and normal use thereof, in respect of the whole or part of the database which the user is licensed to use; and any contractual provisions running counter to what is prescribed in this paragraph shall be null and void. (2) Copyright in a computer programme shall not include the right to authorize or prohibit: (a) the observation, the study or testing of the functioning of the program by the licensed user in order to determine the ideas and principles which underlie any element of the program if this is done whilst performing any of the acts of loading, displaying, running, transmitting or storing the program which he is entitled to do; (b) the reproduction by the licensed user of the code and translation of its form where this is indispensable to obtain the information necessary to achieve the interoperability of an independently created computer 13 14 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT program with other programs, provided that these acts are confined to the parts of the original program which are necessary to achieve interoperability and the information necessary to achieve interoperability has not previously been readily available to the licensed user: Provided that any information obtained from the reproduction of the code and the translation of the form of a computer program made under this paragraph shall not: (i) be used for purposes other than to achieve the interoperability of the independently created computer program; (ii) be given to other persons, except when necessary for the interoperability of the independently created computer program; (iii) be used for the development, production or marketing of a computer program substantially similar in its expression to the original program or for any other act which infringes copyright; (c) the making of a copy or a back-up copy, the translation, adaptation, arrangement and any other alteration of a computer program and the reproduction of the results thereof, in so far as this is necessary for the licensed user to make proper use of the program in accordance with its intended purpose, including the correction of errors; and the right of the licensed user to make a back-up copy of a computer program may not be restricted or excluded by contract in so far as it is necessary for the use of that computer program. (3) The exceptions and limitations provided for in this article shall only be applied in such particular cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or other subject-matter and do not unreasonably rejudice the legitimate interests of the rightholder. Copyright in a work of architecture. 10. Copyright in a work of architecture shall also include the exclusive right to authorize or prevent the erection of any building which reproduces the whole or a substantial part of the work either in its original form or in any form recognisably derived from the original: Provided that the copyright in any such work shall not include the right to authorise or prevent the reconstruction, in the same style as the original, of a building to which that copyright relates or the right to authorize or prevent the rental or lending of buildings or works of applied art. First ownership of copyright. 11. (1) Copyright conferred by articles 4, 5 and 6 shall vest initially in the author or in the joint authors: Provided that in the case of computer programs and databases where a work is made in the course of the author ’s employment, in the execution of his duties or following the COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 15 instructions given by his employer, the economic rights conferred by copyright shall be deemed to be transferred to the author ’s employer, subject to any agreement between the parties excluding or limiting such transfer. In respect of other works eligible for copyright, in such circumstances, subject to any agreement to the contrary between the parties, the copyright shall always vest in the author or joint authors. (2) Subject to the provision of the last preceding sub-article(a) the name on a work purporting to be the name of its author shall be considered as such, unless the contrary is proved; (b) in the case of an anonymous or pseudonymous work, the publisher whose name is indicated in the work as such shall be deemed to be, unless the contrary is proved, the legal representative of the anonymous or pseudonymous author and shall be entitled to exercise and protect the rights belonging to the author under this Act. PART III MORAL RIGHTS OF AUTHORS 12. (1) It shall not be lawful for any person, including the assignee of the copyright or a licensee thereunder, without the author’s consent, to mutilate, modify, distort or subject to any other derogatory action any work during its term of copyright in a way prejudicial to the honour or reputation of the author. (2) The author of a work eligible for copyright shall, until the expiry of copyright, in addition to copyright conferred in relation to that work, and also in those cases where copyright shall have been transmitted by assignment or by testamentary disposition enjoy the moral right (a) to claim authorship of his work, in particular, the right that his name as far as practicable, be indicated in a prominent way on the copies, and in connection with any public use of that work; or (b) that his name be not indicated on the copies, and in connection with any public use, of his work, or that his pseudonym be so indicated: Provided that during the lifetime of the author of a work it shall not be lawful to transmit any of the aforesaid moral rights. (3) On the death of the author (a) the right passes to such person as he may by testamentary disposition specifically direct, provided that on this person’s death the right passes to his successor; (b) if there is no such direction but the copyright in the work in question forms part of his estate, the right passes to the person to whom the copyright passes; Author’s right to prohibit the mutilation, modification, distortion or subjecting to derogatory treatment of any work. 16 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT (c) if or to the extent the right does not pass under paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) it would be exercisable by the owners of the copyright. PART IV NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS Nature of performer’s rights. 13. Performers shall have the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit the doing in Malta any of the following acts: (a) the fixation of their performances; (b) the direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part of a fixation of their performances; (c) the rental and lending of their fixed performances; (d) the distribution of the original performances fixed in phonograms and of copies thereof; (e) the making available to the public of the fixation of their performances, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and a time individually chosen by them; (f) the broadcasting and the communication to the public of their performances, except where the performance is itself already a broadcast performance or is made from a fixation. Term of protection for performers’ rights. 14. The rights conferred by this article shall have the duration of fifty years from the end of the year in which the fixation of the performance was first lawfully published or first lawfully communicated to the public, whichever is the earlier or in the absence of such publication or communication to the public from the end of the year in which it was first performed. Nature of producer’s rights. Amended by: IX. 2009.5. 15. Producers of sound recordings shall, in respect of their sound recordings, and producers of the first fixations of audiovisual works, in respect of the original and copies of their audiovisual works, have the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit: (a) the direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction by any means or form in whole or in part; (b) the rental and lending, even after their distribution, or pursuant authorization, by the producer; (c) the distribution; (d) the making available to the public by wire or wireless means in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and a time individually chosen by them. COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 17 16. The rights conferred by this article on sound recordings and audiovisual works shall have the duration of fifty years from the end of the year in which the sound recording or the first fixation of the audiovisual work was first lawfully published or lawfully communicated to the public, whichever is the earlier or in the absence of such publication or communication to the public from the end of the year in which the first fixation was made. Term of protection for producers’ rights. 17. (1) Broadcasting organisations shall have the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit the doing in Malta of any of the following acts: Nature of broadcasters’ rights. (a) the fixation of their broadcasts or initial cable transmissions; (b) the direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction by any means or form in whole or in part of fixations of their broadcast or initial cable transmissions as set out in paragraph (a) above; (c) the distribution of fixation of their broadcasts or initial cable transmissions as set out in paragraph (a) above; (d) the rebroadcasting of their broadcasts as well as the communication to the public of their broadcasts if such communication is made in places accessible to the public against payment of an entrance fee; (e) the making available to the public, of fixations of their broadcast or initial cable transmissions as set out in (a) above, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them. (2) A broadcasting organisation shall not have the right provided in sub-article (1)(a) above when it merely retransmits by cable the broadcasts of broadcasting organisations. 18. The rights conferred by this article on broadcasts shall have the duration of fifty years from the end of the year in which the broadcast was first transmitted whether by wire or over the air, be it by cable or satellite. Term of protection of broadcasters’ rights. 19. Where a sound recording published for commercial purposes or a reproduction of such sound recording is used directly or indirectly for broadcasting by wireless means or for any communication to the public a single equitable remuneration shall be paid by the user to the performers and to the producers of the sound recording concerned to be shared equally between them. Such payment shall be made to a collecting society representing both performers and producers of sound recordings or, in the absence of such a collecting society, to the producer of sound recordings who shall be obliged to distribute half of the remuneration to the performers: Remuneration for performers and producers of sound recordings. Amended by: IX. 2009.6. Provided that for the purpose of this article, sound recordings made available to the public by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, shall be considered as if they have been published for commercial purposes. 18 [ CAP. 415. Exhaustion of distribution rights. Substituted by: IX. 2003.96. COPYRIGHT 20. (1) The distribution right in respect of fixations of performances, sound recordings, original and copies of audiovisual works and fixations of broadcasts conferred by the preceding articles of this Act on performers, producers of sound recordings, producers of the first fixations of audiovisual works and broadcasting organisations respectively, shall be exhausted by the first sale or transfer of ownership in the market of the originals or copies of such works in regard to that particular original or copy, when such sale is effected by the neighbouring right owner or with his consent. (2) For the purposes of this article, "market" means the market in Malta and as from the 1st May 2004 the market in any othe Member State. Exceptions to neighbouring rights. Substituted by: IX. 2003.97. 21. The provisions of article 9 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the neighbouring rights conferred by this Act in like manner as they apply to copyright in a literary, musical or artistic or audiovisual work, or database. Qualification for neighbouring rights protection. 22. Neighbouring rights conferred by this Part shall apply only in respect of works (a) of which the performer, the producer or broadcaster is (i) an individual who is a citizen of, or is domiciled or permanently resident in Malta or in a State in which such works are protected by neighbouring rights under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; (ii) a body of persons or a commercial partnership constituted, established, registered and vested with legal personality under the laws of Malta or of a State in which such works are protected by neighbouring rights under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; or (b) which are made, first published, broadcast or communicated to the public in Malta or in a State in which such works are protected by neighbouring rights under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; or (c) which are made by or under the direction or control of the Government of Malta and also such governments of other States, international bodies or other intergovernmental organisations as may be prescribed. PART V MORAL RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 23. (1) Independently of a performer’s economic rights, and even after the transfer of those rights, the performer shall until the expiry of the economic rights, as regards his live aural performances or performances fixed in phonograms, have the right to claim to be identified as the performer of his performances, except where omission is dictated by the manner of the use of the performances, and to prohibit any distortion, mutilation or other modification of his performances that would be prejudicial to his reputation: 19 Performer’s rights to be identified and to prohibit the distortion, mutilation and modification of performances. Provided that during the lifetime of the performer it shall not be lawful to transmit any of the aforementioned moral rights. (2) On the death of the performer (a) the right passes to such person as he may by testamentary disposition specifically direct, provided that on this person’s death the right passes to his successor; (b) if there is no such direction but the copyright in the work in question forms part of his estate, the right passes to the person to whom the copyright passes. PART VI TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 24. (1) Subject to the provisions of this article, copyright and neighbouring rights shall be transmissible by assignment, operation of law or by testamentary disposition as movable property. (2) An assignment or testamentary disposition of copyright or neighbouring rights may be limited so as to apply to some only of the acts which the owner of the copyright or neighbouring rights has the exclusive right to authorize or prevent, or to a part only of the period of the copyright or neighbouring right, or to a specified country or other geographical area. (3) When an author in relation to the original or copy of his work or a performer in relation to the fixation of his performance assigns his exclusive right to authorize or prevent the rental thereof to the producer of the sound recording or the producer of the audiovisual work containing the author’s work or the performer’s fixed performance, that author or performer shall retain the right to obtain individually or through a collecting society an equitable remuneration for the rental of the said sound recording or original or copy of the said audiovisual work from the producer concerned and such right may not be waived. In the absence of agreement on the remuneration payable under this sub-article, the amount of such remuneration shall be determined by the Board. (4) Subject to the provisions of article 52 no assignment of copyright or neighbouring rights and no licence to do an act the doing of which is controlled by copyright or by neighbouring rights shall have effect unless it is effected by an agreement in writing between the parties: Provided that when a contract is concluded between a Assignment and licences. 20 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT performer and a producer of audiovisual works concerning the production of an audiovisual work the performer shall be deemed to have assigned to the producer his exclusive rights on the fixation of his performance, unless agreed otherwise, subject only to the right, which may not be waived, of the performer to an equitable remuneration payable on the conclusion of the contract by the producer to the performer or should he so desire to a collecting society representing him, which remuneration shall, in the absence of agreement between the parties, be determined by the Board. Provided further that, when a contract is concluded between the author of an audiovisual work or the authors of the underlying works used as the basis for the audiovisual work and the producer of the audiovisual work concerning the production of that audiovisual work such authors shall be deemed to have assigned to the producer their exclusive rights on their copyright works, unless agreed otherwise, subject only to the right, which may not be waived, of the authors to an equitable remuneration payable on the conclusion of the contract by the producer to the author individually or should the author so desire, to a collecting society representing him, which remuneration shall, in the absence of agreement between the parties, be determined by the Board. (5) An assignment or licence of copyright granted by a joint author or an assignment or licence of a neighbouring right granted by a joint rightholder shall have effect as if granted by the other joint authors or joint rightholders respectively: Provided that, where any other joint author in the case of copyright or joint rightholder in the case of neighbouring rights is not satisfied with the terms on which such assignment or licence has been granted, he may, within three months from the day on which the said terms have been communicated in writing to him, apply to the Board for the determination by it of such terms as the Board may consider fair and reasonable. (6) An assignment, licence or testamentary disposition may be effectively granted or made in respect of a future work or an existing work in which copyright or a neighbouring right does not yet subsist, and the prospective copyright or prospective neighbouring right in any such work shall be transmissible as movable property: Provided that in the case of copyright such assignment or licence shall not be deemed to include a copyright which in terms of article 11(1) vests in the author’s employers, unless the parties expressly include it. (7) A testamentary disposition of the material on which a work is first written or otherwise recorded shall, unless the testator has provided otherwise, be deemed to include any copyright or neighbouring right or prospective copyright or prospective neighbouring right in the work which is vested in the deceased. PART VII SUI GENERIS RIGHT IN RESPECT OF DATABASES COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 21 25. Notwithstanding the provisions of article 7, the maker of a database who can show that there has been qualitatively or quantitatively a substantial investment in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents of the database shall have, irrespective of the eligibility of that database or its contents for protection by copyright or by other rights, the right to authorise or prohibit acts of extraction or re-utilization of its contents, in whole or in substantial part, evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively. Nature of sui generis right in respect of databases. 26. (1) The maker of a database which is made available to the public in whatever manner may not prevent a licensed user of the database from extracting or re-utilizing insubstantial parts of its contents, evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively, for any purpose whatsoever, as long as the licensed user does not perform acts which conflict with the normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the maker of the database or in any way cause prejudice to the holder of a copyright or neighbouring right in respect of the works or subject matter contained in the database and any contractual provisions running counter to this proviso shall be null and void: Exceptions to the sui generis right in respect of databases. Provided that the repeated and systematic extraction or reutilization of insubstantial parts of the contents of the database implying acts which conflict with a normal exploitation of that database or which unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the maker of the database shall not be permitted. (2) Notwithstanding article 25, a licensed user may, without the authorization of the maker of a database made available to the public in whatever manner, extract or re-utilize a substantial part of its contents for the following purposes: (a) extraction for private use in the case of a nonelectronic database; (b) extraction for the purposes of illustration for teaching or for scientific research to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved provided the source is indicated; (c) extraction or re-utilization for the purposes of public security or an administrative or judicial procedure. 27. The right provided for in article 25 shall expire fifteen years from the first of January of the year following the date of completion of the making of the database, or if made available to the public in whatever manner before expiry of the said period, such a right shall expire fifteen years from the first of January of the year following the date when the database was first made available to the public: Provided that any substantial change, evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively, to the contents of a database, including any substantial change resulting from the accumulation of successive additions, deletions or alterations, which would result in the database being considered to be a substantial new investment, evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively, shall give rise to the creation of a new database, which shall be entitled from that Term of protection of sui generis right in respect of databases. 22 [ CAP. 415. COPYRIGHT moment to its own term of protection of fifteen years. Assignment and licences. 28. Such a right which may be assigned or granted under contractual licence subject to the provisions of article 24 shall be without prejudice to rights existing in respect of the contents of the database. Qualification for protection sui generis right in respect of databases. 29. The right conferred by this article shall only apply to a database (a) whose maker or rightholder is at the time when the database is made (i) an individual who is a citizen of, or is domiciled or permanently resident in Malta or in a State in which such a sui generis right in respect of databases is protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; (ii) a body of persons or a commercial partnership constituted, established, registered and vested with legal personality under the laws of Malta or of a State in which such a sui generis right in respect of databases is protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; or (b) which is made or first made available to the public in Malta or in a State in which such a sui generis right in respect of databases is protected under an international agreement to which Malta is also a party; or (c) which is made by or under the direction or control of the Government of Malta and also such governments of other States, international bodies or other intergovernmental organisations as may be prescribed. Definition of extraction and reutilization. 30. (1) For the purposes of this Part "extraction" means the permanent or temporary transfer of all or a substantial part of the contents of a database to another medium by any means or in any form while "re-utilization" means any form of making available to the public all or a substantial part of the contents of a database by the distribution of copies, by renting, by on-line or other forms of transmission: (2) Provided that public lending shall not be deemed to be an act of extraction or re-utilization. Exhaustion of resale right. 31. The first sale in Malta of a copy of a database by the rightholder or with his consent shall exhaust the right to control the resale of that copy. PART VIII SUI GENERIS RIGHT IN RESPECT OF SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCT TOPOGRAPHIES COPYRIGHT [ CAP. 415. 32. Creators of semiconductor product topographies and their successors in title shall have the exclusive right to authorize or prevent in Malta the reproduction of the topography and the commercial exploitation or the importation for the purpose of commercial exploitation of the topography or of a semiconductor product manufactured by using the topography. 33. The right conferred by article 32 shall not prevent: (a) reproduction of a topography privately for noncommercial aims; 23 Nature of sui generis right in respect of semiconductor topographies. Exceptions to the topography right. (b) reproduction for the purpose of analyzing, evaluating or teaching the concepts, processes, systems or techniques bodied in the topography or the topography itself; (c) any act in relation to a topography meeting the requirements of article 35 and created on the basis of an analysis and evaluation of another topography carried out in conformity with the preceding paragraph (b). 34. When the topography or the semiconductor product has been put on the market in Malta by the rightholder or with his consent the exclusive right to authorize or prevent the commercial exploitation or the importation of that topography or of that semiconductor product shall be exhausted. Exhaustion of topography right. 35. The right conferred by article 32 shall apply only in respect of semiconductor product topographies which are the result of the creator’s own intellectual effort and are not commonplace in the semiconductor industry but shall not extend to any concept, pr …